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Prime Ministers of India: From 1947 to 2020

It is the President of India who appoints the Prime Minister as per Article 75 of the Indian Constitution. The PM leads the Cabinet Ministers. The nation is headed nominally by the President while the Prime Minister holds the main executive power. The current Prime Minister of India is Mr Narendra Modi. The first Prime Minister of independent India was Jawaharlal Nehru who served for the longest period of time- 6130 days. 

Duties of a Prime Minister

As per the Constitution of India, the dates of Parliament session meetings and programmes are decided by the PM along with when and whether the House is to be dissolved or prorogued. If any principal government policies are launched, it is the Prime Minister who announces the same and answers questions associated with it. 

Indian Prime Ministers till date

1. Jawaharlal Nehru 

The first Prime Minister of independent India was born in 1889 and breathed his last while in office in 1964. He served the country for 16 long years, from 15th August 1947 to 27th May 1964. He is the longest-serving PM of India. 

2. Gulzarilal Nanda

Born in 1898, he served our country for 13 days from 27th May 1964 to 9th June 1964. The first acting PM of India died in 1998. 

3. Lal Bahadur Shastri

The proponent of the slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” Lal Bahadur Shastri was born in 1904 and became the PM of India on 9th June 1964 and remained so till 11th January 1966. He gave the slogan during the Indo-Pak war in 1965. He died in 1966. 

4. Indira Gandhi

The first lady Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi became the PM on 24th January 1966. She remained India’s PM for 11 years till 24th March 1977. She was born in 1917 and died in 1984. 

5. Morarji Desai

Born in 1896, he became the PM of India at the age of 81 years on 24th March 1977 and remained the same till 28th July 1979. The first PM to resign from office died in 1995. 

6. Charan Singh

He was the PM of India from 28th July 1979 to 14th January 1980. He was born in 1902 and died in 1987. He never faced the parliament during his term as the PM.

7. Indira Gandhi

The first lady Pm served yet another term for four years from 14th January 1980 to 31st October 1984. 

8. Rajiv Gandhi

Born on 1944, Rajiv Gandhi became the youngest PM of India at the age of 40 on 31st October 1984. Remaining the PM till 2nd December 1989, he died in 1991. 

9. V. P. Singh

His term as a PM was not even a full year- from 2nd December 1989 to 10th November 1990. Born in 1931, he was the first PM to receive the vote of no confidence and stepped down. He died in 2008. 

10. Chandra Shekhar

Belonging to the Samajwadi Janata Party, he served as a PM of India for 223 days- from 10th November 1990 to 21st June 1991. Born in 1927 he died at the age of 80 in 2007. 

11. P. V. Narasimha Rao

This 1921 born PM of India served a term of more than 4 years, from 21st June 1991 to 16th May 1996. The first PM from southern parts of India died in 2004. 

12. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

In his first term as the PM, he served the shortest tenure of 16 days, from 16th May 1996 to 1st June 1996. He was born in 1924 and died in 2018. 

13. H. D. Deve Gowda

First PM from Janata Dal, he was born in 1933. He served the nation from 1st June 1996 to 21st April 1997 i.e. for 324 days. 

14. Inder Kumar Gujral

Born in 1919, he was the PM of India for 332 days. His term ended on 19th March, 1998 and he died in 2012. 

15. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

He was the first PM belonging to a party other than Congress to serve the full term of 6 years. On his second term, his tenure was till 22d May 2004. 

16. Manmohan Singh

He was the first Sikh PM of India. He served the country for 10 years up to 26th May 2014. He was born in 1932. 

17. Narendra Modi

Born in 1950, he is the fourth PM of India belonging to a different political party (Bharatiya Janata Party) other than Congress, who is serving two tenures consecutively. He is still the ruling PM of India since 26th May 2014. He is making India proud in many ways despite numerous challenges. 

The Prime Minister of India has the ultimate say in rearranging his portfolio of ministers. Any meeting of the council of ministers is presided over by him only; so is allocation and reshuffling of portfolios. The ministers’ decisions are influenced by the PM. It is within the power of the PM to ask for any minister’s removal by the President. She/he can ask for the resignation of any member at any time. He is the leader whom the nation looks up to for his role in making the country strong and prosperous in every aspect. 

