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 (i)Artificial respiration is needed by an individual at the time of acute breathing problems. It is an artificial method of breathing required when the person is unable to       breathe normal.

 (ii) Artificial respiration is not provided permanently to every person. It is given temporarily to person suffering from breathing problems. But artificial respiration can also be provided permanently to those who are in coma or unable to breathe on his or her own. 

(iii) During artificial respiration, a cylinder filled with oxygen is attached to a machine which provides oxygen for artificial respiration. 

Introduction 

The National Rural Employment Act (NREGA), later renamed as Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Act (MGNREGA), is regarded as the Indian labour law and social security measure that targets to guarantee people of India the ‘right to work.’ MGNREGA was enacted in September 2005. The above Act was presented by Raghuvansh Prasad Singh, Minister of Rural Development and was enacted by Parliament of India. According to MGNREGA, the Act “ aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work”. 

History and Significance of MGNREGA

In 1991, the Act was proposed by the then Prime Minister of India P.V. Narasimha Rao. After several sessions, the act was finally accepted in the Parliament and implementation started in 625 districts of India. On the basis of this primary experience, NREGA was introduced in all the districts from 01st April, 2008. The Govt of India termed the act as “the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world.” World Bank coined the term ‘stellar example of rural development’ regarding the MGNREGA. 

Objectives of NREGA 

1. To enrich livelihood security in rural areas by giving at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to all the households whose members aged above 18 years volunteer to do unskilled manual work

2. To flourish durable assets like roads, canals, ponds and wells 

3. It is required to provide employment within 5 km of an applicant’s home and to pay minimum wage. If the applicant does not get any work within 15 days of applying, an unemployment allowance will be given to them. Moreover, if Govt fails to provide employment, it is bound to give certain unemployment allowances to the people. Hence, it is a legal entitlement to be employed under MGNREGA. 

Implementation of MGNREGA

Generally Gram Panchayats (GPs) implement the programmes under MGNREGA. The engagement of contractors/middlemen is strictly prohibited in the programme. NREGA not only provides economic security and rural assets but also helps in protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural-urban migration, fostering social equity etc. The principles and agencies for execution, list of allowed works, financing pattern, monitoring and evaluation and quintessentially the detailed measures to ensure transparency and accountability are elaborately described in the act. 

Women empowerment is one of the greatest aspects in MGNREGA programme. In the programme, one-third of all employment is reserved for the women and there is a provision of equal wage between the men and women. It is also a very good opportunity for the youths of our country. Another merit of MGNREGA is that it develops the bargaining power of labour who often suffers due to exploitative market conditions. 

Despite several controversies, MGNREGA can be termed as the best scheme for rural people of India. Thousands of rural people survive their day to day life because of this scheme. One of the major impacts of this scheme is the reduction of migration from rural sector to the urban sector for causal work. MGNREGA not only creates job opportunity but also sustains it. 

Salient Features of Indian Economy

India, as a developing country, features a mixed economy in the world. The major characteristics of developing economy are low per capita income, overpopulation, maximum population below the poverty line, poor infrastructure, agro-based economy and a lower rate of capital formation. Since, the independence of the country, India has been developing in many perspectives from the economic point of view. Although the Indian economy is developing in nature, it tends to move towards a developed economy. The major reforms in the Indian economy were done in the year 1991.

 Features of the Indian Economy

1. Low Per Capita Income: 

The per capita income of India is much less than that of the developed countries. According to the estimates of the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the per capita net national income of India at present prices for the year 2015-16 was approximately Rs. 93231/-.

2. Agro-Based Economy: 

Indian economy is totally agro-based economy. Near about 14.2 % of Indian GDP is contributed by agriculture and allied sectors while 53% of the total population of the country depends upon the agriculture sector.

3. Overpopulation: 

Overpopulation is one of the major concerns of the Indian economy. The population of India gets increased by about 20% in every decade. Around 17.5% of the world population is possessed by India.

