Before discussing insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers, it is necessary to know what pollination is. Students without any knowledge of pollination are incapable of understanding the differences between insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers. So, pollination is considered a natural process where pollen grains are transferred from another ( the male reproductive part) to the stigma (the female reproductive part) of a flower. The process can get carried out within the flowers or between flowers of the same plant or flowers of different plants.
Pollination is considered as the sexual method of reproducing in all plants that are in existence. This process permits the fertilization process in every plant. In this pollination process, the genetic information of spermatophytes or the seed plants gets transferred to its next generation just like other living organisms.
Types of Pollination
Pollination is classified into two different types based on the transfer of pollen grains:-
The initial type of pollination is termed self-pollination. This type of pollination occurs when pollen grains get transferred from the anther to the stigma in the same flower. Some of the best examples of self-pollinated flowers are Sunflower and Orchids. Plants have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid self-pollination since cross-pollination allows for more genetic variation. Pollen and ovary mature at different periods in several species. Self-pollination is nearly impossible with these flowers. The stigma of this flower is mature by the time pollen matures and is shed, and it can only be pollinated by pollen from another bloom. Some flowers have evolved physical characteristics that prohibit them from pollinating themselves.
Self-pollination is difficult for many plants, such as cucumber, because male and female flowers are situated in different regions of the plant. Male and female flowers are borne on distinct plants in other species (dioecious). Because all of these factors make self-pollination difficult, the plants must rely on pollinators to transfer pollen. Insects (including bees, flies, and butterflies), bats, birds, and other animals make up the majority of pollinators.
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The complex type of pollination is termed cross-pollination. This type of pollination occurs when pollen grains get transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower. Some of the best examples of cross-pollinated flowers are Tulips, Dandelions, and Daffodils.
Cross-pollination produces more new genotypes than self-pollination. It contributes to the expansion of genetic diversity. It also avoids inbreeding depression, which occurs when a population’s biological fitness is diminished due to inbreeding. As a result, it reduces the likelihood of a plant species having offspring with disease or genetic disadvantages caused by unfavorable recessive genes.
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Insect Pollinated And Wind Pollinated Flowers
Insect pollinated flowers are those flowers that rely on insects ( e.g. bees, butterflies), birds (e.g. sunbird, hummingbird), and animals (e.g. bats) to transfer the pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower. Some insect-pollinated flower examples are Sunflowers, Orchids, and Buddleja.
Characteristics of Insect Pollinated Flowers
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These flowers are large with brightly colored petals to attract insects.
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These flowers have a sweet smell and a good fragrance due to the presence of nectar.
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Stigmas in these flowers are small and compact.
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Stamens are located in the interiors of the flower, and they are not pendulous. This helps the pollens to get stuck with the agent as they brush against the anthers.
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Wind pollinated flowers are those flowers that transfer pollen grains from the anther to the sigma by using wind as an agent. This type of pollination occurs when the flower becomes mature, and the pollen grains get blown away by the wind. In this case, many pollen grains get wasted as they fall in all sorts of places. Those pollen grains which fall in the stigma of other flowers cause pollination. Some wind-pollinated flowers examples are the common catkins, dioecious pussy willow, and dandelion flowers.
Characteristics of Wind Pollinated Flowers
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These types of flowers are small and not so bright, and they seem dull. They don’t have any fragrances.
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They have long anthers which are protruding out of the flower to help pollen grains to blow off easily.
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These flowers can produce a large quantity of pollen.
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The pollen grains in these flowers are light which makes it easy to carry them.
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Difference Between Insect Pollinated Flowers and Wind Pollinated Flowers
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Basis |
Wind Pollinated Flowers |
Insect Pollinated Flowers |
|
Pollinating Agent |
The wind is the pollinating agent. |
Insects are the pollinating agents. |
|
Morphological Features of a Flower |
Wind pollinated flowers have light-colored petals and do not have a pleasant smell. |
Insect pollinated flowers have bright-colored petals, and they have a pleasant smell. |
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Pollen Grains |
The pollen grains are lighter in weight so that they can be carried out easily. |
The pollen grains are larger and are sticky so that the insects can carry them with ease. |
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Stigma |
These flowers have a feathery stigma with petals hanging out. |
These flowers have a small stigma and are found inside the petals. |
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Stamens |
These flowers have long stamens that are visible out of petals. |
These flowers have small stamens that are hidden inside the petals. |
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Anther |
The anthers in these flowers are seen getting support from outside the flower. |
Anthers in these flowers are found deep inside the flower. |
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Filaments |
The filaments are slender and long. |
The filaments are strong and short. |
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Production of Nectar |
Nectar is not produced in these flowers. |
Nectar is produced in these flowers. |
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Wastages |
There is a lot of wastage of pollen grains in these flowers as more pollen grains are produced. |
There is no wastage of pollen grains in these flowers as fewer pollen grains are produced. |
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Type of flowers |
These are unisexual flowers. |
These are bisexual flowers. |
Plants have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid self-pollination since cross-pollination allows for more genetic variation. Pollen and ovary mature at different periods in several species. Self-pollination is nearly impossible with these flowers. The stigma of this flower is mature by the time pollen matures and is shed, and it can only be pollinated by pollen from another bloom. Some flowers have evolved physical characteristics that prohibit them from pollinating themselves. Male and female flowers are borne on distinct plants in other species (dioecious). Insects (including bees, flies, and butterflies), bats, birds, and other animals make up the majority of pollinators.