Who is the Lok Sabha Speaker?

The presiding officer of the Lok Sabha is known as the Lok Sabha speakers. Lok Sabha is the House of the People and it is also known as the lower house of the Parliament of India. There have been 16 people who have served as the Lok Sabha speaker. The first-ever Lok Sabha speaker was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. In Article 79 of the Indian Constitution, it is written that there should be a Parliament for the Union. This should comprise the President and two houses of Rajya Sabha, which is the council of states and the Lok Sabha, which is the House of the people. 

When is the Speaker Selected?

In the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha election, the Lok Sabha speaker is elected. They serve in the House of People for five years. The candidates for the position of the speaker are among the sitting people of Lok Sabha. However, as per the tradition ,the position is given to the member of the ruling party. 

Who have been the Speakers till Date?

• Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar served as the speaker from 15th May 1952 to 27th February 1956. 

• The second speaker was M.A. Ayyangar from 8th March 1956 to 10th May 1957. He continued to be the speaker from 11th May 1957 to 16th April 1962. 

• The third speaker was Sardar Hukam Singh who served as the speaker from 17th April 1962 to 16th March 1967. 

• The fourth speaker was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who served from 17th March 1967 to 19th July 1971. 

• The fifth was Gurdial Singh Dhillion serving as the speaker of Lok Sabha from 8th August 1969 to 19th March 1971 and continuing his position from 22nd March 1971 to 1st December 1975. 

• The sixth speaker was Bali Ram Bhagat who served from 15th January 1976 to 25th March 1977. 

• After him, Neelam Sanjiva was again elected as the speaker serving from 26th March 1977 to 13th July 1977 as the 7th speaker of the House of People. 

• The 8th speaker was K.S. Hegde served from 21st July 1977 to 21st January 1980. 

• The 9th speaker was Balram Jakhar who served from the year 1980 22nd January to 1985 15th January. He again continued to be the speaker from 16th January 1985 to 18th December 1989. 

• The 10th speaker of the House of People was Rabi Ray who served from 19th December 1989 to 9th July 1991. 

• The 11th speaker was Shivraj Patil serving as the speaker of Lok Sabha from 10th July 1991 to 22nd May 1996. 

• Next, the 12th speaker was P. A Sangma serving from the year 1996 23rd May to 23rd March 1998. 

• After that G.M.C. Balayogi continued to be the 12th speaker of Lok Sabha and served from 24th March 1998 to 19th October 1999. He then continued from the year 1999 22nd October to 3rd March 2002. 

• The 13th Speaker was Manohar Joshi who served from the year 10th May 2002 to 2nd June 2004. 

• The 14th speaker was Somnath Chatterjee serving from 4th June 2004 to 30th May 2009. 

• The 15th speaker was Meira Kumar serving from 30th May 2009 to 4th June 2014. 

• The 16th speaker was Sumitra Mahajan serving from 6th June 2014 to 16th June 2019. 

• The 17th speaker and the last speaker to date is Om Birla.  

• The duties of the speaker in facilitating the proper functioning of the Lok Sabha is immense. He conducts the business in the House and is entitled to the duty of deciding whether a bill is a money bill or not. He can also punish or even suspend a member for his unruly behaviour inside the House.

Farming in India

India is a land of rivers. She greets the monsoon every year in July and it extends up to almost the middle of October. The rivers, some of which are not snow-fed become filled with water during this time of the year. This abundance of natural sources of water makes the country suitable for farming. The story of farming in India is not a recent one. Indians are farming from the days when the Indus Valley Civilization existed. As far as statistics are concerned, India has around 159.7 million hectares of land where farming is possible. Farming is also a great career option. More than 50% of the workforce in India is involved in farming.

“Jai Kisaan”

Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri recognized the important roles that the farmers and the soldiers play and coined the slogan – Jai Jawan Jai Kisaan. After independence, India badly needed economic growth. Farming helped India maintain the precarious economic balance to a somewhat decent level. Without agricultural expansion, the Indians would have faced a severe crisis in the ’60s. It must be noted that the growth of other sectors significantly depends on the growth of farming.

Primitive Method of Farming

In India, most of the farmers are engaged in primitive or subsistence farming. This type of farming involves no automatic labour. Each and every work is done manually- from tilling to harvesting. At most, cattle drawn tilling is employed.

