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As per the Gazette of India 2019, India has 28 States and 8 Union Territories. Till now, there exists 31 Chief Ministers in India, 28 from States and 3 from Union Territories (Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir). According to the Constitution of India, the Chief Minister is the real executive head of the particular state and Governor is the nominal executive head of the state. In the Constitution, India has been described as a ‘Union of States’. According to Article 164 of the Constitution, Governor shall appoint the Chief Minister of a State but not any other minister of the CM’s portfolio. 

The State-wise list of Chief Ministers of India

Andhra Pradesh-  Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy. Serving since 30-05-2019.

Arunachal Pradesh- Pema Khandu. Serving since 17-06-2016.

Assam- Sarbananda Sonowal. Serving since 24-05-2016.

Bihar- Nitish Kumar. Serving since 22-02-2015.

Chattishgarh- Shri Bhupesh. Serving since 17-12-2018.

Delhi & NCR- Arvind Kejriwal. Serving since 14-02-2018 (5 years 45 days).

Goa- Pramod Sawant. Serving since 19-03-2019.

Gujarat- Vijay Rupani. Serving since 07-08-2016.

Haryana- Manohar Lal Khattar. Serving since 26-10-2014.

Himachal Pradesh- Jai Ram Thakur. Serving since 27-12-2017.

Jharkhand- Hemant Soren. Serving since 29-12-2019.

Karnataka- B.S. Yeddyurappa. Serving since 26-07-2019. 

Kerala- Pinarayi Vijayan. Serving since 25-05-2016.

Madhya Pradesh- Shivraj Singh Chouhan. Serving since 23-03-2020. 

Maharashtra- Uddhav Thackeray. Serving since 28-11-2019. 

Manipur- N. Biren Singh. Serving since 15-03-2017. 

Meghalaya- Conrad Sangma. Serving since 06-03-2018.

Mizoram- Zoramthanga. Serving since 15-12-2018.

Nagaland- Neiphiu Rio. Serving since 08-03-2018. 

Odisha- Naveen Patnaik. Serving since 05-03-2000.

Puducherry- V. Narayanasamy. Serving since 06-06-2016. 

Punjab- Captain Amarinder Singh. Serving since 16-03-2017.

Rajasthan- Ashok Gehlot. Serving since 17-12-2018.

Sikkim- Prem Singh Tamang. Serving since 27-05-2019.

Tamil Nadu- Edappadi K. Palanswami. Serving since 16-02-2017. 

Telangana- K. Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) since First (from 02-06-2014 to 12-12-2018) and Second term (13-12-2018 till present).

Tripura- Biplab Kumar Deb. Serving since 09-03-2018.

Uttar Pradesh- Yogi Aditynath. Serving since 19-03-2017.

Uttarakhand- Trivendra Singh Rawat. Serving since 18-03-2017.

West Bengal- Mamata Banerjee. Serving since 20-05-2011. 

Chief Ministers of the Union Territories 

Apart from the above-mentioned Chief Ministers, the current Lieutenant Governors of the Union Territories of India are Devendra Kumar Joshi (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), V.P. Singh Badnore (Chandigarh), Praful Khoda Patel (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu), Anil Baijal (Delhi), Farooq Khan (Lakshadweep), Kiran Bedi (Puducherry), Radha Krishna Mathur (Ladakh) and Girish Chandra Murmu (Jammu and Kashmir).

Since India is a federal country, states play a very crucial role in its policy-making and administration. The centre cannot impose anything common people without discussing the issue with the state head or Chief Minister of the state. The overall development of India is only possible if there exists healthy collaboration between the Centre and State.    

Hottest and Coldest Planets in the Solar System

There are two types of planets existing in the solar system, namely Terrestrial Planet (made up of rocks) and Giant planets (gas giants and ice giants). Two factors- the structure of the planets and their distances from the sun determine the temperature of the planets. There is also another determining factor of the nature and composition of the planets, that is, the amount of heat radiated by the planets as well as the heat retained by them. The hottest and coldest planets of the solar system along with their temperatures and few other things are discussed in the following essay.

Hottest and Coldest Planets

1. Venus:

The average temperature of Venus is 464 degree Celsius. It is the hottest planet in the solar system and the second nearest from the Sun. 

2. Mercury: 

The average temperature of Mercury is 167 degree Celsius. It is the first nearest planet from the Sun and the second hottest planet in the solar system. The range of temperature of the planet is -93 degree Celsius to 427 degree Celsius. 

3. Earth: 

The third planet from the Sun with an average temperature of 15 degree Celsius is our very own planet Earth. 

4. Mars: 

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun with an average temperature of -65 degree Celsius. Mars is made up of rocks which mean it is a terrestrial planet. 

5. Jupiter: 

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun. It is the largest planet in the solar system with an average temperature of -110 degree Celsius. The components of the atmosphere of the planet are ammonia crystals and possible ammonium hydrosulphide. 