4. Disparities in Income: 

The most alarming thing in the Indian economy is the concentration of wealth. According to the latest report, 1% of Indians own 53% of the wealth of the country. Among this, the top 10% owns a share of 76.30%. The report states that 90% of the country owns less than a quarter of the country’s wealth.

5. Downfall in Capital Formation: 

Rate of capital formation is positively correlated with lower level of income. There is huge downfall in Gross Domestic Capital compared to the previous years.

6. Poor Infrastructural Development: 

According to a recent study, around 25% of Indian families cannot have access to electricity and 97 million people cannot have access to safe drinking water. Sanitation services cannot be accessed by 840 million people. India requires 100 million dollar to get rid of this infrastructural backwardness. 

7. Imperfect Market: 

Indian markets are imperfect as there is lack of mobility from one place to another which contracts the optimum utilization of resources. As a result, price fluctuation occurs.

8. Vicious Circle of Poverty: 

India is a perfect example of the term ‘a country is poor because it is poor.’ The vicious circle of poverty traps these countries.

9. Outdated Technology:

 Indian production is labour-intensive in nature. There is a lack of modern machinery and technologies. 

10. Backward Society: 

Indian societies are trapped in the curse of caste system, communalism, male-dominated society, superstitions etc. The above factors are the major constraints of growth of Indian economy.

Despite several negative aspects, there are some positive things in Indian economy. Various schemes of the Govt have boosted up Indian economy in many ways. India is leading towards a better economic structure with the help of ‘Make in India’, ‘Digital India,’ etc.      

Hint: Public facilities are the facilities that are provided to the general public at large. These are the basic facilities like education, food, health, electricity, sanitation, safe drinking water, shelter, security etc., that are given collectively by the Government.

Complete answer:

Public facilities are services provided by the government to its citizens. Some of the important public facilities include infrastructure, sanitation, public transport, health care, water, etc. The government’s main objective is to provide these public facilities to citizens and businesses to manage social and economic activities more smoothly. 

The important characteristic of a public facility is that once it is provided, its benefits can be shared by many people. For instance, a school in the village will enable many children to get educated. 

Let’s look at some of the public facilities in India.   

Infrastructure: Infrastructure includes public roads, bridges, highways, dams and electricity. The government is proposing various initiatives and programs to put this infrastructure in place. The provision of this basic infrastructure ensures the safe movement of people and materials in all regions of the country. India has come a long way in infrastructure development, but much work remains to be done as some remote areas of the country are still not connected to other developed regions.     

Sanitation: Sanitation is an important facility that must be planned to create a cleaner environment. Some of the major sanitation facilities include proper disposal of waste, public toilets, purification of chemicals from industries, and hazardous waste management. 

Public transport: Good public transportation is an essential facility that allows citizens of the country to travel locally and across the country faster, safer and more affordable. Public transport includes railways, buses, airlines, etc. The connectivity of the different regions of the country between them is taken into consideration when planning public transport. Railways and buses have good connectivity in India however, air connectivity remains a problem for some regions but slowly the situation is improving.  

Health care: Health is one of the most important public facilities that must be provided by the government. Planning and implementation of government medical facilities such as hospitals, health centres and affordable drugs should be carried out in all regions of the country. In India, the government has set up civilian hospitals and medical centres in various parts of the country, which provide basic services to advance medical aid to citizens. In addition to this, the government has also set up research and development centres that are constantly working to develop medical solutions for some of the modern diseases.       

Water: Water is an essential facility. First, clean water should be available in public water treatment facilities. The canal should be constructed to make water available for agricultural use. Industries also use water as a material for many processes. In addition to providing water, the government should also provide facilities to purify domestic water and treatment facilities to ensure that harmful particles are removed from water from industries.       

Note: There are various types of public facilities which are being provided to the people of the country. Mostly these facilities are provided by the government of the country but some of the facilities are also provided by private entities but at costly rates. 

