300+ TOP L&T Civil Engineering Interview Questions

L&T CIVIL ENGINEERING Interview Questions :-

1. What Are The Causes Of Building Collapse?

The Passage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons.

2. What Are The Applications Of Modulus Of Elasticity?

As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA comPAred to about 70 GPA for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel.

3. What Is The Force Exerted By The Tacoma Narrows Bridge?

The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.

4. How Do You Calculate The Power Of A Centrifugal Pump?

The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate.

It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation:

P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency

If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”.

The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or caPAcity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions.

5. Why Nautical Mile Is Different From Statute Mile?

One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).

The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman PAces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

6. What Is Rigging?

In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.

7. What Is Absolute Pressure?

Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure.

8. How Do We Calculate Absolute Pressure?

Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric

9. What Is Gravity Flow?

Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.

10. What Is Horizon Or Horizontal Mining?

Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – Particularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted.

Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined.

The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results.

This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral.

L&T CIVIL ENGINEERING Interview Questions
L&T CIVIL ENGINEER Questions

11. What Is The Difference Between Engineering Stress And True Stress?

In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something.

Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force.

12. What Is A Kip?

1 kip = 1000 lbs.

13. What Are Some Structures That May Be Subjected To Fatigue?

Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains.

14. Will Going From A 3-tap To 6-tap Increase Water Pressure?

No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

15. Why Does The Pressure Increase Under Soil?

Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil.

For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure.

16. What Is The Distance Between Railway Tracks?

4 feet, 8 1/2 inches

17. How High Should The Water Tank Be To Provide A 60 Psi At Base Of This Water Tower?

138.60ft

2.31ft of water= 1 PSI

18. What Are The Reasons For Geotechnical Site Investigations In Uganda?

  • To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the PArticular site is suitable for the purpose intended
  • To know the history of the site
  • To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure.

19. What Do You Mean By Honeycomb In Concrete?

Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void.

20. What Is The Purpose Of The Gap In The Road On This Bridge?

Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to exPand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road.

21. What Is The Tensile Strength Of Wood?

The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions.

Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook.

22. How Many Lbs Are There In A Yard?

A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance.

If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.)

Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

23. What Is A Projection Line?

Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of PAper.

24. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering?

The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

25. What Is The Origin Of Name Railway Sleepers?

When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys.

26. What Is Bmc Stands For In Bmc Software?

BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming PArtnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas.

27. Does Brick Grows Bigger Every Year.

Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.

28. How Did Street Originate In The Plumbing Term Street Ell?

A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting Particularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less space, than with a standard ell.

29. What Is The Absolute Pressure Scale?

Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.

30. What Is The Difference Between Qa And Qc?

Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences.

They are defined below:

a) Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.

b) Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.

c) Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)

31. How Did The Romans Get Water Up Hills Using Aqua Ducts?

Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user.

The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”.

32. Will Water Damage Concrete?

As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seePAge is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seePAge induces in concrete are as follows:

a) induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water)

b) With this capillaries the concrete starts spalling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere

c) Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.

d) Reduces the overall strength of concrete

e) Reduces durability

f) Reduces permeability to further water seePAge

g) Results in ageing of structures

33. How Do You Determine Specific Gravity Of Cement?

Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not PArticularly useful.

A more useful is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that part of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

34. What Is The Meaning Of A Blue Land Surveyors Flag?

If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating.

The standard color code used by almost all utility comPAnies for PAinting & flags is:

White – “Here is the area I plan on excavating!”

Blue – water line

Red -electricity

Yellow -natural gas

Green -sewer

Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line

If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes.

35. What Are Advancements In Civil Engineering?

Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world.

Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

36. Why Is The Statue Of Liberty Made Of Copper?

Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it.

Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive.

37. Are Cruise Ships Built For The Transatlantic Run?

The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy PAssenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably.

38. What Is Diversion Tunnel In A Dam?

When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to byPAss the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel.

39. What Distance In Meters On The Ground Is The Equivalent Of One Second Of Arc In Longitude Or Latitude?

One minute of arc as measured at the centre of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters.

Lines of latitude are at regular intervals PArallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude sPAns 1 nautical mile on the earths surface.

Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached.

At the equator, the distance sPAnned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points.

The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it.

40. How Do You Maintain Water Pressure?

If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

41. What Are Some Facts About Concrete?

Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.

42. Who Designed The City Of Washington Dc?

Pierre L’enfant

43. Where Is The Worlds Longest Elevator And How Long Is It?

Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes.

44. How Many Kilo-newtons Equals 1000 Kilogram?

When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN.

45. How Is The Leaning Tower Of Pisa Supported?

In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some “help” over the years.

In the last couple of decades, the responsible parties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the paper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open.

46. What Does Civil Engineering Mean?

They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth.

47. How Long Does It Take Concrete To Harden?

It takes 28 days to cure.

48. What Is The Biggest Dam In America?

The Grand Coulee Dam – Grand Coulee, Washington

a) Length 5,223 ft

b) Height 550 ft

49. How Does Siphoning Work?

Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line. Gravity will cause a continued flow.

50. Why Was The Empire State Building Made Of Steel?

Strength–Steel is very strong

Flexibility–Ability to flex in the wind

Cost–Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction

Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building.

51. What Is The Quantity Of Cement In Mix M20 Concrete?

For nominal Mix Cement consumption for M25 will be 570 kg per cum. and for Design Mix it can be optimized to 510 kg per cum.

52. What Is Unit Weight Of Normal Concrete?

145 PCF

53. What Is The Difference Between Shear And Tensile Strength?

Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint.

54. How Many Pyramid In Egypt?

About 80

55. Would You Cause A 55-gallon Drum Of Water To Weigh More By Climbing In?

A person will sink in water if he is not holding enough air in his lungs to keep him floating. Therefore, the person weighs more than the amount of water that he will displace.

56. Who Built The Sears Tower?

While he did not build the structure (he died in l959), there is some evidence the idea was suggested under a different name (Illinois Building) by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the few true skyscrapers in which he had a role. The original design for the Illinois Building would have topped off at 5,280 Feet! The Swears tower is a quarter of this at most, but there are similarities.

57. At What Point Does A Circle Start Losing Area When Being Flattened?

The area ratio decreases slowly at first then more rapidly.

The area of an ellipse is A=pi x a X b, a and b are the 1/2 major and 1/2 minor axis. If a = r = b the area is A=pi X r2, which is a circle. Not hard to graph this but you will have to write the area of the ellipse in terms of the circumference.

58. How Do You Compute Volume Of Airflow?

Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air.

59. What Is Made From Large Rocks, Which Protects The Base Of Cliffs?

Stacks

60. Why Are The Bolts That Hold Steel Rails Together In Oval Holes?

It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the bolt is oval. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side. As a result, if the hole were not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint.

61. What Are The Materials Used In Building A Gravity Dam?

There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.

62. How Many Feet Are In 4 Square Yards?

There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.

63. What Black Man Invented The Clothes Dryer?

George T. Sampson

64. What Is The Average Density Of Soil?

For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot. (This can vary a little depending upon how well compacted the soil is.)

65. What Glue Is Least Sticky?

Elmer’s glue is least sticky.

66. What Are The Strongest Shapes In Building?

The pillars

67. Which Architectural Movement Is Also Known As Jazz Moderna?

Art nouveau

68. What Is The Withdrawal Force Of Steel Nails?

In engineering, the code-allowable withdrawal force is zero, because the wood expands and contracts over time and the nail pullout force can reduce to zero.

69. What Is The Strongest Bridge For A School Contest?

If you are making a spaghetti bridge, bunch it all together in a triangular prism or a big brick and just fill the gaps with Paste.

70. What Is The Formula For Figuring Out How Many Gallons Of Water Are In A Pipe By The Foot?

0.61 * d2, where d is the diameter of the pipe in inches.

71. What Is The Tensile Strength Of Marble?

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7.00 – 20.0 MPA 1020 – 2900 PSI

this is the strength in a pure tension test. For bending use:

Modulus of Rupture 0.00410 – 0.0276 GPA 0.595 – 4.00 ksi

72. Did Any Of The Egyptian Pyramids Ever Fall Down?

Yes, many did. The great pyramid and others that have survived did so for a reason. Their shapes made them sturdier over time and were not the first design. Many steppe pyramids were built but were too steep and as the corners eroded, the whole pyramid fell under its own weight. They were built too steep and did not have the base structure as seen in the great pyramid.