6. Saturn: 

The sixth planet from the Sun with an average temperature of -140 degree Celsius is Saturn. It is the second-largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter. 

7. Uranus: 

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun with an average temperature of -195 degree Celsius. It is the third-largest planet according to the radius and fourth-largest planet according to the mass. The major feature of the planet is it contains ‘ices’ like water, ammonia and methane along with traces of other hydrocarbons.  

8. Neptune: 

Neptune is the eighth and furthest known planet from the Sun with an average temperature of -200 degree Celsius. The density of the giant planet Neptune is the maximum in the solar system. It is the fourth-largest planet according to the diameter.

9. Pluto: 

Pluto is known as the dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt, a surrounding of particles beyond Neptune. The average temperature of the planet is -225 degree Celsius. The atmosphere of the planet contains nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide in an equal distribution with their ices. 

Thus the planets are categorised by their temperature, atmospheric ingredients, surface diameters and many other variables. The hottest planet in the solar system is Venus with an average temperature of 464 degree Celsius and the coldest planet in the solar system is Pluto with an average temperature of -225 degree Celsius. Scientists are trying to find out lives in several planets but are yet to achieve success.          

Top 10 Largest Countries of the World

Boundaries of the world are changing in a continuous manner. As the Earth is a dynamic planet, it is changing both inside and outside. We know that 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water and the rest of the 29% is covered by landmass. There are 198 countries in the world that constitute this 29% of the earth’s crust. The following list of the top 10 countries in terms of area is prepared in view of the data collected till the end of the year 2019. Each and every country has its own specific boundaries that define its geographical area. 

The top 10 largest countries along with their area in square kilometres and capital cities are given below in descending order. 

1. Russia: 

Russia is the largest country in terms of area. The area covered is 17,125,000 square kilometres. The capital city of Russia is Moscow.

2. Canada: 

Canada is the second largest country in the world. The area covered is 9,984,670 square kilometres. The capital city of Canada is Ottawa.

3. China: 

China is the third largest country and is part of the Asiatic landmass. The area covered by the country 9,572,900 square kilometres. The capital city of China is Beijing.

4. United States of America: 

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world. The area covered by the USA is 9,525,067 square kilometres. The capital city is Washington, D.C. 

5. Brazil: 

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. The area covered by Brazil is 8,515,767 square kilometres. Its capital city is Brasilia.

6. Australia: 

Australia is the sixth largest country and the smallest continent on earth. The area covered by the country is 7,692,202 square kilometres. The capital city of Australia is Canberra.

7. India: 

India is the seventh largest country in the world. The area covered by the country is 3,166,391 square kilometres. New Delhi is the capital city of India. 

8. Argentina: 

Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world. The area covered by the country is 2,780,400 square kilometres. The capital city of Argentina is Buenos Aires.

9. Kazakhstan: 

The ninth largest country in the world is Kazakhstan. Its total area coverage is 2,724,900 square kilometres. The capital city of Kazakhstan is Nur-Sultan. 

10. Algeria: 

The tenth largest country in the world in terms of area is Algeria. It covers a total of 2,381,741 square kilometres. The capital city of Algeria is Algiers.

The above list of the top 10 countries of the world in terms of the area coverage can change since planet earth is dynamic in nature. The boundaries of the countries are always undergoing a process of contraction and/or expansion with the movement of the earth’s tectonic plates. Moreover, changes in international policies too can alter the size of a country. Hence, every year, experts come up with a new set of data indicating the latest area coverage of the countries. Accordingly, the list keeps changing. Till the next set of data arrives, here are the top 10 largest countries! 

Leaving delicately from my eggshell, I came into this world. My parents were my greatest strength because they taught me everything and how. Slowly crawling, I saw bright, shining sunbeams with dancing trees.

My parents told me it was the world and that I belong. They fed me every day and put me at ease in the prettiest of nests and when the night was wearing his darkest coat, they warmed me with their softest feathers. They taught me daily the affairs of the world and how life and the world were kept in a great ship. The most exciting day of my life was when I learned to fly because the strength of each bird is to have a perfect flight.

I could not fly perfectly but by daily practice, I perfected my flight. Every day, I learned about myself and the world around me. The saddest day of my life was when I had to leave home to find myself. I left home and flew to the world that saw plenty.

It was a bright day when I was alone, in search of food and comfort. I had to face many difficulties to stay safe. Every day I came out of the house on an empty stomach, but I came back at night with a stomach full of satisfaction. Every day, I travelled the world and met new birds and made new friends.

My best friend was a woodpecker unlike me who was a lyrebird. We both travelled the world and migrated each season to our respective places. It was really beautiful to see the greenery and colours because it’s for me; life was all about, that is, to witness every beautiful place. It was time for me to attract female birds to find a mate and I did it. She was the prettiest lyrebird I had ever seen. We both rested under a beautiful nest and made our life even more wonderful with little babies. They completed the life and we made a nice family. This is the life I dreamed about and that everyone should dream about.

