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The Human Eye: Structure and Functions

The eye is one of the five sensory organs of the human body the other four being nose, ear, tongue, and skin. Because of the bilateral symmetry, humans have two eyes located on either side of the body’s longitudinal axis in two separate eye sockets, on the anterior part of the skull. The human eye is one of the most complex organs in the human body. 

Functions of the Human Eye

The functions of the human eye are:

1. Reading External Visual Stimuli:

The main function of the human eye is to read the external stimulus of light and form meaningful information. This means that the rays from the external objects are reflected on to the eye which then forms an image of the object on retina lying behind the lens.

2. Colour Identification

Special cells- rod and cone cells in the eye are responsible for identifying different colours. Colour identification helps in recognising the objects for use.

3. Colour Differentiation

As mentioned earlier, cells in the eye are responsible for differentiating colours.

4. Depth Analysis

The depth of an object can be roughly estimated through visual inspection.

5. Distance Analysis

Visual inspection can help analyse the distance between two objects. 

6. Biological Clock

The biological clock is dependent on the presence and absence of light to function properly.

Structure of the Human Eye

Each human eye is a perfect sphere made up of muscles and nerves. The internal cavities are filled with fluids. The structure of an eye can be divided into two parts: external eye and internal eye.

The External Portion of the Eye which is Visible From the Outside Consists of the Following Parts: 

• The Sclera: The sclera is an opaque tough sheath. It is the outermost layer of the eye. It is white in colour.

• Functions of Sclera: the functions of sclera are:

1. Protection:  It is a tough sheath which protects the inner layers of the eye

2. It helps hold the shape of the eye.

3. It is opaque so it helps in preventing the entered light to escape from the eye.

Conjunctiva: it is a thin and transparent membrane that is found spread across the sclera

Functions of Conjunctiva:

1. Helps keep the eyes moist: Conjunctiva secrets a little mucus and tears. It helps the eyes remain moist.

2. Helps to keep eyes sterile: Any foreign particle getting stuck in the outer surface is washed out through the secretions of the conjunctiva.

3. Helps keep eyes clear: Moisture in the eye helps the eyes to function better. The sight is improved and the eyes are kept clean and clear.

Cornea: The cornea is the transparent membrane that is continuous with the sclera. It is spread over the other two parts (iris and pupil) 

Functions of the Cornea :

1. Refracts light

The primary function of the cornea is to refract the light rays so that it can reach the retina.

1. The primary function of the iris is to control and regulate the opening and closing of the pupil.

Pupil: It is the small opening located in the middle of the Iris.

Function of the pupil: It allows the light to enter the eye which is then transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for completing visual sensation. 

The Internal Structure of the Eye Consists of the Following Parts:

The retina is like a screen at the end of the eye. The retina is the layer on which the images are formed. It is a photosensitive layer. There are a number of receptors in this layer which are sensitive to light. They help to differentiate coloured and dim lights.

Functions of Retina

The lens in the human eye is a biconvex, transparent and adjustable structure that help in converging the light rays so that they can converge at one point(on the retina) to form an image.

Functions of Lens:

Functions of Aqueous Humor:

Functions of Vitreous Humor:

• Optic Nerve: The main sensory nerve responsible for carrying the signal from the eye to the brain. It is located behind the retina.

• Functions of the Optic Nerve: Takes visual impulses from the eye to the brain.

The area on the retina where the head of the optic nerve meets is called the blind spot or optic disk. There are no photoreceptor cells on the optic disk. Therefore, no image is formed in this area.

Tigers have now become a topic of interest and broadcast all over the world. Their small number triggered the government authorities to wake up and observe. While the government is already taking plans to preserve the wild cat, there is something that we, the general public, must do too. Here are some tips that will help us do a small but heavy phase in the road.

No matter what you are looking to do, create a consciousness is a first step. And, this beginning is even more essential when the goal is to preserve the tigers. Make an effort to draw attention to “Save Tigers” by developing images, flyers, advertisements, advertising the cause on websites and the like.

You could even try to develop attention through fun methods like event planning competition concept. The more you spread the gospel, the more you will join the cause. Whether it is to collect equal rights for the disabled or to preserve tigers, it is extremely important to develop attention for all public causes. Hence the propagation of the sentence.

If you want to preserve tigers, you must first stop poaching. Even when the government banned the sale of skin and tiger bodies, poaching continues. It is very important to leave this act.

Whenever you see someone looking for tigers to hunt, you must immediately call the cops. As you try to stop poaching, make sure you do not motivate poachers by buying luggage, shoes and similar products.

It has been found that our jungles are inclined and this could be an important cause for which creatures like tigers disappear. Today, tigers do not have an appropriate ecosystem to develop and generate.

So, the protection of the jungles is the next phase. It is very impossible to plant a forest but yes you can plant a lot of trees. Again, pay attention to the same thing to teach people about the atmosphere.

