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Calcium sulphate with half a molecule of water per molecule of the salt (hemi-hydrate) is called plaster of paris (plaster of paris).

It is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O) at 120°C in rotary kilns, where it gets partially dehydrated.

Plaster of paris is a white powder, which when mixed with water sets into a hard mass as crystals of gypsum are produced with evolution of heat. Hence it is used in setting of plaster for fixing broken bones. It is also used in making several decorative items, toys and chemical plugging 

Settling down of heavier insoluble particles/ solids from a mixture is called sedimentation. Like mud settles from muddy water.

Decantation is pouring out of upper clear layer of liquid into another container to separate two immiscible liquids. Like draining oil from a mixture of oil and water after allowing the two to separate and form distinct layers

Filtration is the process of separating insoluble impurities from a solution. When a solution is passed through a filter, particles with pore size bigger than that of the filter are retained while others pass through. Like filtering mud from muddy water

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● Chlorine is used in bleaching powder and liquid bleach, which are used for cleaning purposes.

● Chlorine is also very efficient disinfectant, hence added in public water to kill disease causing pathogens.

● Noble gases such as neon, argon, krypton are used in different types of lights.

● Diamond is used in industries for cutting of glass, etc.

● Coal , another form of carbon, is used as a fuel.

● Nitrogen is used in manufacturing of ammonia.

● Oxygen cylinders are used for breathing in emergency cases.

● iodine is used as tincture iodine 

Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India. It is awarded to the deserving people irrespective of their the caste, creed, occupation, designation, and sex. It was started in 1954. A maximum of three persons can be given this award in a particular year. From 1954 till date, a number of people have received this from the Indian government. Here is a list of some of these great achievers-cum-contributors. 

Bharat Ratna, 1954

C. Rajagopalachari first received the award. He was the founder of Swatantra Party and the last Governor-General of India. 

In the same year, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan received it. His birthday is observed as the Teachers’ Day across the country. 

C.V. Raman accompanied them in receiving this award for his revolutionary work named Raman Scattering Effect in atomic Physics. He received a Nobel Prize too. 

Bharat Ratna, 1955

Among the others, Jawaharlal Nehru was the most prominent name in this year’s awardee list. He was the first Prime Minister of India and served for the longest tenure. 

Bharat Ratna 1957

Independence activist and the first CM of Uttar Pradesh, Govind Ballabh Pant received the award in 1957. He was a Union Home Minister. 

Bidhan Chandra Roy, popularly known as “Maker of Modern West Bengal” received the award in the same year. He has been a physician and a philanthropist. His birthday is observed as the National Doctors’ Day. 

Bharat Ratna 1962

Dr Rajendra Prasad was the sole receiver of the award this year. He was the first President of India and was an eminent independence activist. 

Bharat Ratna 1963

Zakir Hussain, the third President of independent India received the award in 1963. He was an eminent educationist and was chaired as the Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University. 

Bharat Ratna, 1966

The second Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri received the Bharat Ratna in 1966. He called the slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan”. He was also an eminent independence activist. 

Bharat Ratna, 1971

Indira Gandhi, the first lady Prime Minister of India received the award. She became the PM of India two times. She was fondly referred to as the “Iron Lady of India”. In 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani war, her government extended support towards the Bangladesh Liberation War. 

Bharat Ratna, 1975

V. V. Giri, the first acting President of India was bestowed with this award this year. He took active part in the freedom struggle and took in labour unions in it too. He had been the Governor of Kerala, Mysore, Uttar Pradesh and became the fourth President of India. 

Bharat Ratna, 1976

K. Kamraj, famous for his statesman activities, received the award solely in 1976. He was the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three consecutive terms from 1954 to 1963. 

Bharat Ratna, 1980

Saint Mother Teresa, a Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1979, received the award. She is a great humanitarian activist. 

Bharat Ratna, 1983

This year Vinoba Bhave received the award. He was a famous social reformer widely known for the “Land-Gift Movement”. 

Bharat Ratna, 1987

The receiver this year is Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Frontier Gandhi. 

Bharat Ratna, 1990

Two eminent people, Dr B. R. Ambedkar and Nelson Madela received it. The former is the architect of the Indian Constitution while the latter is the leader of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. 

Bharat Ratna, 1991

Rajiv Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, Vallabhbhai Patel, the Iron Man of India and Morarji Desai, the sixth PM of India together received the award in 1991. 

Bharat Ratna, 1992

Independence activist Abul Kalam Azad, widely known as Maulana Azad received this award together with J. R. D. Tata, the eminent industrialist and founder of Air India and Satyajit Ray, the Oscar Award winner filmmaker from West Bengal. 

