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India and Its Neighbouring Countries

India is situated at 20.5937o N and 78.9628o E latitude and longitude respectively. Spread over a land area of 15, 200 km, India shares the third largest international border after China and Russia in the world. The border of India with the neighbouring countries is most sensitive in terms of infiltration to climatic conditions. India has an enviable coastline including its mainland, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands. The total coastline is of 7516.6 km. India has neighbouring countries sharing both land and water borders. A total of nine countries share their borders with India as her neighbours. 

India’s Neighbouring Countries in the North-West

In the North West of the country, there are two neighbouring countries, Pakistan and Afghanistan. 

Pakistan

The country shares its border with the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab. Officially its name is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan with its capital at Lahore. It has a population of more than 212.2 million making it the fifth most populated country. 

The country was created during the partition of India where the majority of the residents are Muslim. It has a wide geographical diversity and diverse wildlife too. 

English and Urdu are official languages of Pakistan. Regional languages like Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi ad Balochi are also recognised. Pakistani Rupee is its currency. 

Afghanistan 

It shares its border with Jammu and Kashmir. Its capital is Kabul and the official name is the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. It is a landlocked country with a population of around 32 million. 

99.7% of people in Afghanistan are followers of Islam religion. The country is situated in the ancient Silk Route and connects the cultures of Asia and the Middle East. 

Pashto and Dari Dari are the official languages here. Afghani is its currency. 

India’s Neighbours in the North

China, Bhutan and Nepal are the northern neighbours of India.

China

Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh share their border with this neighbour. Its official name is the People’s Republic of China. With a population of more than 1.4 billion, China is the most populous country in the world. 

Beijing is its capital and Shanghai is the largest city. Chinese is the official language and Mongolian, Tibetan etc are recognised regional languages. It has been one of the first civilisations in history. 

Renminbi (Yuan) is the official currency here. The earlier hereditary monarchy ruled here, but eventually, Republic of China came into action. 

Bhutan

This northern neighbour shares its border with Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim and West Bengal. It is officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan. This landlocked country has a population of about 7 million making it second least populous country. 

The largest city and the capital is Thimphu. Phuntsholing is its financial centre. The official language here is Dzongkha. Most of the people here are followers of Buddhism. 

Ngultrum is the official currency. Earlier absolute monarchy was observed here while now it is a constitutional monarchy. 

Nepal 

Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand share their border with Nepal. It is officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. 

This landlocked country has a population of more than 28 million. Its capital is in Kathmandu. The currency in use is Nepalese Rupee. 

Nepal is a founding member of SAARC and hosts its meetings. Nepali is the official language here and most of the population follows Hinduism or Buddhism. 

India’s Neighbouring Country in the Far East: Myanmar

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram share border with this country. It is officially known as Republic of the Union of Myanmar or Burma. It is the largest Mainland Southeast Asian state. 

Its capital is in Naypyidaw and Yangon is its largest city. The people of Myanmar are called Burmese. Their official language goes by the same name too. 

Buddhism is the main observed religion here. Its currency is Kyat. The country became independent from the British colony in 1948. 

India’s Neighbouring Country of the East: Bangladesh

West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Mizoram and Meghalaya shares the border of Bangladesh, officially known as the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Its population is more than 161 million. 

Dhaka is its capital. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries. Bengali is the official language here and most of the people follow Islam religion. 

The country was created based upon language and ethnicity. Bangladeshi Taka is the official currency here. Sunderban, the world’s largest mangrove forest is here. 

India’s Neighbouring Countries Sharing Her Water Border

Sri Lanka

It is the southeastern neighbour of India. Known as the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, it is an island with Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte as its capital. Colombo is its largest city. 

People mainly observe Buddhism here. Sri Lankan Rupee is the official currency. Singhala and Tamil are two official languages. 

Maldives 

This small island of South Asia located in the Arabian Sea is officially known as the Republic of Maldives. Male is its capital and Dhivehi is the official language. English is also recognised. 

Maldivian Rufiyaa is its currency ad people follow Islam. The country is a famous tourist spot for its beautiful beaches and coastline. 