What is child labour  

Child labour is a type of crime in which children are forced to work at a very young age and to assume their responsibilities just like adults by participating in economic activities. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), there is an age limit for children that children up to the age of 15 will not involve in any kind of forced labour. It is a child employment in any kind of work that makes children deprived of childhood, adequate education, physical, mental and social well-being. It is totally forbidden in some countries but has been an international concern in most countries as it destroys the future of children to a large extent.

This is a serious issue (a big social problem) in most developing countries. Children from small age groups participate enormously work of children . They avoid the fact that children are the great hope and future of the nation. Millions of children have been deprived of childhood and adequate education in our country, which is a dangerous sign. These children do not have the chance to lead a healthy life because they are not satisfied physically, mentally and socially from their childhood.

Under Indian law, children under the age of 14 cannot be used for any form of forced labour, whether by the parents or the owner in a factory, office or restaurant. This is a common practice in India as well as in other developing countries in a small industry, domestic help, restaurant service, stone breakage, shop assistant, all household industries, binding, etc.

What are the causes of child labour?  

There are various reasons for job children in our country. Some of the causes of work of children in the world are similar but differ from country to the other. The most common reasons are poverty, repression of the rights of the child, inadequate education, limited rules and laws on work of children etc. Here are some important points about the causes of child labour:

• Poverty and the high rate of unemployment in developing countries are the main reason for work of children .

• According to UN statistics from 2005, more than a quarter of people in the world live in extreme poverty.

• Lack of access to regular education in many countries. In 2006, about 75 million children left school.

• Violating child labour laws opens the way for an increase in work of children in all developing countries.

• Inadequate social control gives rise to work of children in agriculture or domestic work.

• Limited rights of children or workers who affect to a large extent the standards of job and living conditions in order to eliminate the work of children .

• Small children get involved in the work of children to increase the income of their family to manage twice the food.

• They are hired by industries to get more work at a cost of workforce reduced.

The wealth of a nation is not so much in its economic and natural resources, but it lies more clearly in the kind and quality of the wealth of its children and of his youth. They will be the creators and shapers of the future of a nation.        

Today’s children will be adults of tomorrow. Their quality and personality will determine the kind of destiny that guides the nation.     

It therefore becomes obligatory for every nation and every society to nurture a strong, healthy and intellectual youth. It is the responsibility of adults to lead youth in the desired direction. The youth of a nation is its powerhouse. They have unlimited reserves of energy, will, ability, zeal, and enthusiasm, and have the power to shape the destiny of the nation. This infinite energy warehouse must be properly molded and must receive proper direction. Young people must practice using their talents to provide appropriate direction. Young people need to be trained to use their talents and abilities constructively and to help build and strengthen the nation.

Without exploiting this vast reservoir of energy, a nation and a society cannot think of developing economically, politically, socially and intellectually. The best way to encourage young people to play such a constructive role is to educate them with appropriate training in the desired direction.

If a society is careless and carefree about its youth and fails to educate them productively, then society may face a destructive and violent youth. The trees and flowers of a garden must be cut to make them beautiful and attractive. Otherwise, the plants and shrubs will break down and spoil the beauty of the garden and will not harvest the proper flowers. Likewise, a child needs to be carved out of his instincts below and trained appropriately to benefit society. If proper and timely attention is not given to grooming young people, it can become out of whack and become unproductive.

For this, society should provide its young people the right kind of education. The education provided must be progressive, in line with the needs of society and must not only create great professionals who excel in their fields but also good human beings. Appropriate facilities and an enabling environment must be taken into account with the improvement and enhancement of creativity. Academics should be taken into account with adequate focus on sports, technical fields and others according to the interests of the students.

The government is also doing a lot to help young people become anchors of tomorrow. It offers many facilities in education, health care, sports, creative areas, etc. But the ever-growing population is canceling the government’s efforts. In addition, poverty, illiteracy and belief in superstition also hinder the spread of education for all. Those who are educated fail to get a suitable job. As a result, the crime rate is rising, which is an alarming situation for any society.