Engineering interview questions, Mcqs, Objective Questions,Class Notes,Seminor topics,Lab Viva Pdf free download. CIVIL | Mechanical | CSE | EEE | ECE | IT | Chemical Online Quiz Tests for Freshers.
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
ADP – Adenosine diphosphate
NaDP- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
FAD- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
All the above are produced during cellular respiration at different stages.
The diagram below shows the production of the above components:
(Image to be added soon)
Valency of bromine is 1. Valency is the combining power of an element. It is determined by the number of valence electrons in the outermost shell of the element.
Bromine has atomic number 35, which means it has 7 electrons in its valence shell. It needs one more electron to attain the noble gas configuration.
Hence its valency is 1
The chemical formula for hard water is same as normal water, H2O. the chemical compound does not change. Hard water just contains higher amount of salts of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water. This makes it a mixture and not a pure compound. Mixtures do not have a specific chemical formula
PIN code stands for Postal Index Number as used by the India Post or the Indian Postal Administration for identifying particular areas in each state and each district of the states. It makes the delivery of letters and parcels free of complexities. PIN codes were originally introduced to eliminate the confusion that may arise from similar addresses or incorrect ones, different local languages, and places with similar names, etc. Presently, all logistics service providers use them to deliver goods to various locations. The postcodes used in India right now are of 6 digits. In the near future, these are all set to get converted into eight-digit codes.
The six-digit code or Postal Index Number came into use on 15th August 1972. Indian Postal services use this PIN ode since then to simplify the letter delivery services. As of now, India has a total of 9 postal zones. Among these, eight zones are specific for particular geographical areas. The rest is dedicated to the postal services provided for the armed force.
The first digit of the six-digit ode represents the geographical area to which that digit is dedicated to. The second digit of the code is for the state postal circle and the sub areas they are dedicated to. Now the third digit of the same code determines the particular district of the state. The remaining three digits are indicative of odes for the specific post offices in the district’s towns, cities and villages.
In this way, any given PIN code can be identified if the regions allotted to each digit are known. For example, if the PIN Code is 700124, the location of the area can be identified from each digit. Such as:
7 indicates Eastern regions of India
70 indicates the state of West Bengal
700 indicates the district of North 24 Parganas in West Bengal
124 denotes the post office located at the Barasat Market Area within the district.
Currently, the world’s largest postal network is existent in India only. As per the last statistical update issued on 31st March 2016, a total of 1, 54, 882 post offices are functional throughout the country. Among these huge numbers of post offices, 1, 39, 182 are situated in rural parts of the country. More than 70 years ago at the time of independence, there were only 23,344 post offices throughout the country. Even most of these few numbers of post offices were found in urban areas. Since then the number has increased as much as 7 times approximately. Not only that, but the number of post offices in rural areas has increased and the rural people are getting the postal service at their doorstep.
At present, India has a post office within every 21.22 square kilometre area that reaches out to about 8221 people at a time.
As mentioned earlier, 9 PIN codes are generated in India for different geographical areas. PIN Code 1 is for the areas of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh. The states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand have PIN Code 2. Gujarat, Rajasthan and Union Territories like Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the PIN Code of 3. The PIN Code 4 is dedicated for Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Goa and Madhya Pradesh.
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Yanam Puducherry are the states with PIN Code 5. Rest of Puducherry, Lakshadweep, Kerala and Tamil Nadu have the PIN Code 6. 10 states in the Eastern region of the country namely West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Sikkim, Aruahal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Tripura and Union Territory Andaman and Nicobar have been allocated the PIN Code of 7. The remaining two states of Bihar and Jharkhand have the PIN Code 8.
The only PIN Code left is 9. This particular PIN Code is not for civilian use. Armed Force Post Office and Area Post Office functions are performed with PIN Code 9. As for the capital of the country Delhi, the first two digits of the PIN Code are 11. The last of this list is 80 to 85 which are dedicated for Bihar and Jharkhand.
To identify the specific locality of the receiver, the government is planning to add two more digits to the existing codes. These digits will be anywhere within 02 to 99. Specific digits will be allotted to specific localities. This will further facilitate the postal department performance. Manual labour is soon to be substituted with machines also. This will smoothen the functionalities. The process is still in the planning and will be executed soon.
Prior to the NDA rule, the Planning Commission was functional and it launched five-year plans. The authority is now substituted by NITI Aayog and three-year action plans have replaced the five-year plans. Altogether a seven-year strategy paper is to be formed. In this article, all the five-year plans to date are discussed in brief.
Based upon the Harrod-Domar model this plan was functional from 1951-1956. It targeted agricultural development and was successful achieving a 3.6% growth rate.
This plan was spanned over 1956 to 1961 based upon the P. C. Mahalanobis Model. This targeted the country’s industrial development and successfully achieved a 4.1% growth rate.
Also known as “Gadgil Yojna”, this plan was for the duration of 1961 to 1966. This plan targeted for an independent economy and tried to make the country take off on its own. But the plan was unsuccessful as in 1962 war against China broke out.
Following the third five-year plan’s failure, plan holiday was implemented from 1966 to 1969. In this phase, the Indo-Pakistan war broke out too. In this phase agriculture and allied sectors were emphasized upon and other annual policies were planned.
This was from 1969 to 1974. It targeted achieving self-reliance through progressive movement and achieving stable growth. During the implementation of this plan, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi called the slogan “Garibi Hatao”. However it only achieved the growth rate of 3.3% of the prior set 5.7% target and thus, was a failure.
