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Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people. – Abraham Lincoln. 

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The main features of a Democracy are as follows:

Majority Rule– It is the system of government which is based on parliamentary majorities.

Representative Elections- Here public is allowed to elect represtatives to speak for their views and interests.

Multi-party System- Democracy gives voters the opportunity to choose from a variety of political parties, represting a wide range of political opinion.

Freedom of Speech- There is no restriction is placed on the right to opinions and express then openly.

Freedom of Association-There is no restriction placed on people who wants to form political parties to take part in democratic life.

Freedom of Assembly- There is no restriction on the right to hold meetings or organise demonstrations provided those do not violate the rights of others.

Respect the Individual Rights – State must always protect its individuals whose rights are endangered by the actions of others.

Respect for Minority Rights – Minorities should not have their basic rights disrupted by the majority.

Respect for the Law – Public who are given democratic rights should obey the laws that provide these rights.

Respect for Democratic Procedures – Individuals or groups who have grievances against the system should operate within it, seeking to change the law through legal means.

Independence of Judiciary: Freedom of Judiciary is an essential feature of democracy. Judiciary must be always free from any resistor of the executive or the legislature. Judges must be truthful and should deliver justice impartially.

Before the beginning of industrial revolution, India used to shine in the world chart for its cotton textile industry. These cotton things used to get exported to different parts of the world which includes today’s Europe, America, and the Middle East among others. As a matter of fact, India is documented to have dominated the world’s cotton textile markets during the 1750s. As India was the land of cheap labour, production was of high quality with low priced calicoes. It is not a matter of surprise that at the end of 17th century, Indian calicoes were popular in Britain. However, things got changed after the industrial revolution. 

Below are the good and bad effects of the industrial revolution:

1. The discovery of steam power and its practice from the year 1815 created threat to the Indian textile industry. 

2. The inventions of the spinning mule and power loom became more efficient and effective because of steam power. Consequently, it had reduced the cost of British cotton by 85% and made it internationally competitive. By the year 1820, Britain had become the leading world 

3. Indian farmers were forced to produce cotton plantation so that it can fuel English factories as India was then under British rule.

4. Industrial Revolution brought severe consequences to society. Farmers were forced to grow cash crops in place of food crops, which resulted in awfully deadly famines in India. 

5. For increasing production, the Factory owners used to hire unskilled labour, profited greatly by using children and women to run the machines. In the tender age of 6 years, many children were already working 14 hours a day in factories. 

6. Due to Industrial Revolution, urban cities started getting overcrowded day by day. 

7. There were some positive effects of Industrial Revolution also. The introduction of assembly line and factories, electricity development, and the railroads all these things contributed to faster and more efficient production of goods and materials. 

8. Funding of schools and the enactment of child labour laws also came into place. As a result, the Industrial Revolution enhanced both economic production and the new lifestyle of common people. 

The word modern farming means the use of modern technologies, techniques and science for increasing farming productions. Farming is the cultivation of domestic animals, fish, birds, plants, crop etc. for the purpose of food, cloth and other products essential to sustain life. Farming plays an important role in the development of human civilization. Prior to the industrial revolution, most of those people used to do farming for their daily basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. They had no idea of world marketplace and used to have very low production due to use of traditional farming methods. But now the things have changed. 

Development of agriculture and farming technology has greatly increased the farming productivity. Various types of modern farming methods which are used nowadays are agribusiness, intensive farming, organic farming, and sustainable agriculture, etc. Farmers are now able to buy and sell their products in the world markets. With the increased use of pesticides with synthetic nitrogen, mechanization and mined rock phosphate, the crop production has greatly increased. It has channelized green revolution in cereal production like rice, wheat, corn etc. Previously, farmers used to plough to dig the soil. On the other hand, farmers these days use modern equipment like multi facilities tractor to dig the soil. In the past farmers were dependent on natural weather conditions and fertilizers and used to have very low productivity. Now the things have changed, with the use of synthetic fertilizers, high productive breeds, farming productivity has increased a lot. As we all know, world population is increasing rapidly. We need more products like food, cloth etc. which totally depends on farming production. As a result, we need more production in farming which is quite difficult in traditional farming. Hence, modern farming is a must to get more production according to rapid population growth.

