Engineering interview questions, Mcqs, Objective Questions,Class Notes,Seminor topics,Lab Viva Pdf free download. CIVIL | Mechanical | CSE | EEE | ECE | IT | Chemical Online Quiz Tests for Freshers.
Wildlife refers to the group of local or native animals of a region.
Wildlife is important for:
1. Ecological importance: balance of various elements of nature and maintenance of food chains
2. Investigatory importance: wildlife is source of the big gene pool and helps in conserving species of a region
3. Economic importance: wildlife also yields several products like various drugs
The largest freshwater lake in India is Wular Lake (also coined as Wullar). It is also one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia. Wular Lake is located in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Tectonic activity has formed the lake basin and it is fed by the Jhelum River. The extent of the lake is 100 square miles (30 to 260 square kilometres). Due to willow plantations in the neighbouring area, the maximum portion of the lake has been drained. The willow plantations expanded on the shores of the lake during the 1950s. Wular is regarded as one of the most beautiful natural heritage sites of India.
History of Wular Lake- the Largest Freshwater Lake in India
It is said that Kashmiri Sultan Zain-ul-Abdin had ordered the building of the artificial island of Zaina Lake in the midst of the lake in 1444.
Wular Lake is among the 37 Indian wetlands recognised as the Ramsar site. The lake also faced some environmental issues for the conversion of large portions of the lake’s catchment areas into agricultural land. Wular Lake is renowned for its various kinds of fish habitat. Few of the important species are common carp, rosy barb, mosquito fish, Nemacheilus species, Crossocheilus latius, etc. The main part of the diet of Kashmiri people is fish. Wular Lake is the source of livelihood of around 8000 fishermen.
Apart from that around hundreds of villagers are involved in cooperative societies that trade fish catch. Birds are another centre of attraction of Wular Lake. There are thousands of terrestrial birds that can be seen in the lake. Few of them are black-eared kite, Eurasian sparrowhawk, short-toed eagle, Himalayan golden eagle, Himalayan monal, chukar partridge, koklass pheasant, alpine swift etc.
Role in Tourism
Kashmir is one of the best tourist spots in India and warmly acclaimed not only by the Indian tourists but also by the International tourists. Wular Lake plays a crucial role in expanding the tourism industry in the valley. Recently Govt of India has introduced boating, water sports and water skiing in collaboration with Kerala Tourism and J&K Tourism. The award of the contract was given for the above activities in September 2011.
Wular Lake was included as a Wetland of National Importance under the Wetlands Programme of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India in 1986 for its biological, hydrological and socio-economic values. The above inclusion was done for intensive conservation and management purposes. According to the Ramsar Convention, the lake area is used for garbage dumping.
To restore Wular Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme, nearly two million trees need to be cut down. A Rs 4 billion-project has been planned for the restoration programme which will take around 5 to 10 years. The South Asian Voluntary Association of Environmentalists (SAVE) is partnering with the Government of India in the above project to preserve the ecology and nature around Wular Lake.
India is termed as the land of wonders and Wular Lake should be in the list of those wonders. It is not only the largest freshwater lake in India but also the habitat of several fish and birds. The natural beauty of Wular Lake makes it a centre of attraction in Kashmir valley.
Number of females per thousand males is called the sex ratio. It is one of the most significant social indicators to gauge the equality between the males and females at a given point of time at a given place. In a developing country like India, number of women has always been less as compared to men. But, in the last census of the country there is a slight improvement in the data. The sex ratio in India has increased 10 points in census 2011 as compared to census of 2001. According to census 2011, the sex ratio in India is 943 per 1000 males.