Bharat Ratna, 1997

Independence activists Gulzarilal Nanda and Aruna Asaf Ali received Bharat Ratna together with the Missile Man of India and ex-President Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. 

Bharat Ratna 1998

Carnatic classical vocalist M. S. Subbulakshmi and former Minister of Agriculture Chidambaram Subramaniam received the award. 

Bharat Ratna, 1999

Nobel Prize awardee in Economic Sciences Amartya Sen received the award along with Jayaprakash Narayan and Gopinath Bordoloi, independence activists and Hindustani classical music expert and sitar maestro Ravi Shankar.

Bharat Ratna, 2001

Lata Mangeshkar, the Nightingale of India and Bismillah Khan, classical Shehnai player were the receivers this year. 

Bharat Ratna, 2009

Bhimsen Joshi, a Hindustani classical vocalist of Kirana Gharana received the award. 

Bharat Ratna, 2014

Sachin Tendulkar, the cricket maestro with a record of one hundred international centuries was awarded the title. 

Bharat Ratna, 2015

Madan Mohan Malaviya, founder of Banaras Hindu University and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India were awarded the title in 2015. 

Bharat Ratna 2019

Pranab Mukherjee, former President of India, Nanaji Deshmukh, eminent social activist and Bhupen Hazarika, widely known singer, composer and lyricist from Assam received Bharat Ratna in 2019.

Over the years, India has produced innumerable gems in all sectors. The Bharat Ratna Award is just a recognition of their contribution to a particular field of art, culture, sports, teaching, administration and so on. The award has also been bestowed across the border. The Prime Minister makes the recommendations to the President of India.

The Rule

There is no electric field near a long, straight-thin uniform current-carrying conductor. Therefore, a charged particle moving parallel to the conductor experiences a magnetic force, as per the electrodynamics. The left hand Fleming rule came into existence through John Ambrose Fleming in the 19th Century. It was the simplest approach to understand the direction of the motion or the direction of the electric current. The left-hand rule of Fleming states that when we stretch the forefinger and middle finger of the left hand in a manner that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. 

Now, if the forefinger is taken as the direction of the current and the middle finger towards the magnetic field then the thumb points towards the motion of the conductor or the force. It is one of the rules of electricity. The reason being when a current-carrying the conductor comes under the magnetic field there is likely to be a force acting on the conductor. With the help of Fleming’s left-hand rule, the director of the force can be determined. 

Usage of The Rule

Generally, Fleming’s left-hand rule is used for electric motors. On the other hand, for electric generator the right-hand rule is applicable. The reason why the left-hand rule of Fleming is used in the electric motor because in the electric motor there is the presence of magnetic field and electric current which leads to the force that enables creating the motion. This can be referred to as the effect. Hence, the left-hand rule is used. It thus gives us the direction of the force that works on the current if well aware of the magnetic field. 

There is a need for different hands for motors and generators because there is a certain amount of difference between the effect and the cause. To elaborate that, the magnetic field and the electric current creates the force which results in motion and that is why the left hand is used. While the motion and the magnetic field exist in the electric generator and they create the current which is why the right hand is used. The physical basis for the rules that are to be remembered is that the electrons flow in the same direction from where they generate a cylindrical magnetic field that encircles around the conductor. 

Understanding Fleming’s Rule with Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule

However, if a conductor is brought under the magnetic field forcefully there is supposed to be an induced current in that conductor. In such cases, the direction of the force would be determined by the implication of the Right-Hand rule of Fleming. It is to keep in mind that there is a relation between the current, force, and magnetic field which can be understood only with the implication of this Right Hand and Left-Hand rule. They help in showing the direction of any of these three parameters when the directions of the other two parameters are already identified. One magnetic field is induced around the conductor when current flows through it. They can be considered as the “m” where it is equal to the numbers of closed magnetic lines of force encircling the conductor. The direction of these magnetic lines can be understood by Maxwell’s corkscrew rule or to say the grip rule of the right hand.

But in case of Fleming’s left-hand rule consider a simple electromagnet that consists of only one circular loop of current wherein the current should flow in a clockwise direction. Now, imagine that straight horizontal conduct is kept in front of this loop wherein the current is flowing from the right direction to the left direction. By this, it can be understood that the current is flowing from the left to the right in the horizontal conductor. 

Now, divide the loop into two parts equally into upper and lower in comparison to the particular straight conductor. Next, consider an electron point A of that conductor. Now, as the current is flowing from right to left direction in that particular conductor, the electron at point A moves from left to right. The electron at A then experiences some force downwards which is similar in the case of all moving electrons also experience the force downwards. The electron pushes the whole conductor downwards with a similar force. This is the reason why the wire will tend to move downward.

