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Freedom is an innate right that humans have had since birth. Freedom is not something that can be touched, seen, smelled or touched. All this gives a vague idea of freedom. What exactly does freedom mean?    

Different people have different opinions, definitions and thoughts about the idea of freedom. Some speak of freedom in the political sense, others speak of social freedom, others of personal independence and others define it as religious freedom. But the fact that everyone wants to be free is true in every case.   

Freedom is the choice to live your life doing what you want, to live where you want, to eat by choice and to learn what your heart desires. This means that freedom can apply to different aspects of life and that freedom is not an absolute term. 

Freedom is about ensuring respect and not living free. All societies define freedom in their own respect. Different cultures see freedom in their own light, and as a result, people living in different cultures enjoy freedom in a way that they deem appropriate.   

To enjoy our freedom does not mean that we ignore the rights of others and live the way we feel. We must consider the rights and feelings of people around us when we live our freedom. 

Likewise, a free person does not have to fear expressing his opinion by ensuring that others are not hurt and respected. Societies that promote freedom of opinion, thought, belief, expression, choice, etc. are those where creative minds flourish. 

Freedom does not come with independence. Freedom is also about enjoying the enchanting beauty of nature and the environment around us. A person who is worried and anxious cannot be free to mind and therefore cannot appreciate the scenic beauty of a beautiful moonlit sky or the pleasing music of songbirds at sunset.   

Therefore, freedom is a whole state of mind. This implies that your mind is not under the fear or constraint of security in life. The feeling of having social recognition, being praised and being safe does not mean freedom. Our aspirations and ambitions to be someone are absurd and do not suggest freedom.     

Education or preaching does not make us free. Following an ideal person or an example of a master is not a sign of a person’s freedom. Freedom is the absence of any pressure from the social, political and religious environment in which we live.   

Freedom certainly has no particular definition. While some see the opportunity to act freely and personify ideas, others think it is the opportunity to do what we want to do, regardless of the impact on others. 

For a prisoner, being out of prison means freedom. But from the social point of view, freedom is certainly something that a person is free to do while respecting the social customs and the law of the land. No society can guarantee absolute freedom to all social creatures. This is because it will be a complete chaos if we try to understand what everyone in society wants to do.     

The desert of Thar

Also known as Great Indian Desert, this arid region covers about 92,200 square miles and is the seventh largest desert in the world. The name Thar has a meaning, a term for the sand ridges characteristic of this desert. About 10 percent of the desert of Thar contains sand dunes, while the rest are steep rocks, salt lake beds and meadows. Although it borders the Indus to the west, Thar is a dry subtropical zone because the monsoons that carry the rain to the rest of India bypass this region. The region has extreme temperatures ranging from freezing in winter to hovering heat of over 122 degrees Fahrenheit in summer.   

     

The scrub forests of Deccan Thorn

The Deccan Plateau, also known as the Deccan Thorn scrubland, extends to the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnatake and also includes part of northern Sri Lanka. Less than 750 millimetres of rain fall on this dry region and there is almost no moisture from November to April. Temperatures reach more than 40 degrees Celsius during the summer months.           

Kutch White Salt Desert

One of the darkest and hottest regions of India is the Kutch White Salt Desert, also known as White Rann or Great Rann of Kutch. This region covers approximately 2,898 square miles and is located in the state of Gujarat, on the western border of India with the Sind desert in Pakistan. As the name suggests, this desert is covered with layers of white salt, which gives it the surreal aspect of a snowy landscape. Average summer temperatures can reach 50 degrees Celsius, while in winter, the desert cools below freezing.     

            

Spiti Valley Cold Desert 

The Cold desert of the Spiti Valley in the state of Himachal Pradesh is a cold desert high in the mountains that hosts rare wildlife, including snow leopards. This desert takes its name, Spiti , from its location – midfield – between Tibet and India. The area of the valley of Spiti is one of the least populated regions of India; he serves as a gateway to the most northerly regions of the country. The valley lies in the part northeast of the state and receives an abundance of sun and snow, but very little rain. During the winter months, its sparse inhabitants, essentially 35 people in a village, are essentially cut off from the rest of the country until the snow disappears.     

DPT – Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus, it is also referred to as DTP and is the name of a vaccine against the three named diseases. 

DDT – Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, it is a commonly used colorless, odorless insecticide. 

BCG – Bacillus Calmette–Guérin is a popular vaccine used to counter tuberculosis or leprosy.