The distribution of sex ratios (number of females per 1000 males) in different states and union territories of India is given below in the descending order:
1. Kerala: Sex ratio in 2011 was 1084.
2. Pondicherry: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 1057.
3. Tamil Nadu: Sex ratio in 2011 was 996.
4. Andhra Pradesh: As per 2011 census, sex ratio is 993.
5. Chhattisgarh: Sex ratio in 2011 was 991.
6. Meghalaya: As per 2011 census, sex ratio is 989.
7. Manipur: Sex ratio was 985 in 2011.
8. Telangana: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 985.
9. Odisha: Sex ratio was 979 in 2011.
10. Mizoram: As per 2011 census, it is 976.
11. Goa: Sex ratio was 973 in 2011.
12. Karnataka: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 973.
13. Himachal Pradesh: Sex ratio was 972 in 2011.
14. Uttarakhand: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 963.
15. Tripura: Sex ratio was 960 in 2011.
16. Assam: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 958.
17. West Bengal: Sex ratio was 950 in 2011.
18. Jharkhand: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 948.
19. Lakshadweep: Sex ratio was 946 in 2011.
20. Arunachal Pradesh: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 938.
21. Nagaland: Sex ratio was 931 in 2011.
22. Madhya Pradesh: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 931.
23. Maharashtra: Sex ratio was 939 in 2011.
24. Rajasthan: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 928.
25. Gujarat: Sex ratio was 919 in 2011.
26. Bihar: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 918.
27. Uttar Pradesh: Sex ratio was 912 in 2011.
28. Punjab: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 895.
29. Sikkim: Sex ratio was 890 in 2011.
30. Jammu and Kashmir: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 889.
31. Haryana: Sex ratio was 879 in 2011.
32. Andaman and Nicobar Islands: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 876.
33. Delhi: Sex ratio was 868 in 2011.
34. Chandigarh: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 818.
35. Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Sex ratio was 774 in 2011.
36. Daman and Diu: As per 2011 census, the sex ratio is 618.
It can be said that plummeting sex ratio in India is a matter of concern of the policymakers. The government has taken several measures to bridge the gaps. One of the most populous schemes is ‘Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao.” The states have also taken some measures to fill up the gap. It can be expected that one day, true equality will be attained and that is not far away but for that female foeticide has to stop immediately.
The DNA molecule is a hereditary material transmitted from generation to generation. It is the largest molecule of the living cell composed of several million nucleotide chains. It is in the sequence of nucleotides in polymers that genetic information carried by chromosomes is found.
Each nucleotide is composed of three parts: nitrogenous base like purine and the pyrimidine , a sugar ( deoxyribose ) and a phosphate group. The nitrogen base determines the identity of the nucleotide.
RNA is a nucleic acid having a structure almost similar to that of the DNA molecule except one base of uracil instead of thymine. There are three different species of RNA. All these elements are essential in the normal functioning of the cell, especially in the synthesis of proteins. The RNA molecule is not the information carrier with the exception of a few viruses. In addition, these molecules are less stable with respect to the DNA molecule. Further explanations about their structure and functions are given in the following pages.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):
Watson and Crick, in 1953, discovered the three-dimensional model of the DNA molecule and postulated that it consisted of two helical strands wrapped around the same axis forming a helical double-helical structure. The hydrophilic skeleton groups of deoxyribose and phosphate alternate is located outside the double helix opposite the surrounding aqueous media. The purine bases and pyrimidine both strands are stacked inside the double helix, their hydrophobic bases forming almost planar annular structures very close to each other and perpendicular to the long axis of the DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a macromolecular molecule complex structurally and functionally present in various organisms. It is much more abundant in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. Therefore, it must have certain properties (ie super winding) through which it can be conveniently housed in the cell. It is composed of four different types of building blocks called nucleotides.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
RNA is one of two nucleic acids found in organisms such as animals, plants, viruses and bacteria. These are non-genetic documents and they simply translate coded messages .
RNA molecule a uracil (not stable) as one of its bases unlike the DNA molecule that has the base of Thymine. Thus, RNA can easily bend resulting in the formation of secondary structures. When he gets layer , uracil binds to Adenine, which stabilizes the secondary structure.
Ribose sugar in RNA has a maximum number of OH groups on its carbon atoms relative to the DNA molecule. This maximum number of OH groups in RNA assists in the realization of other cellular processes.
DNA and RNA are very important constituents in the living cell. DNA is the usual genetic material of most organisms while RNA is the genetic material of some viruses.
Most of the DNA is in the chromosomes. They are also present in the cytoplasm as in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Basically, they differ in their chemical structure. Methyl-protected thymine DNA gives extra stability while RNA has uracil without any protective group. Thus, DNA is most suitable as the hereditary material as the RNA molecule.
