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CaSO₄. 1/2 H₂O.

Calcium sulphate with half a molecule of water per molecule of the salt (hemi-hydrate) is called plaster of paris (plaster of paris).

It is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O) at 120°C in rotary kilns, where it gets partially dehydrated

The brief introductory statement of the Indian Constitution is the Preamble. It sets out specific guidelines for the people of India to conduct themselves in such a way that the Constitution is never dishonoured. It was amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in the year 1976. In this amendment, three new words were added which were Socialist, Secular, and Integrity. Our Preamble introduces us to the Constitution. It safeguards justice, equality, liberty for all the citizens of India. Moreover, it also promotes fraternity among people. 

Quick Facts:

• Constitution was drafted by Dr B.R. Ambedkar

• It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 

• It came into force on 26th January 1950

The Preamble and its Significance

The Preamble of our country states that the people of India are solemnly resolved to constitute India to form a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, and to provide the security of justice, social, economic, and political. As a citizen of India, we have the liberty of thought, expression, belief, worship, and faith. We must have equality of status and opportunity and promote all. The Fraternity assures the dignity of an individual and thus the unity and integrity of the nation. This amendment was adopted and enacted on the 26th day of November in the year 1949. 

There are four components of the preamble. It indicates that the source of authority of this Constitution lies in the hand of the people of India. Further, it says, that all the citizens of the country are socialist, secular, democratic and republic. Moreover, it speaks of providing equality, justice, liberty to all the citizens of the country and states that as its objective. The Preamble of the Constitution highlights India as a sovereign state. It means that the country has its independent authority. 

It is not a dominion or dependent on any of the external power. Our country as the power to enact laws and take required actions as per the legislature of India that is imposed by certain limitations in the Constitution. Further, when the word socialist was added to the Constitution in the 42nd amendment it aimed to attain a socialist end through democratic means. 

This has made India adopt Democratic Socialism which puts forward its faith in a mixed economy. In the mixed economy, both public and private sectors exist together. Besides it also aims to eliminate poverty, disease, ignorance, and inequality in opportunity.

The term Secular was added to the Constitution with the motive that the country should have equal respect. Protection, support and give equal opportunity to all the religions in India. It is regarded as the fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen to have the Freedom of religion. The Constitution also spoke about India as a democratic country which meant people have the right to elect and choose their Government. Further, it is also a republic country which means people can elect the head of the state directly or indirectly. By the term Justice, it meant that equality of justice should be served to all the people of India. Liberty, Equality, and fraternity state that the country is free from domination and should practice equality in society with the feeling of brotherhood. 

Therefore, the Preamble can be referred to as the guiding principle that provides the basic ideas, objectives, and philosophy that India stands for. It also provides explanations for constitutional requirements.

The Human Eye: Structure and Functions

The eye is one of the five sensory organs of the human body the other four being nose, ear, tongue, and skin. Because of the bilateral symmetry, humans have two eyes located on either side of the body’s longitudinal axis in two separate eye sockets, on the anterior part of the skull. The human eye is one of the most complex organs in the human body. 

Functions of the Human Eye

The functions of the human eye are:

1. Reading External Visual Stimuli:

The main function of the human eye is to read the external stimulus of light and form meaningful information. This means that the rays from the external objects are reflected on to the eye which then forms an image of the object on retina lying behind the lens.

2. Colour Identification

Special cells- rod and cone cells in the eye are responsible for identifying different colours. Colour identification helps in recognising the objects for use.

3. Colour Differentiation

As mentioned earlier, cells in the eye are responsible for differentiating colours.

4. Depth Analysis

The depth of an object can be roughly estimated through visual inspection.

5. Distance Analysis

Visual inspection can help analyse the distance between two objects. 

6. Biological Clock

The biological clock is dependent on the presence and absence of light to function properly.

Structure of the Human Eye

Each human eye is a perfect sphere made up of muscles and nerves. The internal cavities are filled with fluids. The structure of an eye can be divided into two parts: external eye and internal eye.

The External Portion of the Eye which is Visible From the Outside Consists of the Following Parts: 

• The Sclera: The sclera is an opaque tough sheath. It is the outermost layer of the eye. It is white in colour.

• Functions of Sclera: the functions of sclera are:

1. Protection:  It is a tough sheath which protects the inner layers of the eye

2. It helps hold the shape of the eye.

3. It is opaque so it helps in preventing the entered light to escape from the eye.

Conjunctiva: it is a thin and transparent membrane that is found spread across the sclera

Functions of Conjunctiva:

1. Helps keep the eyes moist: Conjunctiva secrets a little mucus and tears. It helps the eyes remain moist.

2. Helps to keep eyes sterile: Any foreign particle getting stuck in the outer surface is washed out through the secretions of the conjunctiva.

3. Helps keep eyes clear: Moisture in the eye helps the eyes to function better. The sight is improved and the eyes are kept clean and clear.

Cornea: The cornea is the transparent membrane that is continuous with the sclera. It is spread over the other two parts (iris and pupil) 

Functions of the Cornea :

1. Refracts light

The primary function of the cornea is to refract the light rays so that it can reach the retina.

1. The primary function of the iris is to control and regulate the opening and closing of the pupil.

Pupil: It is the small opening located in the middle of the Iris.

