[Biology Class Notes] on Test For Presence of Sugar in Urine Pdf for Exam

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Download the free PDFs or watch the video lectures explaining all the topics in detail. In this particular article, we will learn the following –  

What will You learn from the Article? 

• Introduction of the topic

• Aim of testing Sugar in Urine

• Properties of Urine

• Table explaining Sugar level and its associated colour

• Methods of testing

1. Benedict’s Test

2. Fehling’s Test

Introduction 

Among the multitude of volatile and non-volatile waste substances produced in human and animal bodies, Urine is by far the most significant by-product. Produced and excreted by means of the kidney and urethra, Urine is the primary form of excreting water-soluble wastes from our bodies.

Urine has a light-yellowish colour thanks to the presence of a pigment called urochrome. It has a pH level that varies between 4.6-8 and is a complex aqueous solution of inorganic and organic matter. Besides, normal Urine constituents such as urea, oxalic acid, and lactic acid, Sugar, and blood may also be detected in case of an abnormal condition. Thus two general tests are performed to detect the presence of glucose in the Urine, which may be an indication of diabetes mellitus.

A Urine Sugar test helps detect levels of glucose that exceed the usual levels of 160-180 mg/dl. In the event of such an anomaly, the patient is diagnosed with a condition called glucosuria. 

The Aim behind testing the Urine – 

The procedure of testing the Urine is called a urinalysis. The test is conducted to identify a wide range of problems – 

• To detect the presence or absence of Sugar/glucose in a sample of Urine.

• To detect diseases related to the Kidney 

• To detect  urinary tract infections

• To detect metabolic diseases related to diabetes or any other liver diseases 

The colour, quantity, odor of the Urine itself specify whether something is wrong with the person or not. 

Theory

The following are the important properties of Urine:

1. Urine has a light-yellowish colour, imparted by urochrome.

2. The pH of Urine lies between 4.6-8.

3. Organic compounds like urea, creatinine, and uric acid are generally found in Urine.

4. Some inorganic compounds present in Urine are sulfates, phosphates, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride.

5. In abnormal conditions, there may also be a Sugar trace in Urine, in addition to proteins, ketone bodies, blood, and bile.

6. In case glucose is detected in blood, the patient may have a condition called diabetes mellitus.

The Following Table Helps illustrate the Urine Sugar Test Colour.

Methods of testing Sugar level in Urine  

An Introduction

The Urine glucose test performed to detect Sugar presence in Urine can be done using the following two methods.

1. Benedict’s Test

2. Fehling’s Test

Benedict’s test employs Benedict’s solution as a reagent. It is a mixture of sodium citrate, copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), and sodium carbonate. On the other hand, Fehling’s test employs two reagents. These are

1. Fehling’s Solution A: An aqueous blue solution of copper sulfate.

2. Fehling’s Solution B: An aqueous and colourless solution of sodium potassium tartrate.

When a sample of Urine is boiled with these reagents, the glucose present in the sample reduces the copper sulfate in Fehling’s solution and Benedict’s solution. This changes the colour of the solution. Depending on the levels of glucose in the solution, the colours vary from brick-red, green to yellow precipitates.

Let’s learn the procedure in detail through the given explanation – 

Benedict’s Test

Materials Required:

Procedure

1. Take a sample of Urine with the help of a measuring cylinder (2 ml).

2. Pour the sample into a test tube.

3. Pour 5 ml of Benedict’s solution into the test tube containing the Urine sample.

4. Securely hold the test tube and heat it on the burner for two minutes.

5. Keep stirring the tube.

Conclusion and Observation

Gradually, as the sample is heated, a yellow precipitate starts to form in the test tube. This indicates the presence of Sugar or glucose in the given sample. 

Fehling’s Test

Material

Procedure

1. Take a sample of Urine with the help of a measuring cylinder (2 ml).

2. Pour the sample into a test tube.

3. Pour 2 ml of Fehling’s solution A into the test tube containing the Urine sample.

4. Pour 2 ml of Fehling’s solution B into the test tube containing the Urine sample.

5. Securely hold the test tube and heat it on the burner for two minutes.

6. Keep stirring the tube.

Conclusion and Observation

The formation of a green precipitate indicates the presence of Sugar in the sample of Urine. Based on the concentration of glucose in the sample, the Urine Sugar test will yield different colours every time.

Key learnings from the chapter – 

• Urine which is yellowish in colour is the most significant by-product of human waste

• Urine test is the most basic procedure recommended by every doctor to detect diseases in the human body

•  The appearance of Urine in itself declares certain problems to an extent 

• Full analysis of the problem is completed only after observing through two methods (discussed in the article). 

• The presence of Sugar can be detected through the presence of green precipitate.

 

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