Subsistence farming is healthy for the soil. With no tools in use, the cost of farming is very less. Furthermore, since this is a natural method of farming, not much chemical fertilizer or insecticides are used. This is a sustainable form of farming. However, the absence of tools means that the yield is too low to sell the surplus in the market after personal consumption. Without any tools, this farming method needs much manual labour.

When “Kisaan” Meets “Vigyan”: Intensive Farming

The former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee added Jay Vigyan to the already popular slogan of Shastriji. He recognized the role of science in all of the sectors. The farming sector did not miss the benefits of science.

The method of farming which involves usage of fertilizers, pesticides and machines like tractors to aim for high yield is called intensive farming. This is a modern method of farming. The yield is very high and the surplus crop can be sold in the market. So, the farmers can actually get sustained income from this kind of farming. Apart from machines and fertilizers, this kind of farming also requires large tracts of land and a great number of farmers.

Commercial Plantation

There are certain crops that have high demand and great monetary value. These crops are grown with the aim of gaining profit. However, special technical expertise, large amounts of land, patience and sometimes politics are involved with this particular method of farming. Because of the scientific tools involved, the yield is very high. The crops will test the patience of the farmers – they need much time to mature.

Shifting Cultivation

There are certain areas in India where people grow crops in particular land and, after harvesting, they move elsewhere. The Jhum agriculture in Assam is a notable form of shifting agriculture. This kind of farming promotes societal harmony, but it harms the soil and the ecology.

Moisture Based Fry Farming

There are certain areas in India that experience low rainfall. Some parts of Bihar, UP, North-East etc see this kind of weather. With the lack of rivers as the additional detriment, there is not much available water to be used in the farmlands. As a result, people, in these areas, grow crops that intake moisture from the air to fulfil the water needs. Cotton, wheat, maize etc are some of the examples of dry crops.

Crop Rotation

In order to utilize the arable land to the largest extent and in order to maintain the fertility of the soil there is a method of farming which involves growing the crops on a rotational basis. Again, there is a certain method that involves growing more than one crop simultaneously. This is a great utilisation of the land.

The Challenges

Although agriculture in India has always been given importance, the farmers in India are not living in good condition. The politicians failed to continue the scientific advancements and progressive policies that started in the 1960s and continued till the 1980s. However, still today, most of the farmers are using primitive farming methods. The loans taken by the farmers are making them drown in debts. The social welfare policies and monetary help do not reach the farmers because of too much red-tapism. As many as 10,349 farmers committed suicide in 2018.

Farming in India depends on the monsoon a little too much. There is a dire need for scientific methods. It is high time that all the people of the country come forward and help the farmers. Without good farmers, we will be heading towards genetically modified (GM) crops. As Indians, lovers of all things natural, that will be a bad experience. We have the ability to come out of darkness. And we have the power to improve farming too.

The IT industry is growing very fast in India. Several global companies outsource their work to Indian companies. If you consider computers or IT as a career, it is important to begin by understanding the difference between software and hardware. Software and hardware are two different components of the computer and require a set of skills to work on it. Now let’s see what exactly are the software and hardware and the difference between them. 

      

In a nutshell, the hardware is a physical device or a machine and a software is a set of codes that in the hardware.

Software

The software refers to programs that operate a computer. The software is the internal part of a computer and requires programming or coding skills to build them. The operating systems we have in all our computers are basic examples of software. For example, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix , Macintosh are operating systems. Operating systems allow computers to perform basic tasks. The capabilities of the operating systems also depend on the RAM that provides them with speed and accuracy.             

Apart from operating systems, some of the other applications we use are also examples of software. In the era of modern computing, software is provided as a service that is also called SaaS products .

Equipment

The hardware is the component that allows the software to work. Some of the hardware examples are monitor, CPU (CPU), mouse, keyboard, printer, scanner etc. This hardware basically has software inside to work according to the command given to them. Basically, all components of the computing device are hardware-related.   

When we look at all these hardware components, networking becomes an important consideration that will connect these hardware to each other to run smoothly.

