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Lightning conductor is a metal rod placed on a building and connected with the ground below to protect the building from being damaged by lightning. Its purpose is to offer a low resistance path to lightening and allow it to pass to the ground without impacting the building.

M = molarity = moles solute / Liter solution 

m = molality = moles solute / kg solvent 

ρ = density = g solution / mL solution = kg solution / L solution 

mw = molecular weight (molar mass) of solute in g/mole 

Equations:

(1) M = moles solute / L solution 

(2)m = moles solute / kg solvent 

(3) ρ = kg solution / L solution 

(4)mw = g solute / mole solute 

(5) kg solution = kg solvent + kg solute 

 multiplying (3) x 1/(1) 

     

    

      

Tincture of iodine or iodine tincture is an antiseptic, it is also called weak iodine solution. Usually 2–7% elemental iodine, along with potassium iodide or sodium iodide, dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water. 

Solute: Elemental iodine; Solvent: Ethanol and water

Soda acid type extinguisher acts by cutting off supply of air. It acts on all types of fire except due to electrical and inflammable liquids. The carbon dioxide is liberated by the action of acid on baking soda. It increases the percentage of carbon dioxide in air (CO₂ is non supporter of combustion). 

This type of fire extinguisher contains a bottle of sulphuric acid supported by a metallic container filled with a baking soda solution.When the cylinder is inverted and knob struck, against the ground, the acid bottle breaks and the acid comes into contact with the backing soda. 

2NaHCO₃ + H₂SO₄-> Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 2CO₂ 

Baking sulphuric sodium water carbon 

soda acid sulphate dioxide 

As a result carbon dioxide is liberated. This increases the percentage of carbon dioxide in air. Due to this the supply of air is cut off and there, fire is extinguished. These types of extinguishers are used in cinema halls, multistorey buildings, etc

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Hint: India is known as the land of rivers. Indian rivers are divided into two categories namely Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers. Around 90% of rivers in India flow towards the eastern part of India and drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Remaining 10% of rivers flow towards the western part of India and drain into the Arabian Sea.

Complete answer:

The Top Ten Longest Rivers of India are:

1) The Ganges: River Ganga with a length of 2525 km is the longest river of India as it flows entirely through the mainland. It originates from the Gangotri Glacier. The left bank tributaries of River Ganga are Ramganga, Garra, Gomti, Gharghara, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Koshi, and Mahananda and the right bank tributaries are Yamuna, Tamsa, Son, Punpun, Kiul, Karmanasa and Chandan. The river discharges its water into the Bay of Bengal.

2) River Indus: Indus is the longest river in terms of the distance it covers i.e. 2900 km. But a major portion of the river flows through present-day Pakistan. The source of the river is the Northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Manasarovar. The left bank tributaries of Indus are Zanskar, Suru, Soan, Jhelum, Chenab and Luni. The right bank tributaries are Shyok, Hunza, Gilgit, Gomal and Zhob. Indus drains its water into the Arabian Sea.

3) The Brahmaputra: Brahmaputra River with a length of 2900 km originates from the Kailash Ranges of the Himalayas in Tibet. It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh. The left bank tributaries of the river are Dibang, Lohit, Dhansiri and the right bank tributaries are Kameng, Manas, Jaldhaka, Teesta and Subansiri. The Brahmaputra enters Bangladesh as Jamuna and then joins Padma (the Ganges in India) before emptying itself into the Bay of Bengal. 

4) Godavari: River Godavari with a length of 1465 km is the longest river in peninsular India. It originates from Nashik in Maharashtra. The left bank tributaries of the Godavari are Banganga, Kadva, Shivana, and Purna and the right bank tributaries are Nasardi, Darna, and Pravara. The river discharges itself into the Bay of Bengal. 

5) Krishna: River Krishna with a length of 1400 km originates from the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1337 metres from the sea level about 64 km from the Arabian Sea. The left bank tributaries of the river are Bhima, Dindi Musi, Paleru, and Munneru and the right bank tributaries are Vienna, Koyna, and Panchganga. Krishna discharges its water into the Bay of Bengal.

6) Yamuna: River Yamuna with a length of 1376 km originates from the Yamunotri glacier at the Banderpoonch peak in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. It is the main tributary of the River Ganga. The left bank tributaries of Yamuna are Hindon, Sharda and the right bank tributaries are Chambal, Betwa and Ken.

