[Biology Class Notes] on How Primates Differ From Non-Primates Pdf for EXAM

Primates come under the class Mammalia in zoology. The order includes the lemurs, lorises, monkeys, tarsiers, apes, and humans. It contains over 300 species, and it is the third most diverse order of class Mammalia after order Rodentia (rodents) and Chiroptera (bats). The word “primates” is derived from the French word ‘primat’, which is a noun form of the Latin adjective primat – from primus, which in literal terms means “prime or first rank.” The name was given by Swedish botanist and zoologist Carolus Linnaeus because he thought that the primate order is the highest order of animals.

Around 55-85 million years ago the ancestors of modern primates, who are known as Plesiadapiforms, arose from small mammals. They were adapted for arboreal life in tropical regions (mainly forests). Several primate features indicate life adaptations in this type of environment. These include large brains, clarity of vision, colour vision, dexterous hands, clarity of vision, and modified shoulder girdle. The smallest known primate is Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) of Madagascar. These primates weigh around 35 grams; the most massive is certainly the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), whose weight varies from 140 to 180 kg.

Moreover, it has been proved that ape is closest to a man when it comes to muscles, viscera, veins, arteries, nerves, and even the form of bones. The similarities between apes and a man were recognized during the 4th and 3rd centuries by Hippocrates and Aristotle, but the demonstration of kinship by dissection was done by Galen. He was the one who understood the similarities between apes and man, and by an ape, he meant a species of macaque, referring to the monkeys. 

Paleontology and Evolution

During the early 1950s, a major change was seen in primate paleontology, and since that time, primate paleontology has seen some major new discoveries while several sites opened up as the old discoveries got reallocated or redescribed, bringing a whole new change in the topic. Moreover, several new techniques were introduced that helped to uplift primate paleontology are paleoecology and paleoclimatology, geologic dating, the study of fossil pollen, and taphonomy. These things aroused the interest of the public in gaining knowledge about the subject. Besides, a book was published covering all these evolutions and gained popularity within no time due to the rising interest.

Even the African continent contributed a major share of the early finds while Rusinga, Fayum, Kalodirr, Songhor, Kanapoi, Fort Ternan, Koobi Fora, Laetolil and Plduvai, Hadar and Omo, Kromdaraai, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, and Swartkrans are some of the names with which the general public and anthropology students are familiar with.

Nevertheless, parts of this colossal worldwide jigsaw puzzle have been notably discovered in Turkey, Europe, Hungary, Greece, Italy, France, northwestern India, Burma, China, part of North America, Argentina, Colombia, and Bolivia. Moreover, these new discoveries have clarified older human stories and have served accordingly.

Classification

Earlier, the order of primates was divided into Anthropoidea, including the humans, the bigger-brained monkeys and apes, while the other one was Prosimii, including the primitive primates like tarsiers, lorises, and lemurs. Now, the two revised suborders are recognized as Haplorhini including monkeys, apes, tarsiers and humans, and Strepsirrhini consisting of the lorises and lemurs. Moreover, these two suborders can further be divided into infraorders. The suborders vary in features like eyes, placenta, and nose while in strepsirrhines the muzzle is bare and moist, like the one in dogs, and much more.

Distinguishable Features of Primates 

Primates are a diverse group of between 190 and 350 living species. Depending on different taxonomic structures, they exhibit a range of features that help distinguish them from other mammals.

Hands and Feet: Almost all living primates have prehensile hands and feet, with most having five digits on these appendages (these include opposable thumbs). With their hands and feet, primates can perform different types of grips such as holding food or grabbing onto branches. Humans are the exception as their feet are pentadactyl but not prehensile. The hands are sensitive, adding to the sense of touch. The prehensile hands and feet of the primates allow them to live in trees efficiently.

Shoulders and Hips:  Primates have flexible shoulders and hip joints. The shoulders help them to have overarm movement which is ideal to swing across trees and climb up and down quickly. The limber hips of primates allow them a greater range of motion in their legs. 

Brain: The brain of primates is one of the most distinguishable characteristics of other mammals or animals. The olfactory region of primates has been reduced in most species, such as humans. The cerebrum expanded to accept the order’s increasing reliance on sight and social behaviours. The areas of the primate brain that correlate with eye-hand coordination and stereoscopic vision are large compared to other mammals.

Other Characteristics: Other features of primates include having a nail on the first digit although, in many cases, each digit has a nail instead of a claw. Primates also possess a clavicle or collarbone. All primates tend to be erect; this trait is visible when even quadrupedal primates sit or stand. 

Distinguishable Features of Non-Primates 

Non-primates are any animals that do not show the features of a primate. Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and some non-primate mammals. They possess non-prehensile limbs or tails. Some non-primates such as insects have jointed appendages. Their shoulders and hips are not flexible. The forebrain of a non-primate is small. Hence, their thinking ability and intelligence are lower than primates.

However, animals such as pigs, octopuses, dolphins, crows, and elephants are considered intelligent non-primates. Crows use their feet to utilize tools. They can hide and store food from season to season. Crows also possess an episodic-like memory from which they can predict future conditions.

The most intelligent domesticated animal is the pig. They can learn how the mirrors work. The most intelligent invertebrate is the octopus. It has both short and long-term memory as well as problem-solving skills. 

Dolphins exhibit complex social behaviour and sophisticated language. Elephants live in close-knit societies with intricate social hierarchies; they are the most intelligent non-primates and exhibit altruism towards other animals. Pregnant female elephants have the knowledge to eat labour-inducing leaves as well.

The distinguishing features between primates and non-primates are mentioned below:

Difference Between Primates and Non-primates