Artificial Intelligence online test on “Learning – 3”.
1. Which is not a desirable property of a logical rule-based system?
a) Locality
b) Attachment
c) Detachment
d) Truth-Functionality
Answer: b
Clarification: Locality: In logical systems, whenever we have a rule of the form A => B, we can conclude B, given evidence A, without worrying about any other rules. Detachment: Once a logical proof is found for a proposition B, the proposition can be used regardless of how it was derived .That is, it can be detachment from its justification. Truth-functionality: In logic, the truth of complex sentences can be computed from the truth of the components. However, there are no Attachment properties lies in a Rule-based system. Global attribute defines a particular problem space as user specific and changes according to user’s plan to problem.
2. How is Fuzzy Logic different from conventional control methods?
a) IF and THEN Approach
b) FOR Approach
c) WHILE Approach
d) DO Approach
Answer: a
Clarification: FL incorporates a simple, rule-based IF X AND Y THEN Z approach to a solving control problem rather than attempting to model a system mathematically.
3. In an Unsupervised learning ____________
a) Specific output values are given
b) Specific output values are not given
c) No specific Inputs are given
d) Both inputs and outputs are given
Answer: b
Clarification: The problem of unsupervised learning involves learning patterns in the input when no specific output values are supplied. We cannot expect the specific output to test your result. Here the agent does not know what to do, as he is not aware of the fact what propose system will come out. We can say an ambiguous un-proposed situation.
4. Inductive learning involves finding a __________
a) Consistent Hypothesis
b) Inconsistent Hypothesis
c) Regular Hypothesis
d) Irregular Hypothesis
Answer: a
Clarification: Inductive learning involves finding a consistent hypothesis that agrees with examples. The difficulty of the task depends on the chosen representation.
5. Computational learning theory analyzes the sample complexity and computational complexity of __________
a) Unsupervised Learning
b) Inductive learning
c) Forced based learning
d) Weak learning
Answer: b
Clarification: Computational learning theory analyzes the sample complexity and computational complexity of inductive learning. There is a tradeoff between the expressiveness of the hypothesis language and the ease of learning.
6. If a hypothesis says it should be positive, but in fact, it is negative, we call it __________
a) A consistent hypothesis
b) A false negative hypothesis
c) A false positive hypothesis
d) A specialized hypothesis
Answer: c
Clarification: Consistent hypothesis go with examples, If the hypothesis says it should be negative but infect it is positive, it is false negative. If a hypothesis says it should be positive, but in fact, it is negative, it is false positive. In a specialized hypothesis we need to have certain restrict or special conditions.
7. Neural Networks are complex ______________with many parameters.
a) Linear Functions
b) Nonlinear Functions
c) Discrete Functions
d) Exponential Functions
Answer: b
Clarification: Neural networks parameters can be learned from noisy data and they have been used for thousands of applications, so it varies from problem to problem and thus use nonlinear functions.
8. A perceptron is a ______________
a) Feed-forward neural network
b) Backpropagation algorithm
c) Backtracking algorithm
d) Feed Forward-backward algorithm
Answer: a
Clarification: A perceptron is a Feed-forward neural network with no hidden units that can be representing only linear separable functions. If the data are linearly separable, a simple weight updated rule can be used to fit the data exactly.
9. Which of the following statement is true?
a) Not all formal languages are context-free
b) All formal languages are Context free
c) All formal languages are like natural language
d) Natural languages are context-oriented free
Answer: a
Clarification: Not all formal languages are context-free.
10. Which of the following statement is not true?
a) The union and concatenation of two context-free languages is context-free
b) The reverse of a context-free language is context-free, but the complement need not be
c) Every regular language is context-free because it can be described by a regular grammar
d) The intersection two context-free languages is context-free
Answer: d
Clarification: The union and concatenation of two context-free languages are context-free; but intersection need not be.