73. Can A Wave Happen In The Middle Of The Ocean Like In The Movie Poseidon 2006?

Yes. Rogue waves have been known to capsize ships.

74. What Materials Were Used To Build The Golden Gate Bridge?

Its materials were steel and concrete.

75. What Is The Density Of Most Of Construction Materials?

If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs/cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs/ cu.ft.–it floats. Concrete is 150 lbs. / cu.ft. — It does not float.

76. How And Where Are Aqueducts Built?

Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users (like a town or group of farmers) at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation. The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users. Some good examples:

Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers
Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California
New York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate.
Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Rockies
Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops.

77. What Does Civil Status Mean?

Civil means like, when you do not get on with someone, but only talk when you have to. Alternatively, when you do talk you do not argue. Alternatively, if you are with someone who is of your both friends and family, you do not ruin it for them.

78. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lead Products In Construction?

Disadvantages: –Lead is very toxic; its use can result in pollution of the ground and more importantly of water supplies. This leads to the contamination of drinking water and can cause hazards to human health as well as disrupting entire ecosystems.

Advantages: Because of its toxicity, lead is being bought less and less around the world, which of course results in the lowering of its cost. In addition, lead melts at a relatively low temperature, making it great for solder. However, recently the Chinese have show an interest in buying mass quantities to manufacture batteries made from a base of lead so the price of this metal may soon rise.

79. How Do You Measure Water Flowing Through 300mm Diameter Pipes?

Same as in inches 3.14159265 and PSI have to be known.

80. Explain The Various Stages Of The Project Planning Process In Construction?

First stage could be Briefing and Inception.

81. How Do You Convert Wind Speed Into Force?

Therometer

82. What Is Kn Measurement?

kn (both letters lowercase) is knots, which is a speed nautical miles per hour.

83. What Are The Advantages Of Building A Dam On The River Nile?

It is the same as building a dam on any river. Dams are built to control flooding downstream during the wet season, generate power year round, and provide irrigation in the dry season.

84. How Much Does The Leaning Tower Of Pisa Lean?

About 14 feet

85. What Is The Best Type Of Wood Glue?

Noob

86. What Are The Uses Of Groynes?

They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop long shore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near.

87. What Are The Functions Of A Column In A Building?

A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight.

88. What Is An Ice Dam Sock?

If you have never used a ice dam melting sock on your roof before, you will find that they provide an inexpensive method for removing roof ice dams and improving your home’s heating efficiency. Roof ice dams are an annoying source of roof damage, leaks, and heat loss in the winter. The main causes are drip melt from improperly capped warm air vent pipes and poor roof insulation. Laying a ice melt sock onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter, will melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof. If done properly those ice sickles that form as the snow melts from the edges of the gutters will never appear, they too are a cause of much damage and are dangerous to life and limb.

89. What Is The Ratio Of Grades M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40?

M5 – 1:5:10

M7.5 – 1:4:8

M10 – 1:3:6

M15 – 1:2:4

M20 – 1:1.5:3

M25 – 1:1:2

M30, M35, M40 – Design Mix Followed

90. How Do You Compute The Volume Of Airflow?

Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air.

91. The Mixture Of Different Ingredients Of Cement Is Burnt At?

1400°C

92. The Foundations Are Placed Below Ground Level, To Increase?

stability of structure.

93. The Portion Of A Brick Cut Across The Width Is Called?

Bat

94. The Concrete Slump Recommended For Beams And Slabs; Is?

30 to 125 mm

95. In Jack Arch Floor, The Rise Is Kept?

1/12th of the span

96. What Is The Meaning Of Soil Reinforcement?

Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load.

97. Minimum Size Of The Particles Of Silt Soil, Is/

0.002 mm

98. Describe Briefly The Various Methods Of Concrete Curing?

Curing is the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions for freshly deployed concrete. This is done for the small duration of time to allow the hardening of concrete.

