[Explain] What is the color of ferrous sulphate crystals? How does this color change after heating? Name the products formed on strongly heating ferrous sulphate crystals. What type of chemical reaction occurs in this type of change.

The color of ferrous sulphate crystals is green.

 

Ferrous sulphate crystals contain water molecules (FeSO4. 7H2O). On heating, ferrous sulphate crystals lose water and anhydrous ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) is formed. So their colour changes from light green to white.

 

On further heating, anhydrous ferrous sulphate decomposes to form ferric oxide (Fe2O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3). So, the gas emitted smells like burning sulphur. 

 

In this reaction, the single reactant FeSO4 decomposes to form three different products. So, the reaction is a decomposition reaction.

 

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[Explain] Folk Dances of Different States of India

India has a rich cultural heritage. It includes a large number of things such as art and architecture, literature, language, festivals, and dance and music. The dance forms that we get to see across the land are mainly of two types- classical and folk dance. Folk dances or tribal dances are the types of dance which are usually performed by common people on various occasions like the beginning of a new season, birth of a child, a wedding, harvests, etc to express joy. They form a part of an art form called folk art that is commonly practised by a particular community. 

The origin of different folk cultures cannot be derived comprehensively but the traditions have been preserved down the ages. Each form of folk dance comprises of unique styles and movements and represents the culture and tradition of the particular state. Very colourful jewellery and unique costumes are worn to perform these dances. 

States and their folk dances

Every state has its own folk dances- sometimes just one type, sometimes more than one. The folk dances of a particular state usually depict some special traditions of that particular state. The names of folk dances of various states of India are as follows:

Andhra Pradesh 

Kuchipudi, Vilasini, Natyam, Andhra Natyam, Bhamakalpam, Veeranatyam, Dappu, Tappeta Gullu.

Assam

Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal, Tabal Chongli, Canoe and Jhumura Hobjanai are the folk dances of various tribes of Assam. 

Bihar

Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama Chawa, Bidesia.

Gujarat

Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai.

Haryana

Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, and Gagor.

Himachal Pradesh

Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati and Dangi.

Jammu and Kashmir

Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach and Damali.

Karnataka

Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi, Kuntha, Karga and Lambi.

Kerala

Ottam Thulal, Mohiniattam and Kaikottikali. 

Maharashtra

Lavni, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa and Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada.  

Odisha

Savari, Ghumara, Painka, Munari and Chhau.

West Bengal

Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Chhau, and Santhali, etc. 

Punjab

Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Daman, Bhand, and Naqual.

Rajasthan

Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan, Leela, Jhuma, Susini, Ghapal and Kalbeliya.

Tamil Nadu

Kumi, Kolattam and Kavadi.

Uttar Pradesh

Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli and Jaita.

Uttarakhand

Garhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila and Chappeli.

Goa

Tarangamel, Koli, Dekhni, Fugdi, Shigmo, Ghode, Samayi nrutya, Ranmale, Gonph and Tonnya mell.

Madhya Pradesh

Jawara, Matki, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati, Grida Dance, Selalarki, Selebhadoni and Maanch.

Jharkhand

Alkap, Karma Munda, Agni, Jhumar, Hunta Dance, Sarhul, Barao, Jhitka, Ghora Naach and Domkach.

Arunachal Pradesh

Chalo, Buiya, Wancho, Pasi, Popir, Kongki, Ponung and Bardo Chham.

Manipur

Thanh Ta, Dol Cholam, Lai Haraoba, Pung Cholom, Khmaba Thaibi, Nupa Dance, Raslila, and Lhou Sha.

Meghalaya

Mynsiem, Ka Shad Suk, Nongkrem and Laho.

Mizoram

Khuallam, Cheraw Dance, Chailam, Sawlakin, Chawnglaizawn, Sarlamkai/Solakia and Tlaglam.

Nagaland

Bamboo dance, Rangma, Zeliang, Nsuirolians, Gethinglim, Temangnetin, Hetaleulee.