Our earth is the only beautiful planet in our solar system. It’s the only planet that has the life. Since 200 ads.., everything was fine but since the development of human culture, cities and modern lifestyle everything has been changed. Now, man and other animals have started to behave differently. Man has started to use and abuse natural resources to the limit. We have no more crude oil, coal, fewer forests , of animals wild . Our environment is totally polluted, so we suffer from diseases, we drink polluted water. Inhaling the dusty air and so on … As a consequence of all human activity there is an ozone hole, the sea rises, the Antarctic icecaps melt. Now, global warming is a warning is so fast that there is a climate change the mother earth is not in danger, life is in danger. Let’s unite to save our life by giving life to our mother earth.
Although the land is surrounded by water in three quarters, drinking water is scarce. All major sources of drinking water such as rivers, lakes, ponds and even wells have been polluted with a variety of hazardous chemical and biological wastes. The coagulated mixture of dirt, sewage and industrial waste pollutes the water of the river on whose banks the factories are established. The increased use of fertilizers and insecticides also pollutes the drinking water of ponds and wells. Harmful fertilizers and insecticides seep into the earth and pollute the groundwater. The supply of polluted water is an epidemic such as cholera, jaundice and gastroenteritis, etc.
The soil is also polluted in various ways. Soil pollution usually results from the removal of solid and semi-solid wastes from unsanitary agricultural practices and habits. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have discharged a variety of solid and semi-solid wastes at different locations polluting the soil. as well as air and water. Apart from this, the direct pollution of land by pathogenic organisms is also of a major importance. Thus, the soil is heavily polluted day by day by dangerous substances and micro-organisms that enter the food chain or water and are therefore ingested by humans. As a result, there are many problems of health such as dysentery, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The increased use of plastics, politeness and other non-degradable products has led to the problem of their elimination.
Freedom is an innate right that humans have had since birth. Freedom is not something that can be touched, seen, smelled or touched. All this gives a vague idea of freedom. What exactly does freedom mean?
Different people have different opinions, definitions and thoughts about the idea of freedom. Some speak of freedom in the political sense, others speak of social freedom, others of personal independence and others define it as religious freedom. But the fact that everyone wants to be free is true in every case.
Freedom is the choice to live your life doing what you want, to live where you want, to eat by choice and to learn what your heart desires. This means that freedom can apply to different aspects of life and that freedom is not an absolute term.
Freedom is about ensuring respect and not living free. All societies define freedom in their own respect. Different cultures see freedom in their own light, and as a result, people living in different cultures enjoy freedom in a way that they deem appropriate.
To enjoy our freedom does not mean that we ignore the rights of others and live the way we feel. We must consider the rights and feelings of people around us when we live our freedom.
Likewise, a free person does not have to fear expressing his opinion by ensuring that others are not hurt and respected. Societies that promote freedom of opinion, thought, belief, expression, choice, etc. are those where creative minds flourish.
Freedom does not come with independence. Freedom is also about enjoying the enchanting beauty of nature and the environment around us. A person who is worried and anxious cannot be free to mind and therefore cannot appreciate the scenic beauty of a beautiful moonlit sky or the pleasing music of songbirds at sunset.
Therefore, freedom is a whole state of mind. This implies that your mind is not under the fear or constraint of security in life. The feeling of having social recognition, being praised and being safe does not mean freedom. Our aspirations and ambitions to be someone are absurd and do not suggest freedom.
Education or preaching does not make us free. Following an ideal person or an example of a master is not a sign of a person’s freedom. Freedom is the absence of any pressure from the social, political and religious environment in which we live.
Freedom certainly has no particular definition. While some see the opportunity to act freely and personify ideas, others think it is the opportunity to do what we want to do, regardless of the impact on others.
For a prisoner, being out of prison means freedom. But from the social point of view, freedom is certainly something that a person is free to do while respecting the social customs and the law of the land. No society can guarantee absolute freedom to all social creatures. This is because it will be a complete chaos if we try to understand what everyone in society wants to do.