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The DNA molecule is a hereditary material transmitted from generation to generation. It is the largest molecule of the living cell composed of several million nucleotide chains. It is in the sequence of nucleotides in polymers that genetic information carried by chromosomes is found.

Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: nitrogenous base like purine and the pyrimidine , a sugar ( deoxyribose ) and a phosphate group. The nitrogen base determines the identity of the nucleotide.

RNA is a nucleic acid having a structure almost similar to that of the DNA molecule except one base of uracil instead of thymine. There are three different species of RNA. All these elements are essential in the normal functioning of the cell, especially in the synthesis of proteins. The RNA molecule is not the information carrier with the exception of a few viruses. In addition, these molecules are less stable with respect to the DNA molecule. Further explanations about their structure and functions are given in the following pages.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):

Watson and Crick, in 1953, discovered the three-dimensional model of the DNA molecule and postulated that it consisted of two helical strands wrapped around the same axis forming a helical double-helical structure. The hydrophilic skeleton groups of deoxyribose and phosphate alternate is located outside the double helix opposite the surrounding aqueous media. The purine bases and pyrimidine both strands are stacked inside the double helix, their hydrophobic bases forming almost planar annular structures very close to each other and perpendicular to the long axis of the DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a macromolecular molecule complex structurally and functionally present in various organisms. It is much more abundant in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. Therefore, it must have certain properties (ie super winding) through which it can be conveniently housed in the cell. It is composed of four different types of building blocks called nucleotides.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA):

RNA is one of two nucleic acids found in organisms such as animals, plants, viruses and bacteria. These are non-genetic documents and they simply translate coded messages .

RNA molecule a uracil (not stable) as one of its bases unlike the DNA molecule that has the base of Thymine. Thus, RNA can easily bend resulting in the formation of secondary structures. When he gets layer , uracil binds to Adenine, which stabilizes the secondary structure.

Ribose sugar in RNA has a maximum number of OH groups on its carbon atoms relative to the DNA molecule. This maximum number of OH groups in RNA assists in the realization of other cellular processes.

DNA and RNA are very important constituents in the living cell. DNA is the usual genetic material of most organisms while RNA is the genetic material of some viruses.

Most of the DNA is in the chromosomes. They are also present in the cytoplasm as in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Basically, they differ in their chemical structure. Methyl-protected thymine DNA gives extra stability while RNA has uracil without any protective group. Thus, DNA is most suitable as the hereditary material as the RNA molecule.

Our earth is the only beautiful planet in our solar system. It’s the only planet that has the life. Since 200 ads.., everything was fine but since the development of human culture, cities and modern lifestyle everything has been changed. Now, man and other animals have started to behave differently. Man has started to use and abuse natural resources to the limit. We have no more crude oil, coal, fewer forests , of animals wild . Our environment is totally polluted, so we suffer from diseases, we drink polluted water. Inhaling the dusty air and so on … As a consequence of all human activity there is an ozone hole, the sea rises, the Antarctic icecaps melt. Now, global warming is a warning is so fast that there is a climate change the mother earth is not in danger, life is in danger. Let’s unite to save our life by giving life to our mother earth. 

Although the land is surrounded by water in three quarters, drinking water is scarce. All major sources of drinking water such as rivers, lakes, ponds and even wells have been polluted with a variety of hazardous chemical and biological wastes. The coagulated mixture of dirt, sewage and industrial waste pollutes the water of the river on whose banks the factories are established. The increased use of fertilizers and insecticides also pollutes the drinking water of ponds and wells. Harmful fertilizers and insecticides seep into the earth and pollute the groundwater. The supply of polluted water is an epidemic such as cholera, jaundice and gastroenteritis, etc.

The soil is also polluted in various ways. Soil pollution usually results from the removal of solid and semi-solid wastes from unsanitary agricultural practices and habits. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have discharged a variety of solid and semi-solid wastes at different locations polluting the soil. as well as air and water. Apart from this, the direct pollution of land by pathogenic organisms is also of a major importance. Thus, the soil is heavily polluted day by day by dangerous substances and micro-organisms that enter the food chain or water and are therefore ingested by humans. As a result, there are many problems of health such as dysentery, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The increased use of plastics, politeness and other non-degradable products has led to the problem of their elimination.

Freedom is an innate right that humans have had since birth. Freedom is not something that can be touched, seen, smelled or touched. All this gives a vague idea of freedom. What exactly does freedom mean?    

Different people have different opinions, definitions and thoughts about the idea of freedom. Some speak of freedom in the political sense, others speak of social freedom, others of personal independence and others define it as religious freedom. But the fact that everyone wants to be free is true in every case.   

Freedom is the choice to live your life doing what you want, to live where you want, to eat by choice and to learn what your heart desires. This means that freedom can apply to different aspects of life and that freedom is not an absolute term. 

Freedom is about ensuring respect and not living free. All societies define freedom in their own respect. Different cultures see freedom in their own light, and as a result, people living in different cultures enjoy freedom in a way that they deem appropriate.   

To enjoy our freedom does not mean that we ignore the rights of others and live the way we feel. We must consider the rights and feelings of people around us when we live our freedom. 

