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Blood group system is known as ABO blood group system. There are four main types of blood group- A, B, AB and O. During blood transfusion, it is very important to know about the blood group of donor and recipients. Blood group is controlled by 3 alleles. If the individual with blood group A received blood of group B, then the red blood cells gets destroyed as B blood group is an antigen for an individual with blood group A.

Environment is the nature and surroundings in which all plants, animals, humans and other living beings live and operate. Every living and non-living thing is related to environment. Environment plays a major role in giving birth to a new life, in the growth of a life, survival of the life and the over-all well-being of any life. It provides us with fresh air that we breathe, water that we drink, food that we eat and almost all the resources for our survival.

Environment also provides us with several other natural resources that are very important. Natural resources are the resources that environment gives us naturally without we creating it. It includes sunlight, atmosphere, land, water, plants, animals, sea life, minerals, different species and everything that occurs naturally on earth. It provides us with the resources such as fuels, metals, and most forms of energy to use.

Yet we are exploiting environment with the activities that harm environment and are overusing the resources. Human activities transform the natural environment in to human environment by constructing buildings, industries, firms and using the landscapes for the purpose of development. It is vital to use the natural resources carefully and avoid harming the nature for the healthy and naturally wealthy life.

Right to equality is one of the six fundamental rights in the Indian constitution. It includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race, religion, gender, and caste or birth place. It also includes equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and titles. In simple words we can say it is the right to live with equal opportunities. It simply treat all people to be same and nobody can get a special privilege which will dishonour any individual or group. As per Article no 14 of our constitution, it guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. 

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The State will treat people in the same circumstances alike. Right to equality not only applies to the citizens of India but also to all the people within the territory of India. Every citizen, from Prime Minister to an ordinary individual, is subjected to the same laws. All citizens have access to public places like shops, restaurants, hotels, multiplexes. Similarly, no restriction with regards to use of well, bathing ghats, roads, playgrounds and places of public resort maintained by government. It is not ‘a rule of men’, but a measure of liberty enjoyed by the people. Law should neither be arbitrary nor should it guarantee privilege. We should always treat rich and poor, high and low equal before the law. But the judiciary must be independent and impartial if the Rule of Law can mean anything real.

Macroeconomics is the branch of economics which is mainly focused on the movement and trends in the economy. However, the economy still faces various problems and challenges which are listed below:          

1. Unemployment

Regardless of rapid economic development, unemployment is still a burning issue in both rural and urban sectors. Increasing rate of economic growth has left behind unskilled workers, and they are struggling to find suitable work in growing industries. 

2. Poor educational standards

Although our country is benefited with a good percentage of English speaking citizens, still there is high level of illiteracy amongst the masses. Worst case is in rural areas and amongst women population. 

3. Poor Infrastructure

Many Indian citizens lack simple facilities like absence of safe drinking water. Because of bureaucracy and inefficiency, public services are creaking. Every day, more than forty percent of fruit and vegetable gets rotten before they reaches the market

4. Balance of Payments deterioration.

Even if today India has created large volumes of foreign currency reserves, the high rates of economic growth have been at the cost of a stubborn current account deficit. Current account reached a peak of 6% of GDP in the year 2012 as per data. 

5. High levels of private debt

Lifted by the recent property boom, the amount of lending in India has grown by 30%. But there are fears about the risk of such loans. Besides, RBI could be forced to increase interest rates, on condition that inflation increases further. 

6. Inequality has risen rather than decreased.

We thought economic growth will help dragging the Indian poor above the poverty line. But, so far we have witness economic growth has been highly uneven. It is only benefiting the skilled and wealthy disproportionately. 

7. Large Budget Deficit

In this developing world, India has one of the largest budget deficits. If we exclude subsidies, it amounts to nearly 8% of overall GDP. Even though we see trend that it is fallen a little in the past year. It is allowing slight scope for increasing investment in public services like health and education.

8. Rigid labour Laws

Because of stringent labour laws, it is quite difficult to boost economic growth. For example, without any government go-ahead, those production firms who employ more than 100 people cannot even fire workers. 

9. Inefficient agriculture

We have more than 51% of the work force employed in agriculture, but it only produces 17.4% of economic output. This is the most inefficient sector of the economy and reform has proved very slow. 