Hint: Fundamental rights are those rights that are important for the moral and intellectual development of all people. These are required for the all-around development of individuals, hence called fundamental rights.

Complete answer:

After the post-independence era, India brought down some very essential fundamental rights. These rights are guaranteed by the law to every citizen of India. It is important to know what they are so that no one can be deprived of his/her rights.

1. Right to Equality: This right states that all citizens are the same under the law. This means that men and women are equal no matter what religion or caste they belong to. The law will treat a Brahmin woman in the same way that it would treat a Muslim man if they were to break the law.

2. Right to Freedom: The particular law allows the people of the country to ensure the government and its policies. They are allowed to organise themselves however they choose and carry out their daily lives in any way they seem fit. Of course within limits. In short, people are able to exist without fear of a higher force such as the government.

3. Right against Exploitation: One should always remember that to be exploited is to be misused. We often see that kids and poor people are especially vulnerable to being exploited. This one of the most important fundamental rights ensures things like education for children and equal pay for equal work.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion: In our country, each and every citizen can practice their choice of religion. Everyone is free to do whatever his/her religion tells them to do. So Muslims fast during Ramzan, Christians during Lent and Hindus during Navaratri. However, in following our religion we should not forget that other people are free to follow theirs and that this is no reason to fight.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights: The main aim of this law is to protect minorities. We have multiple groups of people who are very less in number. They mostly live in remote areas or have been downtrodden by the old-fashioned society. We can include certain castes and tribes who live in jungles, away from developed big cities and towns. Even a particular segment of the public, called Dalits or the small religious groups like the Parsis do come under minorities. All these people have a fundamental right to enjoy all the benefits that the majority of citizens enjoy.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right is very important for the legal development of the citizens and the country. All citizens have equal right to appeal to the court of law for justice. If they feel they have a threat to life or property or to join the government in order to effect this change.

Note: The constitution of India provides for all the fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are confined to a specific group or country whereas human rights are universal, that is followed by all individuals.

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. It means that all such measures should be taken so that hazard cannot take the form of disaster. Since we cannot prevent the coming of many natural hazards but can reduce their harmful effects through proper management, so that the loss of life and property can be minimized. As we know, the present danger is not from the natural disasters, but are the human disasters. Disasters are the consequences of natural or human hazards. Therefore, through disaster management, we can prevent hazards from being turned into a disaster. Disaster management broadly encompasses the management before, during and after a disaster. It simply means planning of various steps to reduce the aftermath of a disaster, planning effective response system, planning rehabilitation and also preparing disaster resilient communities in our very own layman language.

   This management can be categorised into three steps:-

  1) Pre-disaster management

  It is related to rescue even before any possible disaster arises. Most important purpose of this is to mitigate human loss. That also includes the development of information technology system; mobilization of resource for necessary action, assessment of disaster and issuance of a warning and to the people through media, radio etc. transporting the people in a safe place in case of disaster occurrence etc.

   2) Management during Disasters:

 This is one of the important phases which depends on the level of pre-disaster management phase. The process of quick action and the help of the victims of the disaster-prone areas, transporting them in safe areas are the base of this. In this, food, clothing and health facilities are also provided to the people.

  3) Post-disaster management

   In this particular phase, redevelopment and reconstruction of affected areas are done. Also, the administration is bound to help affected people by providing them with employment or compensation.

1. Driving of a a vehicle on a surface

2. Applying brakes to stop a moving vehicle

3. Skating

4. Walking on the road

5. Writing on notebook/ blackboard

6. Flying of aeroplanes

7. Drilling a nail into wall

8. Sliding on a garden slide

9. Lighting a matchstick

10. Dusting a foot mat/ carpet by beating it with a stick