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We all know that democracy stands on the pillar called “rule of law”. This restricts the powers of government and prevents any dictatorial behaviour from it. Rights are given for the citizens so that it can be used as a tool to maintain rule of law. They are the positive limitations on the government and other entities as well.

The following points through the light that why we need rights in a democracy:-

1. It will help to create necessary changes that will make our government run in a better way.

2. It is a very important part for the very sustenance of a democracy. Without rights, democracy in a country becomes ineffective and meaningless.

3. It safeguards minorities from the tyranny of majorities.

4. For democracy to exist, rights are very necessary. Each countryman has the right to participate in the democratic process. 

5. It helps to maintain law and order when some citizens try to take away the rights of others.

6. It enables us to speak for ourselves and what we desire from our government. Also, it helps us in to choose a better leader to run the government.

7. People can live dignified life if there are rights in the democracy.

8. In lieu of democratic elections, citizens should have the right to express their thoughts, enable to form political parties and can take part in political activities.

At last, it is expected from the government to protect citizen’s rights. But most of the times we see that elected government may not protect or may even attack the rights of their own citizens. So, it is necessary that some rights need to be placed higher than the government so that it cannot violate them.

Conservation means usage, improvement, protection of human and natural resources in a wise manner. It is also the restoration of cultural heritage, protection and restoration of cultural heritage, including works of art and architecture, as well as archaeological and historical artefacts.

Conservation of resources can help to take care of our heritage. We can care for and protected for the benefit, use and enjoyment of the public today and for generations to come. Our Natural Resources should be conserved because it is the main source of our daily needs and is limited only. If these resources are abused and harmed, we will have a short quantity of sources for food and living. We all know that due to the cutting of trees in mountains, the rain that falls on the mountain will not be absorbed by the trees, then it can cause mudslides that can affect those who live on the mountainside. The much-appreciated idea is sustainable living and it should be the basis of our living values. We need to stop all kind of wastage. We need to understand that our Natural Resources are limited and overexploitation will harm not only us but the coming generation more. One should always remember that our forthcoming generation will also need our Natural Resources. One can always conserve resources by simply using materials wisely and not wasting it. There are simple ways to help in conserving our natural resources. These are something called “3R Concept” which means “REDUCE”, “REUSE” and “RECYCLE”. For e.g. our used papers will reuse by recycling it and turn it into a new paper product. We can reduce the cutting of trees just for our new paper products. Contrary to some popular opinions, resources are not infinite and some are dangerous in the wrong hands. We need to especially manage limited resources (e.g. water, forests, biodiversity) and challenges to their use (e.g. waste disposal, hunting, poaching, fishing, deforestation, irrigation, damming of rivers, pesticides, herbicides, chemical releases). Different technologies, recycling, waste reduction and spoilage, are the ways to reduce consumption.

Our Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He used to say that self-centred persons and exploitative nature of the modern technology are the root cause for resource depletion at the international level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. He used to say that there is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed. He blamed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion. Irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources have led to the socio-economic and environmental problems of shortages and pollution. We can overcome this situation through resource conservation at various levels, it is very important to overcome these problems. If resources are used up at the same rate as they are generated or formed, they will be maintained for use by future generations.

Following are the list of disadvantages of pollution:-

• Air Pollution: – It is the contamination of the natural air by mixing it with different pollutants such as harmful fumes and chemicals. This type of contamination can be caused by burning material or by gases emitted by vehicles or harmful fumes emitted as a by-product of industries. Global warming is one of the biggest side effects of air pollution as per the experts.

• Water Pollution:- It is the contamination of the water on the planet Earth. It includes water contamination by pollutants such as bacterial, chemical, and particulate that reduces the purity of the water. Oil seepage, as well as littering, is one of the most common forms of pollution. It mainly occurs in lakes, oceans, rivers and even underground reservoirs. 

• Soil Pollution:- It is also known as land pollution. It is the contamination of the soil or the land that prevents the growth of natural life. It includes land usage for irrigation, wildlife as well as habitation. The very common causes of soil pollution include hazardous wastage, mining as well as littering, non-sustainable farming practice, seepage into the soil, etc.  