Likewise, a free person does not have to fear expressing his opinion by ensuring that others are not hurt and respected. Societies that promote freedom of opinion, thought, belief, expression, choice, etc. are those where creative minds flourish. 

Freedom does not come with independence. Freedom is also about enjoying the enchanting beauty of nature and the environment around us. A person who is worried and anxious cannot be free to mind and therefore cannot appreciate the scenic beauty of a beautiful moonlit sky or the pleasing music of songbirds at sunset.   

Therefore, freedom is a whole state of mind. This implies that your mind is not under the fear or constraint of security in life. The feeling of having social recognition, being praised and being safe does not mean freedom. Our aspirations and ambitions to be someone are absurd and do not suggest freedom.     

Education or preaching does not make us free. Following an ideal person or an example of a master is not a sign of a person’s freedom. Freedom is the absence of any pressure from the social, political and religious environment in which we live.   

Freedom certainly has no particular definition. While some see the opportunity to act freely and personify ideas, others think it is the opportunity to do what we want to do, regardless of the impact on others. 

For a prisoner, being out of prison means freedom. But from the social point of view, freedom is certainly something that a person is free to do while respecting the social customs and the law of the land. No society can guarantee absolute freedom to all social creatures. This is because it will be a complete chaos if we try to understand what everyone in society wants to do.     

The desert of Thar

Also known as Great Indian Desert, this arid region covers about 92,200 square miles and is the seventh largest desert in the world. The name Thar has a meaning, a term for the sand ridges characteristic of this desert. About 10 percent of the desert of Thar contains sand dunes, while the rest are steep rocks, salt lake beds and meadows. Although it borders the Indus to the west, Thar is a dry subtropical zone because the monsoons that carry the rain to the rest of India bypass this region. The region has extreme temperatures ranging from freezing in winter to hovering heat of over 122 degrees Fahrenheit in summer.   

     

The scrub forests of Deccan Thorn

The Deccan Plateau, also known as the Deccan Thorn scrubland, extends to the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnatake and also includes part of northern Sri Lanka. Less than 750 millimetres of rain fall on this dry region and there is almost no moisture from November to April. Temperatures reach more than 40 degrees Celsius during the summer months.           

Kutch White Salt Desert

One of the darkest and hottest regions of India is the Kutch White Salt Desert, also known as White Rann or Great Rann of Kutch. This region covers approximately 2,898 square miles and is located in the state of Gujarat, on the western border of India with the Sind desert in Pakistan. As the name suggests, this desert is covered with layers of white salt, which gives it the surreal aspect of a snowy landscape. Average summer temperatures can reach 50 degrees Celsius, while in winter, the desert cools below freezing.     

            

Spiti Valley Cold Desert 

The Cold desert of the Spiti Valley in the state of Himachal Pradesh is a cold desert high in the mountains that hosts rare wildlife, including snow leopards. This desert takes its name, Spiti , from its location – midfield – between Tibet and India. The area of the valley of Spiti is one of the least populated regions of India; he serves as a gateway to the most northerly regions of the country. The valley lies in the part northeast of the state and receives an abundance of sun and snow, but very little rain. During the winter months, its sparse inhabitants, essentially 35 people in a village, are essentially cut off from the rest of the country until the snow disappears.     

DPT – Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus, it is also referred to as DTP and is the name of a vaccine against the three named diseases. 

DDT – Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, it is a commonly used colorless, odorless insecticide. 

BCG – Bacillus Calmette–Guérin is a popular vaccine used to counter tuberculosis or leprosy.

Global warming or climate change has today become a major threat to the mankind. The Earth’s temperature is on the rise and there are various reasons for it such as greenhouse gases emanating from carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emissions, burning of fossil fuels or deforestation. 

Impact of Greenhouse Gases

The rise in the levels of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) leads to substantial increase in temperature. It is because $CO_2$ remains concentrated in the atmosphere for even hundreds of years. Due to activities like fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation, transportation, and heating, human beings have contributed to increase in the $CO_2$ concentration in the atmosphere.

Global Warming: A Gradual Phenomenon

Recent years have been unusually warm, causing worldwide concern. But the fact is that the increase in carbon dioxide actually began in 1800, due to the deforestation of a large chunk of North-eastern American, besides forested parts of the world. The things became worse with emissions in the wake of the industrial revolution, leading to increase in carbon dioxide level by 1900.

Cause of Concern

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperature is likely to rise by about 1-3.5 Celsius by the year 2100. It has also suggested that the climate might warm by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 100 years.

Impact of Global Warming

The sea levels are constantly rising as fresh water marshlands, low-lying cities, and islands have been inundated with seawater.

There have been changes in rainfall patterns, leading to droughts and fires in some areas, and flooding in other areas.

Ice caps are constantly melting posing a threat to polar bears as their feeding season stands reduced.

Glaciers are gradually melting.

Animal populations are gradually vanishing as there has been a widespread loss of their habitat.

Conclusion

As per Kyoto protocol, developed countries are required to cut back their emissions. There is a need to reduce coal-fired electricity, increase energy efficiency through wind and solar power, and also high efficiency natural gas generation