The birthday of Mahatma Gandhi (Gandhi Jayanti ) is celebrated on October 2nd as a national event across India. This day is observed around the world as the International Day of Non-Violence. Mahatma Gandhi has tirelessly and selflessly contributed to India’s struggle for independence. The ideals of Mahatma Gandhi were satya (truth) and ahimsa (nonviolence). Through his philosophy of truth and non-violence, he paved the way for India’s independence from the British . Mahatma Gandhi was called as the Father of the Nation. It was the harbinger of hope not only for India but for the whole world.

Not only did Mahatma Gandhi significantly contributed to India’s struggle for freedom against the British , but through her iconoclastic vision inspired people all over the world to raise their voices against any form of discrimination – that this either on the basis of caste, color , religion, to name a few. The deep quote from Mahatma Gandhi, “The best way to find you is to you to lose in the service of others “, sums up his disinterested significant contribution to India.A disinterested and iconoclastic man, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi and Putlibai , in a family of Hindu merchant caste in Porbandar , Gujarat.  

                 

In 1916, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested for organizing the civil resistance of tens of thousands of landless farmers and serfs in the Champaran district of Bihar, India. Thanks to the 1916 satyagraha Champaran , Mahatma Gandhi, as well as farmers and serfs, opposed the increase in the tax imposed on farmers by the British during the devastating famine. With his fierce determination, Gandhi surprised the British in 1930 with his 440-kilometer walk to the ocean to oppose the British salt monopoly and led the Indians to challenge the British-imposed salt tax. Dandi Mars salt is laid in the history and about 60,000 people were imprisoned a a result of Dandi Mars. Gandhi believed that all human beings are special persons of God and should be treated in the same way regardless of their caste, color , language, creed, region, religion, and ethnicity . Mahatma Gandhi believed in religious pluralism and campaigned for the empowerment of the Untouchables – whom he called Harijans (children of God). In 1942, Gandhi urged the Indians to stop cooperating with the British and called for the Quit India movement.           

However, the history and duration of India’s struggle for independence have summer very long and many people sacrificed their lives during the process. Finally, India obtained freedom in August 1947. But Independence was followed by horrible Partition. Following the partition and witness of religious violence related to the making of India and Pakistan after India’s independence in 1947, Gandhi undertook countless fasts to the death to end the violence religious. The Father of the Nation was murdered January 30, 1948, after Nathuram Godse had fired three bullets at him at the House Birla, New Delhi.         

The father of the nation was a well-read man and an avid writer. His philosophy of ahimsa, satyagraha and civil disobedience remains a powerful philosophy in people’s lives and has helped people around the world find the courage to oppose discrimination. He has written several books in his lifetime: An autobiography – The story of my experiences with the truth; Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule; The key to health are some of the books written by him. The life of Mahatma Gandhi had been a selfless love for his country and, thanks to his hard work, his self-control, his truth and his nonviolence, he raised hope among his compatriots to achieve what they aspire to .

The word pollution was derived from the Latin word pollution, which means to make dirty. Pollution is the process of making the environment pollute the water and the air by adding harmful substances. Pollution causes an imbalance in the environment. This imbalance threatened the very survival of all forms of life. It’s a threat to the whole world. India ranks at the bottom of 125 of the 132 countries in the 2012 Environmental Performance Index. This report is produced by researchers at Yale and Columbia University in association with the World Economic Forum.

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Pollution of the environment is a serious problem of industrialized societies. Industrial development and the green revolution have had a negative impact on the environment. People have converted the life support system of all living people into their own resources and have greatly disrupted the natural ecological balance. Serious degradation and depletion have been caused due to overuse, abuse and mismanagement of resources to meet human greed.

Environmental pollution is defined as the adverse alteration of our environment. It is a by-product of human activities that are directly or indirectly responsible for the changes in the environment. These changes could be in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air or water that are harmful to human life and other living things. Population explosion, rapid industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, scientific and technological advancement, etc. The main causes of environmental pollution. About 35% of India’s total area is seriously polluted. Three-quarters of the land is water, but there is a shortage of drinking water. In India, water sources are found in ponds and river lakes have been polluted and are unfit for consumption. Due to the increased use of fertilizers, seas and oceans have been contaminated with harmful pollutants.

The industrialization has led to urbanization. The migration of the rural population to cities in search of work has created an unhealthy environment. This has led to overcrowding and the establishment of slum areas. Cities and cities are full of smoke, smoke, dust, gas, smell and noise.

Nuclear explosions and nuclear tests also pollute the air. The spread of radioactive material in the air has increased. This radioactive pollution can cause cancer, abnormal births and mutations in men.   

The Taj Mahal in Agra is affected by the fumes emitted by the Mathura refinery. The reports estimate that the monument would be destroyed in twenty years because of the harmful effluents from the refinery’s emissions.    

Water pollution changes the quality of the water. This disrupts the balance of the ecosystem and poses health risks. Water is polluted by the presence or addition of inorganic and organic or biological substances. Industrial effluents that are discharged into rivers further increase the levels of water pollution.     