India, our country is a huge and beautiful land full of wonders. From the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean, the Desert of Thar in the snowy mountains of Sikkim, it is a country full of beautiful landscapes and beautiful people. India is a unique country with diversity. “Unity is diversity” is the main slogan of the country.

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India is known for diversity in the region, diversity in languages, diversity in food, diversity in clothing, diversity in the festival, diversity in states, diversity in everything that represents the world. country and its people. India is a country of the republic that is for the people, by the people and by the people. People run their county, people choose their own leader, and people are independent of everything. India is a country where people are changed according to their location. Each state has its incredible beauty of heritage as well as the nation. Each state has its own history of religion.

In the fields of literature and science, my country has produced many prominent personalities such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand, Sara Chandra, Raman CV, Jagadish Chandra Bose and Dr Abdul Kalama. These big names make me proud of my country.             

My country is a land of villages and fields full of bodies. I am proud of his village from which the Indian civilization flourished. Most of the great leaders of our country came from villages. Our fields are fed by mighty rivers like Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna and Kavery. The Gangetic Valley is the most fertile region of our country.   

The oceans bathing its shores on three sides and the mighty Himalayas to the north have given my country natural boundaries. Once again, the attraction of the mountain has attracted many adventures to this land of rich culture.

Our state is secular. On his knees breathe the happy disciples of the different religions of the world. We have a unique culture that has been vested throughout the centuries. There is a lot of diversity among our people. We speak several languages, we worship many gods and yet we have the same spirit, the spirit of India, which crosses all parts of our country and binds us all together. We have great unity in diversity.         

Basically, Indian culture is tolerant and absorbing. His nature is assimilative. The democratic installation facilitates the process. Diversity in all aspects of society serves as a source of strength and wealth. The different ways of worshipping and believing represent the underlying uniformity. They promote a spirit of harmony and fraternity. This goes beyond all considerations of religious, regional, linguistic diversity.

India is rich in dialects and languages. Twenty-two languages constitutionally enjoy official language status, but Hindi is recognized as the lingua franca of the nation. From Kashmir to Kanyakumari and from Nagaland to Mumbai, Hindi is understood as the national language of India. Although different regions have different regional affiliations, they are all Indian. People are called Bihari, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Marathi, Gujarati, but they are proud to say that they are Indians.       

Indian dance and theatre are brilliant examples of unity in diversity. The country is full of tribal dances, folk dances, and classical dances of great virtuosity. They are considered as the mode of aesthetic expression but they all symbolize India. The expression is different but the theme is the same.     

We are proud of our cultural distinctiveness. We are proud to be the inhabitants of India. It is our responsibility to maintain its unique characteristic. We should think beyond petty interests and work for the broader goals of prosperity and progress in society. 

Terrorism is an illegal act, which aims to create fear among ordinary people. Terrorism is not just a word; This is the most important threat to humanity. If a person or group spreads violence, riots, burglaries, rapes, kidnappings, fighting, bombings, all of this is terrorism. For the first time in India, terrorism was considered naxalite. For the first time in 1967, some inhabitants of the Bengal region were furious; they came out as Naxalites to make their point of view.     

Some main causes of terrorism

 Production of large quantities of firearms, machine guns, firearms, atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, nuclear weapons, missiles, etc.

 Rapid population growth

 Politics, Social, Economy

 Dissatisfied with the country’s system

 lack of education

 Bad association

 Fall of persuasion

Apart from these, there may be several reasons. Nowadays, terrorism is the first weapon created to prove and justify the point of view. There is a society inside the militant, the rebellion against the country. Dissatisfaction. Corruption, racism, economic inequality, linguistic differences, all these are the fundamental elements of terrorism, terrorism flourishes after them. The riots among Hindus and Muslims are the most famous; there is a difference between caste and terrorism. The riots that took place in Gujarat, the demand for Khalistan , etc. are all riots due to regionalism. Even in a hurry to make money, people do terrorism, and they want to get rich overnight by doing a bad job.

The effect of terrorism

• Terrorism creates fear in people. They feel insecure in their state, their country.   

• By challenging terrorism, any government can be abandoned

• Because of terrorism, millions of goods are destroyed and the lives of thousands of innocent people are lost.

• The animals are also killed.

• A dependence of humanity is raised.

• After seeing a terrorist activity, the second terrorist is also born.

Forms of terrorism in different parts of the country and abroad

Today, terrorism is not only the problem of India, our neighbouring country, and governments across the country are making a lot of effort to deal with it.

The largest terrorist attack in the world is considered World Trade Centre on September 11, 2001, Osama bin Laden attacked the tallest building in the world’s most powerful country, causing millions of casualties and thousands of people who died under the rubble. America had hit its biggest enemy in a filmic way.