Function of the pupil: It allows the light to enter the eye which is then transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for completing visual sensation. 

The Internal Structure of the Eye Consists of the Following Parts:

The retina is like a screen at the end of the eye. The retina is the layer on which the images are formed. It is a photosensitive layer. There are a number of receptors in this layer which are sensitive to light. They help to differentiate coloured and dim lights.

Functions of Retina

The lens in the human eye is a biconvex, transparent and adjustable structure that help in converging the light rays so that they can converge at one point(on the retina) to form an image.

Functions of Lens:

Functions of Aqueous Humor:

Functions of Vitreous Humor:

• Optic Nerve: The main sensory nerve responsible for carrying the signal from the eye to the brain. It is located behind the retina.

• Functions of the Optic Nerve: Takes visual impulses from the eye to the brain.

The area on the retina where the head of the optic nerve meets is called the blind spot or optic disk. There are no photoreceptor cells on the optic disk. Therefore, no image is formed in this area.

Tigers have now become a topic of interest and broadcast all over the world. Their small number triggered the government authorities to wake up and observe. While the government is already taking plans to preserve the wild cat, there is something that we, the general public, must do too. Here are some tips that will help us do a small but heavy phase in the road.

No matter what you are looking to do, create a consciousness is a first step. And, this beginning is even more essential when the goal is to preserve the tigers. Make an effort to draw attention to “Save Tigers” by developing images, flyers, advertisements, advertising the cause on websites and the like.

You could even try to develop attention through fun methods like event planning competition concept. The more you spread the gospel, the more you will join the cause. Whether it is to collect equal rights for the disabled or to preserve tigers, it is extremely important to develop attention for all public causes. Hence the propagation of the sentence.

If you want to preserve tigers, you must first stop poaching. Even when the government banned the sale of skin and tiger bodies, poaching continues. It is very important to leave this act.

Whenever you see someone looking for tigers to hunt, you must immediately call the cops. As you try to stop poaching, make sure you do not motivate poachers by buying luggage, shoes and similar products.

It has been found that our jungles are inclined and this could be an important cause for which creatures like tigers disappear. Today, tigers do not have an appropriate ecosystem to develop and generate.

So, the protection of the jungles is the next phase. It is very impossible to plant a forest but yes you can plant a lot of trees. Again, pay attention to the same thing to teach people about the atmosphere.

The birthday of Mahatma Gandhi (Gandhi Jayanti ) is celebrated on October 2nd as a national event across India. This day is observed around the world as the International Day of Non-Violence. Mahatma Gandhi has tirelessly and selflessly contributed to India’s struggle for independence. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi were satya (truth) and ahimsa (nonviolence). Through his philosophy of truth and non-violence, he paved the way for India’s independence from the British . Mahatma Gandhi was called as the Father of the Nation. It was the harbinger of hope not only for India but for the whole world.

Not only did Mahatma Gandhi significantly contributed to India’s struggle for freedom against the British , but through her iconoclastic vision inspired people all over the world to raise their voices against any form of discrimination – that this either on the basis of caste, color , religion, to name a few. The deep quote from Mahatma Gandhi, “The best way to find you is to you to lose in the service of others “, sums up his disinterested significant contribution to India.A disinterested and iconoclastic man, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi and Putlibai , in a family of Hindu merchant caste in Porbandar , Gujarat.  

                 

In 1916, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested for organizing the civil resistance of tens of thousands of landless farmers and serfs in the Champaran district of Bihar, India. Thanks to the 1916 satyagraha Champaran , Mahatma Gandhi, as well as farmers and serfs, opposed the increase in the tax imposed on farmers by the British during the devastating famine. With his fierce determination, Gandhi surprised the British in 1930 with his 440-kilometer walk to the ocean to oppose the British salt monopoly and led the Indians to challenge the British-imposed salt tax. Dandi Mars salt is laid in the history and about 60,000 people were imprisoned a a result of Dandi Mars. Gandhi believed that all human beings are special persons of God and should be treated in the same way regardless of their caste, color , language, creed, region, religion, and ethnicity . Mahatma Gandhi believed in religious pluralism and campaigned for the empowerment of the Untouchables – whom he called Harijans (children of God). In 1942, Gandhi urged the Indians to stop cooperating with the British and called for the Quit India movement.           

However, the history and duration of India’s struggle for independence have summer very long and many people sacrificed their lives during the process. Finally, India obtained freedom in August 1947. But Independence was followed by horrible Partition. Following the partition and witness of religious violence related to the making of India and Pakistan after India’s independence in 1947, Gandhi undertook countless fasts to the death to end the violence religious. The Father of the Nation was murdered January 30, 1948, after Nathuram Godse had fired three bullets at him at the House Birla, New Delhi.         

The father of the nation was a well-read man and an avid writer. His philosophy of ahimsa, satyagraha and civil disobedience remains a powerful philosophy in people’s lives and has helped people around the world find the courage to oppose discrimination. He has written several books in his lifetime: An autobiography – The story of my experiences with the truth; Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule; The key to health are some of the books written by him. The life of Mahatma Gandhi had been a selfless love for his country and, thanks to his hard work, his self-control, his truth and his nonviolence, he raised hope among his compatriots to achieve what they aspire to .