The methods that are involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete includes:

(a) Spraying of water: On walls, and columns can be cured by sprinkling water.

(b) The wet covering of surface: can be cured by using the surface with wet gunny bags or straw

(c) Ponding: The horizontal surfaces including the slab and floors can be cured by stagnating the water.

(d) Steam curing: Prefabricated concrete units, steam can be cured by passing it through the units that are under closed chambers. It allows faster curing process and results in faster recovery.

(e) Application of curing compounds: Compounds having calcium chloride can be applied on curing surface. This keeps the surface wet for a very long time.

99. Sometimes The Side Of Concrete Bridges Is Observed To Turn Black In Color. What Is The Reason For This Phenomenon?

In some cases, it may be due to the accumulation of dust and dirt. However, for the majority of such phenomenon, it is due to fungus or algae growth on concrete bridges. After rainfall, the bridge surface absorbs water and retains it for a certain period of time. Hence, this provides a good habitat for fungus or algae to grow. Moreover, atmospheric pollution and proximity of plants provide nutrients for their growth. Improvement in drainage details and application of painting and coating to bridges help to solve this problem.

100. What Reinforcements Are Used In The Process Of Prestressing?

The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are:

(a) Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes.

(b) Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner.

(c) Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses, reinforcements in the form of bursting are required.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Interview Questions :-

101. What Are The Functions Of Grout Inside Tendon Ducts?

Grout in prestressing works serves the following purposes:

  1. Protect the tendon against corrosion.
  2. Improve the ultimate capacity of the tendon.
  3. Provide a bond between the structural member and the tendon.
  4. In a case of failure, the anchorage is not subject to all strain energy.

102. What Is The Different Type Of Slump Test Indications?

Slump tests are performed to empirically measure the workability of fresh concrete. It is used to measure the consistency of the concrete. In general, there are three different types of slumps that occur in slump tests.

They are as follows:

(i) True Slump

(ii) Shear Slump

(iii) Collapse Slump

(i) True Slump: This type of slump is characterized by the general drop in the concrete mass evenly without visible signs of deterioration or disintegration. Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth, in the long run, affecting the durability of the concrete.

(ii) Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth, in the long run, affecting the durability of the concrete. Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean.

(iii) Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean.

103. Is It Worthwhile To Carry Out Tests On Particle Density Of Soil Particles For Geotechnical Design?

Particle density of soils is defined by the ratio of soil particle mass and soil particle volume. Depending on soil types, the range of variation of soil particle density varies not significantly, i.e. by 4%. Therefore, it may not be worthwhile to order laboratory tests and incur additional expenditure just to determine the particles density by recognizing that the variation of particles density is not significant.

104. What Are The Main Reasons For Conducting Pull-out Tests For Soil Nails?

There are mainly four reasons for this test:

  • To check and verify the bond strength between soil and grout adopted during the design of soil nails. This is the main objective of conducting soil nail pull-out test.
  • To determine the bond strength between soil and grout for future design purpose. However, if this target is to be achieved, the test nails should be loaded to determine the ultimate soil/grout bond with an upper limit of 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of steel bars.
  • To check if there is any slippage or creep occurrence.
  • To check the elastic and plastic deformations of test nails. This is observed during the repeated loading and unloading cycles of soil nails.

105. Which condition will prevail for the design of a swimming pool ? when the pool is empty or when it is filled ?
Depends on many factors – like in-ground vs above-ground – but both is a good answer – in-ground an empty pool has to withstand the force of the earth pushing on it. Both when filled have to handle the force of the water on the shape of the walls and bottom.

106. Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe?
On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression.

107. What is reinforced concrete?

Reinforced concrete have steels bars or mesh in them, which gives extra strength to the construction.

108. What are the different types of foundation?

Three main types of foundation are

  1. Basement: In this a basement is prepared first on top of it building is constructed
  2. Crawl space: A crawl space is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl underneath
  3. Slab: In this foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground.

109. What is Hybrid Foundation?

Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement.

110. What are the common ways of demolition?

  • Hydro-demolition
  • Pressure Bursting
  • Dismantling

111. What is floating slab foundation?

A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs.

