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The term ‘deforestation’ labels the broad long-term removal of a tree cover. The loss of forest cover influences the climate and contributes to a loss of biodiversity. Adverse effects are siltation, flooding, soil degradation and reduced timber supplies, which then hampers economic situation. The basic reasons for deforestation are the followings:

• Cultivations and livestock farming

Cultivations and livestock farms are in fact, substitute forest areas. The influence is much higher as after the extraction of the most precious trees. They are destined for timber commercialization. Jungles are set on fire. It causes great impact on forest animals and plants. The most disastrous year for the Amazon forest has been in 1991 when over 50,000 fires were registered by aerial views or satellite images.

• Timber extraction 

We all know that growing industries are cutting centuries-old trees to make timber or cellulose for the furniture or paper industry. It causes serious damage to the ecosystem, not necessary any system employed for wood cutting is used. These damages are amplified by the construction of roads required for vehicles and to transport chopped timber to its destination. Many other economically unattractive trees which have an important biological and ecological value are cut down, as they need more timber day by day.

• Firewood collection 

The particular commotion is commenced especially by native populations. They mainly do it because of population growth. They need energy sources for their survival. This phenomenon adds to large-scale industrial timber exploitation.

• Road Construction 

Besides the road construction thing for supplying timber, industrial exploitation and construction of dam contribute to massive deforestation.

• Other causes are natural causes of parasites and floods, hurricanes, fires, human activities as cattle breeding, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, oil extraction, mining, infrastructure development, dam construction.

• Political and socio-economic causes as military conflicts, population growth and climate changes

• Governance failure and insufficient political actions and inadequate land tenure system, corruption, wrong public administration investments.

Current scenario of India is not very good but not bad at all. Due to deforestation, the forest cover of India has fallen below the minimum recommended level. Forests should cover about one-third of the total area of the country as per expert comments. But in India forests covers around 24% of the total area. India has gained a forest area of 5,871 square kilometres during the period between 2010 and 2012 as per satellite images. However, the increase in forest area is not even throughout the country. We all know that in various places, forests land are getting used for various development projects like dams, industries, roads and agriculture.

Hint: The term seismic sea wave is additionally accustomed to the phenomenon because the waves most often are generated by seismic activity like earthquakes. Before the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than a wave.

Complete answer:

It is advisable to list some safety measures during an earthquake or tsunami. Then this answer will only be helpful to you. A tsunami may be a giant sea wave that’s caused mainly thanks to earthquakes occurring undersea. When an earthquake or a volcanic activity takes place, an outsized amount of water may get displaced. The displaced water forms waves. These waves, when approaching the shallow water within the coastal areas, become high and crash onto the shore. Tsunami causes widespread destruction of lives and property.

Here we’ve got segregated stepwise actions which should be taken before, in and after the Tsunami.

Before a Tsunami:

– One should prepare before a tsunami strikes. it’ll help reduce damage to your home and business, it’ll also facilitate your survival.

– Ask your council about your tsunami risk, if you reside in an exceedingly coastal area, always keep a check on the local warning arrangements.

– If you have a disability or special requirements, arrange along with your support network to provide you with a warning of any warnings and emergency broadcasts.

– Know where the closest status is and the way you may reach it. arrange to get as high or as far inland as you’ll. Plan your escape route for after you are receiving, similarly as for after you are also working or holidaying near the coast.

During a tsunami:

– If possible, keep your getaway kit with you if possible. don’t travel into the areas in danger to urge your kit or belongings.

– attempt to take pets with you if you’ll be able to do so safely.

– One should move instantly to the closest higher ground, or as far inland as you’ll. If you have got evacuation maps handy, follow the routes shown.

– Walk or bike if possible and drive provided that is essential. If driving, keep going once you’re well outside the evacuation zone to permit room for others behind you.

– If in any case, one cannot escape the tsunami, then he/she should move to an upper storey of a sturdy building or climb onto a roof or up a tree. Or grab a floating object and hang on until help arrives.

– Never visit the shore to look for a tsunami. Always try to stand back from at-risk areas until the official all-clear is given.

– hear your local radio stations as emergency management officials are broadcasting the foremost appropriate advice for your community and situation.

After a tsunami:

– Always try to be connected to the radio for civil defence advice and don’t return to the evacuation zones until authorities have given the all-clear.

– remember that there is also over one wave and it should not be safe for up to 24 hours, or longer. The waves that follow the primary one can also be bigger.

– don’t visit for any sightseeing.

– One should take extreme caution while re-entering homes or buildings, floodwaters may have damaged buildings.

– make sure to require notes and pictures for insurance purposes if the building gets into a damaged state. If you rent your property, contact your landlord and your contents insurance underwriter as soon as possible.

– A tsunami is really a series of waves. One must not visit an affected coastal area until it’s declared to be safe by authorities.

Before an Earthquake:

– Confirm you’ve got a hearth extinguisher, aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and additional battery reception.

– Learn tending.

– learn the way to show off the gas, water, and electricity.

During an Earthquake:

– The primary thing is we’d like to remain calm! If we are indoors, stay inside. If we are outside, stay outside.

– If you’re indoors, stand against a wall near the centre of the building, fill in a doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). keep one’s distance from windows and outdoors doors.

– If you’re outdoors, stay within the open off from power lines or anything which may fall. keep one’s hands off from buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the building could fall on you).

– Don’t use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don’t mix.

After an Earthquake:

– Check yourself for injuries. Provide aid for anyone who needs it.

– Stay out of damaged buildings.

– keep one’s distance from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the bottom has stopped shaking.

Note: 

i) There are three types of earthquakes. They are Shallow fault earthquakes, Subduction zone earthquakes and Deep earthquakes.

ii) There are two types of tsunamis: Local and Teletsunamis.

Products discharged from Chromium electroplating contain a large number of metals including copper, chromium, nickel, zinc, manganese and lead.

Adverse effects on health:

1. Respiratory tract infection

2. Cancer

3. Permanent eye damage if exposed to particulate matter

5. Skin issues and baldness 

To resolve the above problem followings things are followed:

1. non chromium alternative can be used: nickel, tin, cobalt etc

2. mild steel

3. Use of water insoluble chromium