Tripura- Hojagiri 

Sikkim

Chu Faat Dance, Sikmari, Singhi Chaam or the snow Lion Dance, Tashi Yangku Dance, Khukuri Naach, Chutkey Naach and Maruni Dance.

Lakshadweep

Lava, Kolkali and Parichakali are the dance forms on the island. 

Apart from the above mentioned names, there are many more folk dances in all these states. They represent the vibrant cultures of various tribes living there. Our folk dances are not only famous in the country but also acclaimed internationally. 

[Explain] What are the Characteristics of Sound Waves?

The Characteristics of Sound Waves

We live in a world of myriad sounds. From the moment we wake up till we go off to sleep, we experience a cacophony of sound. Science reveals the mystery of this amazing energy to us. Yes, energy. A sound is actually a form of energy that travels as a wave away from its source. It is a mechanical wave that is created by the back and forth vibratory movement of the particles of the medium (air, water, etc) through which it travels. The sensation when reaches our ear, goes to our brain; our brain processes it and we can hear the sound. 

Types of Waves

There are two types of waves- Longitudinal waves and Transverse waves. A longitudinal wave is defined as the wave where the particles of the medium vibrate back and forth towards the same direction in which the wave is moving. This medium can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Sound waves move in the same pattern and hence, are regarded as longitudinal waves. These waves consist of ‘rarefactions’ and ‘compressions’ of a medium. 

Now, what are Rarefactions and Compressions?

The longitudinal motion of air particles (or particles of any medium) gives rise to some regions in the air where the particles are compressed together. These regions are called compressions. Another set of regions are alternatively yet simultaneously created where the air particles are spread apart. These regions are called rarefactions. The compressions and rarefactions are the regions of high and low are pressure respectively. 

Coming to the transverse waves, they can be described as the waves in which the particles of the medium move up and down along an axis that is at right angle to the direction the wave. It is important to remember that these forms of waves are not produced in gases but only in solids and liquids. 

Characteristics of Sound Waves

Like any wave, a sound wave too has many characteristics. The five characteristics of sound are amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, and speed or velocity. To understand sound well, it is imperative for everyone to learn about these characteristics.

Amplitude

When a wave passes through a medium, there is a temporary displacement of the particles of the medium from their actual positions. The maximum displacement of these particles of the medium from their actual positions when a wave passes through them can be defined as the amplitude of the wave. In other words, it is used to describe the size of the wave.  It is measured in ‘meter’ in the S.I. unit. 

Wavelength

Wavelength is the minimum distance in which the sound wave repeats itself. It is the length of one complete wave. In a sound wave, the combined length of an adjacent rarefaction and compression is known as the wavelength. It is also important to remember that the distance between the centres of two successive rarefactions and two successive compressions is equivalent to its wavelength. The S.I. unit of wavelength is also metre. 

Period

The time that is required to produce one complete wave or cycle is known as the period of the wave. One full vibration of the vibrating body produces one complete wave. So, the time taken for completing one vibration can be referred to as the period. The Period is denoted by the letter T and the unit of measurement is second (S).

Frequency

The total number of the cycles or waves that are produced in one second can be referred to as the frequency of the wave. Alternatively, frequency can also be defined as the number of vibrations per second. For instance, if 20 vibrations are produced in one second then the frequency of the waves will be 10 Hertz and 10 cycles. The frequency of a wave is fixed and it does not change when it passes through different medium. The unit of frequency is Hertz or Hz. 

Velocity

The distance that is covered or travelled by a wave in one second is regarded as the velocity (speed having a direction vector) of the wave. The unit of measurement of velocity is meters per second. The velocity of a wave can be found by dividing the distance travelled with the time taken. It can also be found by multiplying the frequency of the wave with the wavelength. 

It is important to keep in mind that it applies to all forms of waves like transverse waves (for example water waves), electromagnetic waves (like light waves and radio waves), and most importantly, longitudinal waves like sound waves. 