112. What is flashing?

Flashing is an extended construction that is done to seal and protects joints in a building from water penetration. Flashing is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls and parapets.

113. Define different types of roof systems?

  • Slate or Stone roofs
  • Wood shingle roofs
  • Metal roofing systems

114. What are the phases inspections are done by local authority while construction?

Various inspections during the construction includes

  • Site Inspection
  • Pre-construction or first construction Inspection
  • Foundation inspection(before placing of concrete)
  • Framing inspection ( before insulating or covering frame)
  • Insulation inspection ( After insulation is completed)
  • Final inspection (after all construction is completed, and permits are received)

115. List out some of the checking’s, done at the completion of construction?

Some of the checking done on the exterior of the construction is

  • Utility connections
  • Drainage
  • Retaining walls
  • Compaction of fill material
  • Caulking at opening
  • Storm sewer system
  • Safety provision ( terraces, porches, areaways)
  • Accessory buildings
  • Pavement edging
  • Protection against moisture penetration
  • Design of dwelling structure

116. What is alternate bid?

Alternate bid is the amount stated in the bid to be deducted or added from the base bid amount. Alternate bid is proposed when there is a use of alternate materials or methods of construction.

117. What is change order request?

Change order request is a written document issued or given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time. Usually, it is issued by the architect or owners representative.

118. What does a construction cost covers and what does not?

A construction cost covers material, labor, equipment and services, contractor’s overhead and profit and other direct construction costs. While, it does not cover compensation paid to the architect, consultant or engineers, cost of the land and other cost that is owner’s responsibility.

119. What is Critical Path Method (C.P.M)?

Critical Path Method is strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction through a symbolic diagram.

120. What is demising walls?

Demising wall is used for the boundary that separates your land or house from neighbor’s house

121. What is labor and material payment bond?
It is a bond between the owner and the main contractor. Where a contractor guarantees for payment to the owner if he fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment’s or services in accordance with the contract.

122. What is progress payment?

It is a payment done by owner to the contractor; it is a difference between the completed work and material stored and a pre-determined schedule of values or unit costs.

123. What is structural frames or systems?

Structural frames are a load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation. Normally, the columns and beams are generally fabricated off site and assembled on site.

124. What is zoning permit?

Zoning permit is a document issued by governing urban authority permitting land to be used for a particular purpose.

125. What is the release of lien?

Release of lien is a written document executed by an individual or firm supplying labor, material or professional service on a project, which release his mechanic’s lien against the project property.

126. What is Architect-Prepared Contract?

Architect- Prepared Contract is an agreement prepared in-house by the architect between owner and architect, and often reviewed by an attorney, before its execution. It is a legal contract, and it includes all terms and conditions including adequate legal protection for both the parties.

127. What is 1/8 on the architect ruler denotes?

1/8 on the ruler is infact a scale that converts 1/8 inch on to the drawing to 1 foot. It would represent a drawing with a scale of 1/8”= 1 foot.

128. List out some of the software program that can be useful for architect?

software programs List

  • AutoCAD
  • Revit
  • 3DS Max
  • Sketchup
  • Photoshop
  • Adobe creative suites
  • Microsoft office
  • Digital Media

129. What are the skills required to become an architect?

  1. Conceptual understanding of designing models
  2. Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs
  3. Engineering ability
  4. Business aptitude
  5. Legal knowledge
  6. Designing 3D models

130. What things architect have to take care of before starting any project?

  • Whether the owner has proper planning permission
  • Whether the building has a certain listed grade approved
  • Knowledge of building appliances and materials that includes the cost as well
  • Need to take environmental factors into consideration

131. How you can use different dimension tools in CAD? What are the different dimensions available?

If you are using CAD and want to use dimension tools, then go to CAD>Dimensions and you can have access to a wide range of dimensions like

  • Manual dimensions
  • Interior dimensions
  • Auto exterior dimensions
  • Auto interior dimensions
  • End to end dimensions
  • Point to point dimensions
  • Angular dimensions
  • Display temporary dimensions
  • Moving objects using dimensions

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