7) Narmada: The source of the 1312 km-long River Narmada is the Amarkantak Peak in Madhya Pradesh. Left bank tributaries of Narmada are Burhner, Banjar, Sher and Karjan. The right bank tributaries are Hiran, Tendoni, and Choral. It discharges its water into the Arabian Sea.

8) Mahanadi: The 851 km-long Mahanadi River originates in the Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. Its left bank tributaries are Mand, Ib, and Hasdeo and right bank tributaries are Ong and Parry. The Mahanadi discharges its water into the Bay of Bengal.

9) Cauvery: The 800 km-long Cauvery River originates from the Brahmagiri Range of the Western Ghats in Coorg District of Karnataka. There is Harangi Reservoir on its left bank. The main right bank tributary is Lakshmana Tirtha. Cauvery discharges its water into the  Grand Anicut (South).

10) Tapi: The 724 km-long Tapi River originates from the Satpura Range. Its tributaries are Purna and Girna. It discharges its water into the Gulf of Khambhat (Arabian Sea). 

Note: India and its rivers are integral to one another. They comprise the lifeline of the country as because of them the land remains fertile and suitable for agriculture. We also owe our industrial development to our rivers. The top ten longest rivers are often worshipped as goddesses by the people of India. 

The Rule

There is no electric field near a long, straight-thin uniform current-carrying conductor. Therefore, a charged particle moving parallel to the conductor experiences a magnetic force, as per the electrodynamics. The left hand Fleming rule came into existence through John Ambrose Fleming in the 19th Century. It was the simplest approach to understand the direction of the motion or the direction of the electric current. The left-hand rule of Fleming states that when we stretch the forefinger and middle finger of the left hand in a manner that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. 

Now, if the forefinger is taken as the direction of the current and the middle finger towards the magnetic field then the thumb points towards the motion of the conductor or the force. It is one of the rules of electricity. The reason being when a current-carrying the conductor comes under the magnetic field there is likely to be a force acting on the conductor. With the help of Fleming’s left-hand rule, the director of the force can be determined. 

Usage of The Rule

Generally, Fleming’s left-hand rule is used for electric motors. On the other hand, for electric generator the right-hand rule is applicable. The reason why the left-hand rule of Fleming is used in the electric motor because in the electric motor there is the presence of magnetic field and electric current which leads to the force that enables creating the motion. This can be referred to as the effect. Hence, the left-hand rule is used. It thus gives us the direction of the force that works on the current if well aware of the magnetic field. 

There is a need for different hands for motors and generators because there is a certain amount of difference between the effect and the cause. To elaborate that, the magnetic field and the electric current creates the force which results in motion and that is why the left hand is used. While the motion and the magnetic field exist in the electric generator and they create the current which is why the right hand is used. The physical basis for the rules that are to be remembered is that the electrons flow in the same direction from where they generate a cylindrical magnetic field that encircles around the conductor. 

Understanding Fleming’s Rule with Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule

However, if a conductor is brought under the magnetic field forcefully there is supposed to be an induced current in that conductor. In such cases, the direction of the force would be determined by the implication of the Right-Hand rule of Fleming. It is to keep in mind that there is a relation between the current, force, and magnetic field which can be understood only with the implication of this Right Hand and Left-Hand rule. They help in showing the direction of any of these three parameters when the directions of the other two parameters are already identified. One magnetic field is induced around the conductor when current flows through it. They can be considered as the “m” where it is equal to the numbers of closed magnetic lines of force encircling the conductor. The direction of these magnetic lines can be understood by Maxwell’s corkscrew rule or to say the grip rule of the right hand.

But in case of Fleming’s left-hand rule consider a simple electromagnet that consists of only one circular loop of current wherein the current should flow in a clockwise direction. Now, imagine that straight horizontal conduct is kept in front of this loop wherein the current is flowing from the right direction to the left direction. By this, it can be understood that the current is flowing from the left to the right in the horizontal conductor. 

Now, divide the loop into two parts equally into upper and lower in comparison to the particular straight conductor. Next, consider an electron point A of that conductor. Now, as the current is flowing from right to left direction in that particular conductor, the electron at point A moves from left to right. The electron at A then experiences some force downwards which is similar in the case of all moving electrons also experience the force downwards. The electron pushes the whole conductor downwards with a similar force. This is the reason why the wire will tend to move downward.

In the third-hand rule, the thumb indicates the direction of the thrust or motion of the conductor. On the other hand, the forefinger represents the magnetic field’s direction and the central finger indicates the direction of the current. This can be regarded as the first variant.