Soil pollution usually results from the elimination of solid and semi-solid wastes from agricultural practices and unhealthy habits. The soil is heavily polluted by hazardous materials and micro-organisms that enter the food chain or water and create many health problems. 

The present issue is that it is increasing day by day as a result of many polluting sources. Humans and human-created machines are of contaminants. To put it another way, pollution is wreaking havoc on Mother Earth, and we, as humans, must do everything we can to prevent it. Pollution prevention is critical because it protects the environment by conserving and protecting natural resources while also boosting economic growth by allowing industry to produce more efficiently and reducing the amount of waste that needs to be handled by households, businesses, and communities.

Hint: In the 21st century, people are facing issues such as obesity, stress, diabetes, heart related problems etc. These are nothing but lifestyle related problems and diseases. A health and disciplined routine with good food habits can help stay away from these health issues in today’s time.

Complete answer:

Eat regularly:

A lot of people, in order to lose weight, stop eating at regular intervals. Improper dieting takes a toll on your health in long run which results in severe other side effects

Eat multiple meals and in small quantity:

Rather than eating two very large meals a day, it is always better to have small quantities of meals about four to six times a day depending on the physical and mental activity levels. 

Do not watch TV while having food:

Research suggests that if you eat while watching TV, you tend to eat more. This is due to the fact that your focus is on television and not the amount of food that you are eating.

Eat balanced meals:

Always eat balanced meals which are good sources of proteins, vitamins and nutritional values that our bodies require on a daily basis. Avoid junk food for good health.

Physical exercise:

Proper exercise or yoga is required for keeping your digestive system healthy.

Avoid drinking water after taking a meal for at least one hour.

In The Canterville Ghost, Virginia befriends the ghost haunting Centerville Chase. She chastises him for rattling his chains like a stereotypical ghost. She helps him cross over into the afterlife, but never describes what she saw there.

Horace B. Otis and his family move into Canterville Chase despite the warnings of Lord Canterville himself. The house is haunted by the ghost of Sir Simon, who killed his wife there in 1575.

Otis’s housekeeper claims that the blood stain in the living room dates back to the day of the murder. Otis scoffs at this and cleans it up, but the blood stain reappears the morning after. Later, it’s revealed that the ghost used Virginia Otis’s paints to recreate the stain.

Virginia chastises Sir Simon for stealing the paints, but after talking to him agrees to help him leave the house and travel to another dimension. Virginia returns from their journey unharmed. 

Summary :

Horace B. Otis, a wealthy American, purchases Canterville Chase, an ancient English manor-house, despite warnings that the house is known to be haunted. He moves into the house accompanied by his wife, his eldest son Washington, his daughter Virginia, and his two younger twin sons. Immediately upon arrival, the family is confronted by a bloodstain in a sitting room. The housekeeper, Mrs. Umney, explains that the stain has been there since 1575 and is the result of Lady Eleanore de Canterville having been brutally murdered by her husband, Sir Simon de Canterville.

The Otis family takes a pragmatic perspective and scrubs the stain away; they repeat the process when the stain continues to reappear every morning. The stubborn reappearance of the stain, as well as other strange occurrences around the house, leads them to consider that the rumor of the ghost may not be totally unfounded. These ideas are confirmed when one night, the sound of clanking chains wakes Mr Otis from his sleep. He gets out of bed and confronts a terrifying ghost, but responds only by recommending that the ghost oil his chains so that he does not cause so much noise when he is walking around at night.

Mr. Otis is not the only family member who is not afraid of the ghost: the young twins enjoy tormenting the ghost with pranks. The ghost is very proud of his tradition of terrifying visitors for hundreds of years, and he is determined to strike fear into the American family. However, the more and more terrifying he tries to be, the more they either make fun of or ignore him. Things hit rock bottom for the Canterville Ghost when the twins actually create a fake ghost of their own to scare the real ghost. He accepts that he has lost his status and power, and he begins to become depressed and pine away.

Meanwhile, Virginia’s beauty has attracted the attention of the young Duke of Cheshire, who comes to stay at Canterville Chase. While he is visiting, Virginia unexpectedly comes across the secret hiding lair of the ghost. The ghost explains his sadness and suffering, telling her that he longs for the peaceful experience of death. He also tells her that because of her purity and innocence, she can help him to achieve this peace. Even though she is frightened, Virginia agrees to help; the two of them pass through a secret opening in the wall and vanish.

When Virginia cannot be found, her family and the Duke become very upset. A few hours later, Virginia appears in the dark at the top of the stairs. Her only explanation of her disappearance is that she has assisted in finally bringing eternal rest to the Canterville Ghost. As a token of his thanks and affection, Sir Simon has given her a box filled with jewels. Virginia leads the family into a secret chamber, where they are greeted by the sight of his skeletal remains. Four days later, Sir Simon’s body is finally laid to rest with a proper burial.

Virginia subsequently marries the Duke of Cheshire. Although she never tells anyone what she experienced when she vanished with the Ghost, she always reflects affectionately on him and his memory.