The idea that sound travels as wave dates back to about 240 B.C. Greek philosopher Chrysippus, Roman architect and engineer Vetruvius, and Roman philosopher Boethius each theorized that the movement of sound might take place in the form of waves. 

[Explain] Advantages and disadvantages of science

Science- is the system of systematic knowledge based on facts and human experiences.

The science of the Latin word scientia meaning, the ”knowledge”

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The advantages of Science and Technology are:

1. It will make our life easier.

2. It helps us organize our daily activities.

3. This helps our work can be done faster.

4. It helps us to communicate more easily with others.

5. This helps us to better know and understand other cultures and societies.

By discovering science, scientists are able to create something that can immeasurably improve the quality of life; for example, computers, telephones, televisions, planes and the list go on. With the discovery of these inventions, people can achieve their aspirations much more easily. As we know, science has helped our country a lot. It can turn a small, poor country into a progressive country. Science is the only hope of man against diseases. Without the inventions of science and the ceaseless efforts of scientists, many diseases and diseases such as the malaria , the cancer etc. were considered incurable diseases and diseases in the past would be defeated. The technology is so popular and economically profitable that benefits are published regularly. These include his ability to improve education and communication. Technology is the practical science. With the use of technology, you can make your daily work easier. To know the use and technology, you need to read on every department of life like, business, education, health, and communication etc. For example in case of education; know that Teachers use multimedia for teaching instead of chalkboard and graphics, saving time in the classroom. In business, a computer has information about all his clients. Science has brought many unique benefits to humanity. The vast progress made in the field of medicine has made it possible to extend our life expectancy and reduce the infant mortality rate. The discovery of mechanization, better seeds, better irrigation techniques and pest control has helped to increase farm productivity levels. In transportation, railways, modern liners, jets and motor vehicles have made our lives more comfortable and have offered great opportunities for modern commercial development and industrialization. The invention of the computer helped the process of calculation in the laboratories.  

The disadvantages of science and technology are :  

1. it can be easily handled by irresponsible people.  

2. We will be too dependent on that. When technology fails, we are helpless (in one way or another )  

3. Sometimes it affects our health and our lifestyles (we will be complacent and lazy.) Chemicals are dangerous )  

4. It destroys our simple and healthy life (the traditional lifestyle I miss).  

5. Invasion of our private life.

If on the one hand, science and technology have brought us a lot of wonders, on the other hand, there are also disadvantages of science and technology. First, he has increased anxiety in our lives. Second, when technology falls into the wrong hands, it can have a negative impact on society, such as the rising rate of cyber criminality , hacking, theft of personal information and pornography websites. Third, technology has also increased alternatives and opportunities for terrorists. In addition, technology has removed our physical efforts and we are getting more luxurious and comfort living. Economies lagging behind in the integration of new technologies are seen as poor economies and their progress in the world is hampered. Science has been responsible for pollution and given us the nuclear bomb that threatens our very existence. But in this also the fault lies not in science, but rather in the intention of man to abuse the discoveries of science. Science is not intrinsically good or bad. It is a way to acquire knowledge in a systematic way. The disadvantage of new mobile phones is too many can communicate with us all at the same time. He can create scams and spam in many ways. Young people have also been very addicted to gadgets that they can spend too much time with him. A disadvantage of production is the energy it uses. It consumes a lot of energy to run the machines. And so, we need more fuel, and that will leave a lot of waste and pollution to our environment. This is the most destructive price for the technology of our time. We cannot avoid the inconveniences that come with the benefits of technology.

[Explain] Article on Importance of Girl Education

There are approximately 34 million adolescent girls out of school. Another shocking fact is that two-thirds of the 796 million illiterates are women. According to the 2011 census, the male literacy rate is 82.14% and the female literacy rate is only 65.46% in India. All these statistics certainly reveal the kind of discrimination that women face in today’s world.     

According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate of men is 82.14% and that of women only 65.46% in India. All these statistics certainly reveal the kind of discrimination that women face in today’s world. 