The difference between software and hardware

As mentioned above, the software is the program and the hardware is the components that install the software in them. The fundamental difference between software and hardware is that the software is only able to perform its tasks if it is supported by the hardware. Similarly, the hardware will not work if it does not have software to provide the work orders.   

In modern electronics, there are several software and hardware that allow users to perform various tasks. Your phone is hardware that requires operating systems such as Android or iOS to make it work.     

Can a computer work without software?

The answer is no! Software is the brain of the computer or electronic device and the hardware is the body that can exist without the brain but will not work. 

 

Humour and wisdom are the two important components of human nature. Not all Human have these important characteristics, because few of the human does not have this ability. Some people have good mood but lack wisdom, while others are wiser but lack humour . Such cases exist but this world is full of those who have a good mood and the necessary wisdom. The wisdom and the humour combine, give birth to an intelligent person. Humour may lack wisdom but wisdom can create a humour healthy . Wisdom is the brain’s food, while the humour is the catalyst of the brain. When we have a good mood and the necessary wisdom, we feel good and healthy.   

Many wise people in history had a very good sense of humour . For example, Albert Einstein who was a great physicist and scientists presented many of his scientific ideas in a healthy and humorous way.

Humour does not mean insulting someone or speaking insulting words. Sometimes people say they have a good sense of humour, but in fact they have the ability to make someone’s joke, they insult others with their funny words. Such humour has nothing to do with wisdom. The humour real, called humour healthy has a deep relationship with wisdom. A wise man thinks a hundred times before speaking. Thus, a wise man speaks humorous things by limiting himself to the level of decency. 

                              

Laughter is the food of our soul, so enjoy the time but keep in mind that “does not insult anyone”. The wise never insult anyone. 

As we all know, India is one of the world’s most famous countries for its unique tourist and tourist destinations. Tourism in all countries plays a big role in the economic growth and development of a country. If we see tourism in India, it is India’s second largest source of income through the foreign currencies of foreign tourists. A large percentage of people’s lives East based solely on tourism itself because the tourism industry in India has employed a large number of people in the category, skilled and unskilled. Tourism in any country promotes its national integration and international fraternity.

Our country is naturally and culturally endowed with many beautiful and attractive places that have fascinated people around the world. Our country is one of the rich countries with legacies, historical monuments, forts, beaches, religious places, mountain resorts, etc. attracting tourists from around the world. India is known for its unity in diversity that enriches it with people from many cultures, traditions and religions which is the big reason for good tourism here. Because of being rich with people from many religions and languages, our country is full of diversity in handicrafts, folk dances, fairs, festivals, music, ballet, clothing, eating habits, lifestyle, languages, etc. which gives rise to the will or the desire in the hearts of the people of the world to see India.

Nowadays, tourism in India is strongly promoted by tourism ministries thanks to the help of many Bollywood actors at international and national level. All measures to promote tourism and the circulation of tourists in the country are recommended by the Tourism Advisory Council. Indian tourism is strongly affected by terrorism, insecurity and pollution in the country; however, the sincere efforts of the Government of India are continuing to develop the Indian tourism industry. It is one of the most dynamic industries and plays a big role in the economic development of the country. Our country is a popular country for tourist destinations throughout Asia where a large crowd of people come every year despite many problems. Our country is naturally limited in its four sides (one by the Himalayas, and three other sides by the Arabian Sea , Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean) offering wide range of sightings. 

Variety of interesting activities such as water sports, sailing, scuba diving, rafting, skiing, mountaineering, barges, winter sports, etc. promote tourism in India. In order to encourage people, a tourism campaign named “Incredible India” was launched by the Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) in 2005. The tourist spots in India have also been divided into sections like spiritual tourism, ecotourism, spa tourism, “and” adventure tourism “to encourage tourism and better growth in India.   

For example, pollution in India has hit the Indian tourism industry; Mathura refinery effluents affect the marbles of Taj Mahal in Agra due to the negligence of the concerned authorities. Another example is that beautiful beaches in India are gradually turning into rubbish dumps and garbage left behind by tourists. Thus, it must overcome the pollution problems in India as well as promote medical tourism to strengthen tourism in India. Medical tourism in the country provides a great level of relief, safety and security to the tourists who will regularly improve the tourism in the country. Many initiatives have been taken jointly by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tourism to maintain international standards in medical facilities for tourists.