• Noise Pollution:– It is the loud noises which are fashioned by human activities that disturb the standard of living in the affected area. It can shoot from things such as railroads, traffic, loud music, concerts, aeroplanes, fireworks etc. This can even result in permanent or temporary loss of hearing as well as disturbances to wildlife.

• Radioactive Pollution:– This is one of the most dangerous forms of pollution. It is enormously harmful and can even result in death. We are witting this type of pollution from the 20th century. It evolved with the rise of atomic physics and nuclear weapons. Radioactive pollution results in the pollution of the air and land with radioactive poisoning. Leakages or accidents at nuclear power plants, as well as from improper disposal of nuclear waste are also reasons for this pollution. Birth defects, cancer, deteriorating of health and even death are the results of this harmful type of pollution.

• Light Pollution:- Light pollution is the over-illumination of a certain area that is considered obtrusive. The most common way to determine if an area is polluted is to look at the stars if you can see them your area is not so polluted. Pollution includes large lighted cities, billboards and other advertising, and night-time entertainment.

• Thermal Pollution:-Thermal pollution is when the temperature increases in a particular area over time. This heat is often caused by air pollution and the release of carbon gasses in that area that traps more heat on the Earth. The earth has a natural thermal cycle, but excessive temperatures can result in long-term effects. Deforestation, power plants, high carbon footprint, etc. are the resultant effects of this pollution. 

• Visual Pollution:- This one is not so dreadful form of pollution, it can be considered as unappealing to the eyesight. When there are obstructions to views by billboards, power lines, construction areas and even high rises, this form of pollution come into picture. It does not have immediate health effects but can have slow effects.

• We all know due to global warming, glaciers are melting at a very high speed, this is increasing the sea level and many islands are merging in the water.

• Due to an increased level of pollution, the ozone layer is getting damaged. Which is causing harming UV radiations on the earth, resulting in increasing level of cancer. 

There are many facilities which need to be provided for everyone. These are known as public facilities, for e.g. schools, healthcare, colleges, electricity, sanitation, public transport, safe drinking water, etc. The Constitution recognizes that the right to water is a part of the Right to Life under Article 21. So, it is the government’s duty to provide safe drinking water to every citizen. 

An essential role is played by public services and facilities in providing support services to create sustainable, healthy, viable, and cohesive communities. So that they can overcome social barriers and can achieve something. Those facilities which are not possible for any individual to access at economic cost are mainly termed as facilities provided by the state. Hence, the government provides such facilities to the public to ensure the quality of life. There are many public facilities, the government provides in day-to-day life. The government has to ensure universal access to a public facility. The government has to provide a facility either without a charge or at a charge which is affordable to the masses. One important characteristic of a public facility is that once it is provided with its benefit can be shared by many people. For example; if a school comes up in a locality, many children are benefited from that school. Similarly, if a road is built through a village then many people are benefited from the road.

             

  Four major facilities are as follows:- 

(i) Basic education Government provides school and other educational facilities like chair, books etc. to be used by the public. But its use and performance are depended on collective response and community cooperation.

(ii) Basic health facilities Government provides hospitals, vaccine programmes to maintain the basic quality of life.

(iii)Law and order facility/security the more the country will secure, the more it will attract investment public by which people can live peacefully.

(iv) Provide for Public Distribution System: Government opens PDS shops or ration shops through which it supplies basic food items like rice, wheat, pulses, etc. at very low price/subsidised rate to the lower income group or poor people. But the functioning of these facilities depends on the community awareness and public cooperation. Other facilities are infrastructure facilities like road, irrigation projects drinking water supplies.

(v) Healthcare: The government provides us with hospitals and dispensaries. They also maintained facilities like doctors and diagnostic machines. 

(vi) Banking facilities: To make our money safe and to get loans, banks are there.

(vii) Roads and highways: To go anywhere easily, roads and highways are there

The property of a conductor by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electric current through it is called resistance. It is given by the ratio of voltage applied to the electric current which flows through it.

R = V/I

Materials which offer very low resistance are called conductors while materials which offer high resistance are called insulators. Higher is the resistance lower is the flow of current. Resistance is dependent on the type of material and its dimensions (area of cross section)