Education is as important as air, food and housing for both men and women. Girls in India are considered a burden on parents by some people. People think that girls must first be raised, then married and sent to another house, while boys are considered the legal heirs of the family.   

They are considered the guardians of parents in their old age. People think that investing in a boy’s education would be beneficial rather than a girl’s, since they will go to another house. 

People think that women are sent to Earth just to cook, clean and give birth to children. Because of this thought, girls suffer and they are ignored. Things have got so much worse that some of the girls are killed before birth in the mother’s womb and if they have given birth; they are despised by the family. Some are killed after birth too.     

The fundamental problem with this is that in India, a lot of importance is attached to marriage. People in India think that the ultimate home of a girl is her husband’s house and that her fate should remain confined to the four walls of the house. 

People will not be bothered to spend so much on a wedding as on a girl’s education. For this reason, all girls must give up their dreams. One person can not be blamed but the entire society is responsible for the fate of the girls. People do not realize that educating a girl is as important as educating a boy. Whenever a girl has the opportunity to prove her abilities, she has always proven herself.       

Education has a global impact on girls. Education makes a person strong mentally, socially and intellectually by increasing our knowledge. Educated girls are confident. They can make decisions on their own and become self-reliant.     

They can earn for themselves and take care of their families. They are independent and do not depend on men to validate their existence. 

After the wedding, they can help their husband financially and add to the family income. They will take care of their children and help to educate and transmit good values. 

Someone rightly said, “If you educate a man, you educate a person, but if you educate a woman, you educate the whole family and a nation.”

[Explain] What is Primitive Subsistence Farming ?

Early agriculture is the oldest form of agriculture and still prevalent in some parts of the world. From the primitive collection, some people have taken a step “up” on the economic scale by learning the art of domesticating plants and their economy has evolved to primitive culture. This type of agriculture is self-sufficient and farmers only grow food for themselves and their families. Some small surpluses can be exchanged or sold for cash.

 

The resulting economy is therefore static with little chance of improvement, but there is a high degree of rural independence as farmers are not tied to homeowners or shopping centres.

Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is characterized by the following characteristics:

( i ) The sites for the ladang are usually chosen in the virgin forest by experienced elders. Hill slopes are preferred because of better drainage. Many ladangs are located in remote interiors, away from major population centres.           

It is partly for historical reasons that most shifting cultivators have been forced into less favourable areas by the expansion of more advanced farmers in the lower and better lands. Their isolation hinders their progress and makes the dissemination of new ideas more difficult. 

(ii) Forests are usually cleared by fire and ashes add to soil fertility. Trees that are not burned are cut by men or abandoned to decompose naturally. Shifting cultivation is also called slash-and-burn agriculture.

   

(iii) The cultivated spots are usually very small; about 0.5-1 hectare (1-3 acres) dispersed in their distribution and separated from each other by dense forests or bush.

 

(iv) The culture is made with very primitive tools such as sticks and hoes, without the aid of machines or even dried animals. Much manual labour is needed for clearing to produce food for a few people.   

Thus, despite the little attention paid to crops once planted, no other form of agriculture wastes as much human energy and is as unattractive as shifting cultivation.   

(v) Few harvests are high in gear. The main crops are starchy foods such as tapioca, cassava or cassava, yams, corn or maize, millet, mountain rice, beans and bananas. The crops are sown at calculated intervals, often between other plants, so that the crop can be staggered to provide food all year round. The same types of crops are practiced on all farms.

     

(vi) Short periods of crop occupation alternate with long fallow periods. When yields can no longer sustain the community due to soil depletion or the invasion of weeds and shrubs, fields are abandoned and fresh areas are cleared. “Field rotation” rather than “crop rotation” is practiced.     

(vii) This form of the “migratory agriculture” still supports the most indigenous tribes in the rainforest, in spite of efforts by local governments, as elements for reposing. Soil nutrient depletion, the deterioration of lightly constructed bamboo houses and the attacks of pests, diseases or wildlife are some of the main reasons that make migration a necessity.