Category: Ask Question

The brief introductory statement of the Indian Constitution is the Preamble. It sets out specific guidelines for the people of India to conduct themselves in such a way that the Constitution is never dishonoured. It was amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in the year 1976. In this amendment, three new words were added which were Socialist, Secular, and Integrity. Our Preamble introduces us to the Constitution. It safeguards justice, equality, liberty for all the citizens of India. Moreover, it also promotes fraternity among people. 

Quick Facts:

• Constitution was drafted by Dr B.R. Ambedkar

• It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 

• It came into force on 26th January 1950

The Preamble and its Significance

The Preamble of our country states that the people of India are solemnly resolved to constitute India to form a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, and to provide the security of justice, social, economic, and political. As a citizen of India, we have the liberty of thought, expression, belief, worship, and faith. We must have equality of status and opportunity and promote all. The Fraternity assures the dignity of an individual and thus the unity and integrity of the nation. This amendment was adopted and enacted on the 26th day of November in the year 1949. 

There are four components of the preamble. It indicates that the source of authority of this Constitution lies in the hand of the people of India. Further, it says, that all the citizens of the country are socialist, secular, democratic and republic. Moreover, it speaks of providing equality, justice, liberty to all the citizens of the country and states that as its objective. The Preamble of the Constitution highlights India as a sovereign state. It means that the country has its independent authority. 

It is not a dominion or dependent on any of the external power. Our country as the power to enact laws and take required actions as per the legislature of India that is imposed by certain limitations in the Constitution. Further, when the word socialist was added to the Constitution in the 42nd amendment it aimed to attain a socialist end through democratic means. 

This has made India adopt Democratic Socialism which puts forward its faith in a mixed economy. In the mixed economy, both public and private sectors exist together. Besides it also aims to eliminate poverty, disease, ignorance, and inequality in opportunity.

The term Secular was added to the Constitution with the motive that the country should have equal respect. Protection, support and give equal opportunity to all the religions in India. It is regarded as the fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen to have the Freedom of religion. The Constitution also spoke about India as a democratic country which meant people have the right to elect and choose their Government. Further, it is also a republic country which means people can elect the head of the state directly or indirectly. By the term Justice, it meant that equality of justice should be served to all the people of India. Liberty, Equality, and fraternity state that the country is free from domination and should practice equality in society with the feeling of brotherhood. 

Therefore, the Preamble can be referred to as the guiding principle that provides the basic ideas, objectives, and philosophy that India stands for. It also provides explanations for constitutional requirements.

The Human Eye: Structure and Functions

The eye is one of the five sensory organs of the human body the other four being nose, ear, tongue, and skin. Because of the bilateral symmetry, humans have two eyes located on either side of the body’s longitudinal axis in two separate eye sockets, on the anterior part of the skull. The human eye is one of the most complex organs in the human body. 

Functions of the Human Eye

The functions of the human eye are:

1. Reading External Visual Stimuli:

The main function of the human eye is to read the external stimulus of light and form meaningful information. This means that the rays from the external objects are reflected on to the eye which then forms an image of the object on retina lying behind the lens.

2. Colour Identification

Special cells- rod and cone cells in the eye are responsible for identifying different colours. Colour identification helps in recognising the objects for use.

3. Colour Differentiation

As mentioned earlier, cells in the eye are responsible for differentiating colours.

4. Depth Analysis

The depth of an object can be roughly estimated through visual inspection.

5. Distance Analysis

Visual inspection can help analyse the distance between two objects. 

6. Biological Clock

The biological clock is dependent on the presence and absence of light to function properly.

Structure of the Human Eye

Each human eye is a perfect sphere made up of muscles and nerves. The internal cavities are filled with fluids. The structure of an eye can be divided into two parts: external eye and internal eye.

The External Portion of the Eye which is Visible From the Outside Consists of the Following Parts: 

• The Sclera: The sclera is an opaque tough sheath. It is the outermost layer of the eye. It is white in colour.

• Functions of Sclera: the functions of sclera are:

1. Protection:  It is a tough sheath which protects the inner layers of the eye

2. It helps hold the shape of the eye.

3. It is opaque so it helps in preventing the entered light to escape from the eye.

Conjunctiva: it is a thin and transparent membrane that is found spread across the sclera

Functions of Conjunctiva:

1. Helps keep the eyes moist: Conjunctiva secrets a little mucus and tears. It helps the eyes remain moist.

2. Helps to keep eyes sterile: Any foreign particle getting stuck in the outer surface is washed out through the secretions of the conjunctiva.

3. Helps keep eyes clear: Moisture in the eye helps the eyes to function better. The sight is improved and the eyes are kept clean and clear.

Cornea: The cornea is the transparent membrane that is continuous with the sclera. It is spread over the other two parts (iris and pupil) 

Functions of the Cornea :

1. Refracts light

The primary function of the cornea is to refract the light rays so that it can reach the retina.

1. The primary function of the iris is to control and regulate the opening and closing of the pupil.

Pupil: It is the small opening located in the middle of the Iris.

Function of the pupil: It allows the light to enter the eye which is then transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for completing visual sensation. 

The Internal Structure of the Eye Consists of the Following Parts:

The retina is like a screen at the end of the eye. The retina is the layer on which the images are formed. It is a photosensitive layer. There are a number of receptors in this layer which are sensitive to light. They help to differentiate coloured and dim lights.

Functions of Retina

The lens in the human eye is a biconvex, transparent and adjustable structure that help in converging the light rays so that they can converge at one point(on the retina) to form an image.

Functions of Lens:

Functions of Aqueous Humor:

Functions of Vitreous Humor:

• Optic Nerve: The main sensory nerve responsible for carrying the signal from the eye to the brain. It is located behind the retina.

• Functions of the Optic Nerve: Takes visual impulses from the eye to the brain.

The area on the retina where the head of the optic nerve meets is called the blind spot or optic disk. There are no photoreceptor cells on the optic disk. Therefore, no image is formed in this area.