India’s Relationship with the Neighbouring Countries

India maintains a stable and good relationship with all its neighbours. Our country extends helping hand in any sort of distress in any of its neighbours. When the need arises, hostility is answered accordingly too. Overall, India maintains a peaceful relationship with most of its neighbours. 

The Nobel Prize came into existence in the year 1901. It was named after a chemist, engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur Alfred Nobel. It is an award of the highest order and is given at an international level by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. This award is given to individuals having exceptional contribution in the field of literature, peace, chemistry, physics, physiology, medicine, and economic sciences. In the year, 1895, the will of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established 5 Nobel prizes. These prizes were in the fields of Literature, Chemistry, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine and were first awarded in the year 1901.

An organization or a person who is awarded the Nobel Prize is known as Nobel Laureate. The term “Laureate” means laurel wreath which signified honour in ancient Greece. Below is the list of people who received Nobel Prize in the last three years. 

2019

William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza received Nobel in the field of Physiology or Medicine. They discovered how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. 

James Peebles, Michel Mayor, and Didier Queloz received Nobel in the field of Physics due to their contribution to theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology and discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star. 

John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino received Nobel in the field of Chemistry for their discovery in the development of lithium-ion batteries. 

Peter Handke received a Nobel in the field of Literature for the discovery of influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience. 

Abiy Ahmed Ali received the Nobel Peace award for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea. 

Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer received a Nobel in the field of economics for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. 

2018

In the year 2018, James P. Allison (USA), Tasuku Honjo Japan) received a Nobel in the field of Physiology or Medicine. 

Gerard Mourou, Arthur Ashkin, Donna Strickland in the field of Physics. George Smith, Frances Arnold, Greg Winter in the field of chemistry. 

Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad for Peace and William Nordhaus and Paul Romer in Economic Sciences. 

2017

In the year 2017, Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish, Kip S. Thorne received a Nobel in the field of Physics. 

Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson received Nobel in the field of Chemistry.

Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young in the field of Physiology or Medicine. 

Kazuo Ishiguro received in the field of Literature. Moreover, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons received the Nobel prize for Peace. And Richard H. Thaler received the Nobel for Economic Science.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences gives the Nobel Prize in the field of Chemistry and Physics. In the field of Economic Sciences, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize is given. 

The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute gives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 

The Swedish Academy announces the Nobel Prize winner in the field of Literature and finally, the Norwegian Nobel Committee gives the Nobel Prize to the most deserving person in the field of Peace.

Introduction

Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious awards given to acknowledge outstanding contribution of individuals to various fields of science, literature and peace. It is given annually and people all over the world are nominated for this prize. Nine Indians have won the Nobel Prize till date. Rabindranath Tagore, the poet, was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in 1913. Recently, Abhijit Banerjee became a Nobel winner in 2019 for his contribution in Economics. The country which has the maximum number of Nobel Prize winners with 383 Nobel winners is the United States, followed by the United Kingdom and Germany. Both of these nations have 132 winners each.

History of Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize first came into being after being established after the wish of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel in 1895. From the year of 1901 the Nobel Prize is given for the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. Before 1980 the medals of the Prize were made of 23 carat gold, after that they were of 24 carat gold plated over 18 carat green gold plate.

The Nobel Prize distribution ceremony is held annually in Stockholm of Sweden. Each Nobel laureate or recipient is awarded with a gold medal, a diploma and prize money. In 2017, the Nobel Laureates received prize money of the amount of 9,000,000 SEK.

The Nobel Prize is not awarded to dead people. However, if a candidate wins a prize but somehow dies before physically receiving it, the prize may be presented to his or her representative in his or her name. From the year of 1901 to the year of 2019, the Nobel Prizes also honoured exceptional contributions made in the field of Economics. In this duration, a total of 597 awards were given and 950 people and organisations received the prize.

Countries with Nobel Laureates

Here are a few counties which have received most of the twenty Nobel Prizes:

• The United Nations of America has bagged the most number of Nobles at 383 Prizes.

• At second place there United Kingdom which has received 132 prizes till date.

• At the third position in Germany which has won 102 prizes in various fields.

• France is at the fourth place with its citizen having won 69 prizes.

• Sweden, the home of Alfred Nobel, has 32 citizens who have won the Nobel Prize.