In the third-hand rule, the thumb indicates the direction of the thrust or motion of the conductor. On the other hand, the forefinger represents the magnetic field’s direction and the central finger indicates the direction of the current. This can be regarded as the first variant. 

In recent years, the conscience of humanity has been strongly awakened to the need to protect the environment and preserve the environment. It is of the utmost importance that people are aware not only of the problems they pose, but also of the role they must play in protecting the environment.

In addition to grassroots participation, formal education should be provided and the implementation of ¬ mental protection projects. In addition, it is also essential to develop environmentally friendly technologies and renewable energy sources according to the principle of conservation.

While developing technologies for the benefit of man, it is also essential to simultaneously study their impact on the environment so that cyclical processes that nature has designed for resource conservation are not affected.

Air, water and earth are the basic amenities of life. But overpopulation and rapid industrialization have created a state of decadence in the environment. Man has constantly tampered with nature. As a result, a threat to his life has been increased due to the lack of clean air and clean water and the imbalance established in the biosphere.

Earth is, perhaps, the only planet with an environment and we all share it. But if they inherit such a polluted environment, life will be a misery for them. Men have improved the technologies and other means necessary to increase the production of wealth and exploited nature for its benefits, but without any foresight as to the implications of its actions. Blind industrialization has led to urban migration and slum development, which in turn has led to environmental degradation.

Before the advent of modern civilization, man lived and prospered amidst the right balance of process multiple biological . As the most intelligent being on earth, man has constantly manipulated nature by using his inventive genius and disrupting the ecological balance. Thus, air, water and soil are all polluted and pose a threat to the substance of humanity.

Air pollution is due to the direct involvement of industrialization. Industry chimneys emit smoke and vehicles have fumes that contribute directly to air pollution. Any gaseous matter not considered a normal constituent of the air or an excess sulphur dioxide, monoxide of carbon, nitrogen dioxide, of the dust etc., in the pollution of the cause of the actually. Air pollution also occurs when forests catch fire, rubber plants are disembowelled or plastics burned with household waste. This danger of pollution has been aggravated today by atomic explosions in some advanced countries. Some hovering au above cities they early the morning is also the result of the atmospheric pollution. The depletion of the ozone layer, which is essential for life to protect against dangerous ultraviolet rays, is also due to air pollution and can lead to skin diseases.

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide in increased concentration has resulted in climate change. Although it has no toxic effect, it is largely responsible for the greenhouse effect and therefore global warming.

Most air pollutants directly affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone also act on the respiratory system, irritate the eyes, nose and throat and, moreover, ozone can cause headaches. Carbon monoxide is able to displace oxygen in the blood, which can lead to cardiovascular and neurological effects. Lead affects bone, impairs liver and kidney function, causes neurological damage, and limits metal development in patients. 

Although the land is surrounded by water in three quarters, drinking water is scarce. All major sources of drinking water such as rivers, lakes, ponds and even wells have been polluted with a variety of hazardous chemical and biological wastes. The coagulated mixture of dirt, sewage and industrial waste pollutes the water of the river on whose banks the factories are established. The increased use of fertilizers and insecticides also pollutes the drinking water of ponds and wells. Harmful fertilizers and insecticides seep into the earth and pollute the groundwater. The supply of polluted water is an epidemic such as cholera, jaundice and gastroenteritis, etc.

The soil is also polluted in various ways. Soil pollution usually results from the removal of solid and semi-solid wastes from unsanitary agricultural practices and habits. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have discharged a variety of solid and semi-solid wastes at different locations polluting the soil. as well as air and water. Apart from this, the direct pollution of land by pathogenic organisms is also of a major importance. Thus, the soil is heavily polluted day by day by dangerous substances and micro-organisms that enter the food chain or water and are therefore ingested by humans. As a result, there are many problems of health such as dysentery, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The increased use of plastics, politeness and other non-degradable products has led to the problem of their elimination.

In addition to the pollution of the air, water and soil, we are now confronted with noise pollution. The incessant din of city life, the frequent play of loudspeakers, even in odd hours, the constant play of radios and televisions, the incessant noise of vehicles deaf us during the day. Research has shown that noise pollution is capable of causing ulcers, abortions, cardiovascular disease and hypertension in addition to many mental disorders.

Food pollution is another problem we face every day . We suffer from several diseases because of the polluted foods we take. After the advent of nuclear weapons, the level of exposure to ionizing radiation has increased, which is dangerous for people. The harmful effects of radioactive pollution are cancers, genetic damage and mutations leading to abnormal births.