Spanned over 1974 to 1979, this plan emphasized upon the development of agriculture, industry and mines. Launched by D. P. Dhar the plan was terminated in 1978 with a growth achievement of 4.8% while the target was 4.4%.
As the fifth five-year plan was terminated before 1979, a rolling plan was introduced within the financial year 1978-79.
Starting from 1980 this plan was up until 1985. The sixth term of the plan targeted self-reliance on the technological front and complete eradication of poverty. The plan, based upon infrastructural modifications and investment Yojna, was successful in achieving 5.7% growth.
From 1985-1990 this plan was executed. Targeted at increasing options for productive employment and making way for the self-sufficient economy, this plan was also a successful one. With more emphasis put on the private sector than the public sector, the plan got a growth of 6.0%.
After the seventh phase, the situation at the centre was tense. Thus, instead of the eighth five-year plan two annual programmes in 1990-91 and 1991-92 were formed.
This spanned over 1992-1997. Human resource development received the greatest priority here. The New Economy Policy of India was launched by Narsimha Rao government. It was again successful and achieved 6.8% growth.
The plan was launched in 1997, the 50th year of independence and spanned up to 2002. It mainly focussed on “growth with justice and equity”. But it was not a successful venture and achieved only 5.7% against 7% growth target.
2002 to 2007 was the years of the tenth five-year plan. It targeted to reduce poverty by 15% in the next five years and increase per capita income by a double by the next 10 years. But overall, the plan failed and achieved a mere growth rate of 7.2% against 8%.
This plan had a duration of five years from 2007 to 2012. C. Rangarajan was vested with the responsibility for its preparation. With its main theme focussed on “faster and more inclusive growth”, the eleventh five-year plan only achieved 7.9% growth against a target of 8.1%.
This was the last five-year plan as after this NDA government came into power, they did away with the Planning Commission. The twelfth plan had the duration of 2012 to 2017. This final plan had the main theme of “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”. The target growth rate was set at 8%.
NITI Aayog does not provide financial allocations or detailed schemes to the Government of India. The propositions as made by the Aayog in the form of three-year action plan do not need the approval of Union Cabinets either. Thus the government is not bound to follow this. Five Year Plans had strong financial roles to play in the Indian economy and played a pivotal role in its upliftment.
India is called the ‘Epitome of The World.’ Everything that one sees in the outside world can be seen in our great country. From the tall mountains to the raging and calm rivers, from the valleys to the plains, from the desert to the jungles, from snowfall to extreme heat, from floods to extreme drought – India has everything to offer. India is such a geographically diverse country that once you travel the length and breadth of the country, you will not need to see the world.
Before talking about the outer physiography of India, it is to be noted that deep below the land there lie the Indian tectonic plate and the Indo Australian Tectonic plate.
India is divided into five physiographic divisions. These are described in details here.
1. The Northern and North Eastern Mountain
In the North, the astounding range of the Himalayan Mountain stands tall. It starts from Jammu and Kashmir and goes on to cover Ladakh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Assam and West Bengal. The Himalayan Mountain range is divided into three parts – Himadri, Himachal and Siwaliks.
Earlier, the mountain range protected against the outside enemies. Now, it protects against the biting cold air in the winter. There are many valleys in the northern part of India. They are beautiful to watch and spend time on. One of the “chhota char dhams” Kedarnath, falls in this Mountain range.
The holy Ganga, originates from the Gangotri glacier in Uttaranchal in the Northern part of India. Apart from the Ganga, there are many other beautiful rivers here like the Brahmaputra or the Yamuna.
This physiographic part of India is known for its scenic mountains, green valleys, gorges, the serene rivers and above all the friendly hill people. Let’s not forget, this is also the remotest and difficult to live part of India where our soldiers guard the country without any complain.
2. The Northern Plains
After the Himalayan mountain range ends, the Northern plain begins and continues till the peninsular plateau. The sediments from the rivers are deposited in these parts of the country. As a result, the land is very fertile. That is why the states in this region are known for agriculture. For example Punjab is known for the Green Revolution. This region is also known for the deep and dense forest. Interestingly, Rajasthan, too, falls in this region. Rajasthan has arid land. It boasts of the beautiful yet cruel Thar Desert.
3. The Peninsular Plateau
As the Northern Plains start reaching its end, the Peninsular Plateau raises its head. It starts from the end of Indo-Gangetic plains and stretches till the narrow end point of the country in the South. It is called the peninsular plateau because it is bound by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on three sides and has land on only one side.
The chain of Mountains in the western part of the plateau is known as the Western Ghats. It is one of the UN World Heritage Sites. The mountain range on the eastern part is known as the Eastern Ghats. These two mountain ranges are full of interesting plants and animals.
4. The Coastal Plains
Naturally, a country that is covered by oceans and seas on the three sides must have a beautiful coast line. This coastline falls under the Coastal Plains. The coastline that is located on the side of the Western Ghats is known as the Western Coastal Plain and the one located beside the Eastern Ghats is known as the Eastern coastal plain. The Western coastal plain starts from the great Rann of Kutch in the north to Kanyakumari in the south and the eastern one extends from the Ganga delta to Kanyakumari.
5. The Islands
India has many Islands too. As many as 1208 Islands are there in the country. The main two Island clusters are- Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea. Unfortunately due to the rising sea level, many small Islands are getting submerged in the water.
Thus, roaming around India is akin to roaming around the world.