• The Russian Soviet Union has bagged 31 Nobel prizes through the incredible contribution made by her citizen in various disciplines.

• Switzerland and Japan follow Russia to the seventh position after winning 28 Noble Prizes each.

• Then we have Canada at the eight highest Nobel winners with 27 Nobel Prize winners.

• Austria soon follows with 22 Noble winning citizens.

• Having won 21 prizes Netherlands is the next country to follow the list.

• Finally, Italy has 20 noble winners.

Conclusion 

The Noble Prize is considered as the most prestigious prize given in academics. Till today, India has managed to win only 9 prizes. This is a great feat for her citizen but it fails in contrast with the United States of America which has 383 prize winners till date. This must inspire the Indian government and its citizens to push their performance to achieve more prizes.

Friends are just as essential as your family. Consider when you first started school and when you graduated. Consider a period when you met a person your age in your life who was in the same music or dancing class as you.

Friendship is regarded as one of the most valuable assets that one may own. God has given us the freedom to choose our friends since they will be with us for the rest of our lives. Our parents and siblings are entitled to love us since they are our blood relatives, but a friend is someone who is originally a stranger and then rises beyond all other relationships. Friendship is nothing more than pure affection with no conditions attached. The family is by default, in the sense that you are born into all of your familial relationships. You do, however, have the option of choosing who you wish to be friends with. Friendship is a form of interaction between two individuals that is based on mutual respect rather than any business transaction.  

True friends share and encourage one another even under the most difficult of circumstances. A true friend is someone who rejoices in our success, mourns our failures, fights with us about trivial matters and then hugs us the next second, and is unhappy with us when we make mistakes. It’s all about having true pals who can understand us without us having to say anything.

Your joys and sorrows can be shared with a buddy with whom you just like spending time. Most essential, you do not need to pretend to be someone you are not. That is the essence of friendship. It is one of the world’s most beautiful relationships.

Water is the first need for anyone and water conservation is the hot topic today! It simply means making use of water in an appropriate and judicious manner. Since our lives depend entirely on water, it is our duty to think about water conservation and how we can contribute to it.   

Water conservation

To your knowledge, 97% of our planet is covered in salt water that we cannot use for drinking. The left side of 3% of the water is cool but the 2% is also blocked by glaciers and ice caps. So, we only have 1% left. So, now, feel something that explains why water conservation is important to us. We only depend on a small percentage of water, so it is our responsibility not to pollute and abuse it. Each of us must know how to save water. Before moving further, let us know his types first.  

Water conservation methods

A variety of methods can be used to keep water inside and out. Here they are: 

• By protecting the water against pollution, we can contribute to the conservation of water.       

• Water conservation can be done using water for redistribution.

• Consider the rational use of groundwater.

• By renewing traditional water resources, especially in the country like India, its method can help water conservation.

• The use of recent or modern irrigation methods in the agricultural sector can also help save water.

• By making changes in the culture model as if the crops are grown by farmers under agro-climatic conditions, there will be no need for excess water.       

• With the use of geothermal water.

• Saving water in industries

• With the help of management of the floods, water can also be saved.     

• Water can also be saved by guiding municipal agencies.

• Last but not least, water can also be conserved through the collection of rainwater. For example: digging lakes, canals, ponds to collect water, and then installing filtration systems to use it can be a great help. This water can easily be used for gardening, lawn irrigation or for toilets. You can also use stored water through rainwater harvesting for small-scale farming. Is not it great?             

Modern methods of water conservation

Water conservation at home

• Turn off the faucet while brushing your teeth. This can conserve a lot of water. In addition, educate your children to do the same. By following this practice, you can at least keep more than 150 gallons of water each month.     

• Try to buy energy-efficient appliances for your daily needs such as bathtubs, sink systems, dishwashers, etc.

• Continue to check for leaks. A small leak in the sinks or toilets could result in the use of extra water. Plus, this will add to your water bill too. So, next time, be careful for such small leaks as this can help conserve water.     

• While washing clothes and kitchen appliances, make sure you do not waste water by half charging your washing machine or dishwasher. Keep them full before washing. 

• You will be surprised to know that just by taking short showers, you can help conserve gallons of water. Next time, promise to take a shower for a short time. 

• Remember to use brooms or rags to clean rather than using water.