Global warming or climate change has today become a major threat to the mankind. The Earth’s temperature is on the rise and there are various reasons for it such as greenhouse gases emanating from carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emissions, burning of fossil fuels or deforestation. 

Impact of Greenhouse Gases

The rise in the levels of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) leads to substantial increase in temperature. It is because $CO_2$ remains concentrated in the atmosphere for even hundreds of years. Due to activities like fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation, transportation, and heating, human beings have contributed to increase in the $CO_2$ concentration in the atmosphere.

Global Warming: A Gradual Phenomenon

Recent years have been unusually warm, causing worldwide concern. But the fact is that the increase in carbon dioxide actually began in 1800, due to the deforestation of a large chunk of North-eastern American, besides forested parts of the world. The things became worse with emissions in the wake of the industrial revolution, leading to increase in carbon dioxide level by 1900.

Cause of Concern

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperature is likely to rise by about 1-3.5 Celsius by the year 2100. It has also suggested that the climate might warm by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 100 years.

Impact of Global Warming

The sea levels are constantly rising as fresh water marshlands, low-lying cities, and islands have been inundated with seawater.

There have been changes in rainfall patterns, leading to droughts and fires in some areas, and flooding in other areas.

Ice caps are constantly melting posing a threat to polar bears as their feeding season stands reduced.

Glaciers are gradually melting.

Animal populations are gradually vanishing as there has been a widespread loss of their habitat.

Conclusion

As per Kyoto protocol, developed countries are required to cut back their emissions. There is a need to reduce coal-fired electricity, increase energy efficiency through wind and solar power, and also high efficiency natural gas generation

Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people. – Abraham Lincoln. 

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The main features of a Democracy are as follows:

Majority Rule– It is the system of government which is based on parliamentary majorities.

Representative Elections- Here public is allowed to elect represtatives to speak for their views and interests.

Multi-party System- Democracy gives voters the opportunity to choose from a variety of political parties, represting a wide range of political opinion.

Freedom of Speech- There is no restriction is placed on the right to opinions and express then openly.

Freedom of Association-There is no restriction placed on people who wants to form political parties to take part in democratic life.

Freedom of Assembly- There is no restriction on the right to hold meetings or organise demonstrations provided those do not violate the rights of others.

Respect the Individual Rights – State must always protect its individuals whose rights are endangered by the actions of others.

Respect for Minority Rights – Minorities should not have their basic rights disrupted by the majority.

Respect for the Law – Public who are given democratic rights should obey the laws that provide these rights.

Respect for Democratic Procedures – Individuals or groups who have grievances against the system should operate within it, seeking to change the law through legal means.

Independence of Judiciary: Freedom of Judiciary is an essential feature of democracy. Judiciary must be always free from any resistor of the executive or the legislature. Judges must be truthful and should deliver justice impartially.

Before the beginning of industrial revolution, India used to shine in the world chart for its cotton textile industry. These cotton things used to get exported to different parts of the world which includes today’s Europe, America, and the Middle East among others. As a matter of fact, India is documented to have dominated the world’s cotton textile markets during the 1750s. As India was the land of cheap labour, production was of high quality with low priced calicoes. It is not a matter of surprise that at the end of 17th century, Indian calicoes were popular in Britain. However, things got changed after the industrial revolution. 

Below are the good and bad effects of the industrial revolution:

1. The discovery of steam power and its practice from the year 1815 created threat to the Indian textile industry. 

2. The inventions of the spinning mule and power loom became more efficient and effective because of steam power. Consequently, it had reduced the cost of British cotton by 85% and made it internationally competitive. By the year 1820, Britain had become the leading world 

3. Indian farmers were forced to produce cotton plantation so that it can fuel English factories as India was then under British rule.

4. Industrial Revolution brought severe consequences to society. Farmers were forced to grow cash crops in place of food crops, which resulted in awfully deadly famines in India. 

5. For increasing production, the Factory owners used to hire unskilled labour, profited greatly by using children and women to run the machines. In the tender age of 6 years, many children were already working 14 hours a day in factories. 

6. Due to Industrial Revolution, urban cities started getting overcrowded day by day. 

7. There were some positive effects of Industrial Revolution also. The introduction of assembly line and factories, electricity development, and the railroads all these things contributed to faster and more efficient production of goods and materials. 

8. Funding of schools and the enactment of child labour laws also came into place. As a result, the Industrial Revolution enhanced both economic production and the new lifestyle of common people.