10. Poor tax collection rates.

As per the data provided by Economist, India is being one of the poorest country in terms of GDP rates in the whole world. India’s tax revenue percentage is just 12% compared to an EU average of 45%. This reflects extensive corruption, avoiding tax and complex tax rates. 

11. Business difficulties

According to the World Bank data, the ease of doing any business in India is very pitiable. India ranks 130th rank out of total 190 countries. Big concerns for companies include in business has to face no ease of enforcing contracts, dealing with construction contracts is difficult, trading across bordering countries, etc. 

12. Inequality within regions

There are huge differences between different regions in our country. Economic growth has benefitted some regions more than others. Technological hubs, such as Delhi, Bangalore, Gurgaon, Mumbai, and Chennai have attracted higher paying jobs. 

The name Perennial is derived from a Latin word ‘perennis’, which means lasting throughout the year. As they flow continuously throughout the year irrespective of seasons, they are also called permanent rivers. 

Mostly they originate from the mountain and the water is fed by melting of glaciers. These rivers are mostly found in North India due to the presence of the great mountain range Himalaya that is fully covered with snow. Whereas in south India there is no mountain with snow so the south Indian rivers are non-perennial rivers. These streams are of vital importance in agriculture because they provide water throughout the year. For e.g.,Ganga is the best example of a perennial river. These rivers get water by rain in rainy season, melting of ice in summer and by snow in the winter season. Other examples include the Indus and its five tributaries, they are Chenab, Jhelum, Beas, Ravi and Sutluj. In the same way, major river Ganga and its tributaries are Gandak, Yamuna, Gomti, Garghara, and Kosi. River Brahmaputra and its tributaries namely, Torsa, Tista, Manas, Jaldhaka, Subansiri, Dibang, Lohit etc. 

Hint: The vitality of fundamental rights is stated in our constitution. Part III of the constitution covers all the traditional civil and political rights enumerated in the universal declaration of human rights. Dr B R Ambedkar described them as the most citizen part of the constitution. They were considered essential to protect the liberties and rights of the people against the infringement of the power delegated by them to their government. These rights embody the basic values cherished by the people of this country since the Vedic times.

Complete answer:

Fundamental rights are always planned to protect the dignity of the individual and create situations that can help every human being to develop his personality to the fullest extent. They interlace a guaranteed pattern on the basic structure of human rights. It imposes negative obligations on the state, not on encroaching on individual liberty in its various dimensions. They are most essential for the attainment by the individual of his full intellectual, moral and spiritual status. 

The object of the inclusion of them in the constitution is to establish a government of law and not of man. Fundamental Rights protect the liberties and freedom of the citizens against any invasion by the state, and prevent the establishment of authoritarian and dictatorial rule in the country. They are very essential for the all-around development of individuals and the country.

Fundamental rights are essentially human rights but are regulated by the Constitution in India. They integrate him with the society and at the same time as they incorporate educational value also, a citizen is able to understand the importance of all the members of the society. The Constitution also provides for enforcement of these rights hence they have legal value also which empower a citizen to protect, respect and fulfil the rule of law. They uphold the equality of all individuals, the dignity of the individual and the nation’s unity. 

It can be very clear from the points below:-

1. Rule of Law: These rights are a protection for the citizens against the government and are necessary for having the rule of law and not of a government or a person. Since it is explicitly given by the constitution to the people, these rights dare not be transgressed by the authority. The govt. is fully answerable to the courts and is fully required to uphold these rights.

2. First fruits of the freedom struggle: After living in subjugation for such a long time, people had forgotten what freedom meant by freedom. These rights give people hope and belief that there is no stopping their growth. They are free from the whims of the rulers. In that sense, they are first fruits of the long freedom struggle and bring a sense of satisfaction and fulfilment.

3. Quantification of Freedom: Every Indian citizen is free to practice a religion of his choice, but that is not so in the Gulf countries. Our right to speech and expression allows us to freely criticize the govt. but this is not so in China.

Note: Classification of Fundamental rights:

i) Right to Equality

ii) Right to  Freedom

iii) Right against Exploitation

iv) Right to Freedom of religion

v) Cultural and Educational Rights

vi)  Right to Property

vii) Right to Constitutional Remedy