Category: Chemistry Notes PPT

When we think of carbohydrates, most of us envision food products such as bread, pasta, rice, etc. However, carbohydrates are much more than that. Well, these are the significant and preferred source of energy for the human body. Made up of three main components, namely, fibre, sugar, and starch. Now, the carbohydrates family is not just restricted here. It can be further divided into simple and complex carbohydrates. These complex carbs are a rich source of vitamins as minerals and are getting renowned for being an imperative part of healthy diets for humans. Thus, you can find these carbohydrates leaving behind their reputation of causing weight gain.

Main Difference Between Simple And Complex Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates can be easily divided into two types: simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Let us go through the definition of both of these types to understand simple carbs vs complex carbs. 

Simple Carbohydrates: Refined or simple carbs can be defined as a type of carbohydrates that can be easily broken down by the human body. The reason being that these have only one or two sugar molecules that are linked together. Simple sugars also include sucrose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and glucose. Some examples of simple carbohydrates can be honey, milk, table sugar, etc.

Complex Carbohydrates: Complex carbs are basically different single molecules linked together. These are rich in nutrients, and it can be a little difficult for your body to digest these. These complex carbs are larger than the refined carbs. Some complex carbohydrates examples can be whole grains, bread, cereals, starchy vegetables, etc. 

(The image depicts the difference between simple carbs and complex carbs)

How Can You Say That Complex Carbs Are Better Than Simple Carbs?

When it comes to complex carbs vs refined carbs, the complex carbohydrates are much better, according to the health experts. Let us read through some reasons for the same:

Complex Carbohydrates Possess The Ability To Keep You Full For Longer Periods as Compared to Simple Carbohydrates.

Since simple carbs can be easily digested even though they are an instant energy source for the body. This implies that you may feel hungry soon after consuming such food items. However, this is not the case with complex carbs foods. The reason being that the human body takes time to break these down due to its complex and larger molecular structure. 

Complex Carbs Enjoy More Nutrients As Compared To Refined Carbs.

As per experts, complex carbohydrates contain more quantities of minerals, antioxidants, fibre, vitamins, etc as compared to simple carbohydrates. For example, where simple carbs only offer sugar without much quantity of nutrients, the complex carbs, such as sweet potato, contain enough vitamin A, antioxidants, and fibres.

Complex Carbohydrates Are Much Better for Your Heart and Can Also Lend You A Helping Hand In Losing Weight.

It has often been told by health experts that food items that are rich in soluble fibres, which are often found in complex carbohydrates food lists are really good for the human body. These food items can lend you a helping hand in lowering your ‘bad’ cholesterol. In fact, if you consume 25 to 35 grams of fibres every day, you can easily lose your weight and can keep it off for a longer period.

What are Diverse Types of Complex Carbohydrates

Here are Diverse Types of Complex Carbohydrates. 

Starch

Starch is basically a type of complex carb that is found naturally in food items derived from plants. Some complex carbohydrates examples can be corn, oats, lentils, beans, etc. you can even find starch in some vegetables such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, and carrots. Moreover, you can even add starch to your food items while processing or while preparing it. The human body can easily digest these starches even though they are complex carbs. 

Fibre

This form of complex carb can be naturally found in different plant cells. Green vegetables, such as broccoli, spinach, etc have more fibres and less starch. Since the human digestive system cannot break down cellulose, consuming non-digestible fibre can slow the digestive process for you.

Myths Related To Complex Carbs

Here are some of the myths attached to complex carbohydrates:

• Only potatoes, bread, and pasta are considered to be complex carbs foods.

• All the carbohydrate types, whether simple or complex carbohydrates are unhealthy for humans.

• You cannot find fibres in these carbohydrates.

• Complex carbohydrates can lead to weight gain in humans.

• The sugar quotient in complex carbs is less.

• You can find gluten in all kinds of carbs.

• After eating complex carbohydrates, you feel lazy and sluggish.

• You should not consume complex carbohydrates before doing exercises.

• Your body needs more protein than carbs.

• If you follow a low carbohydrate diet, it will help you in losing weight.

• Eating complex carbs always make you feel stuffed.

As per health experts, all of the above-mentioned points are simple myths that have no relevance. Thus, you can always consume carbs, no matter whether simple or complex without thinking much about their ill effects. 

Isomerism is one of the most important topics covered in organic chemistry. In most organic reactions, the products are formed based on the concept of isomerism. Students may land up predicting the wrong product of a given reaction if they do not have a clear idea of the concept of isomerism. By the virtue of isomerism, compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in physical and chemical properties. Such compounds are referred to as Isomers. The classification of isomers is based on connectivity. Diastereomers, and enantiomers are also stereoisomers. Isomers are broadly classified as Constitutional Isomers and Stereoisomers.

What Are Constitutional Isomers?

These are also known as structural isomers. The formula of these isomers are the same but the arrangement of atoms in the compounds are different.

Types of Constitutional Isomers

Constitutional isomers are classified into the following types.

These isomers have a different position of the functional groups in them and the carbon skeleton chain remains the same. These isomers are also known as regioisomers.

For example 1-propanol and 2-propanol, ortho dichlorobenzene, and meta-dichlorobenzene. This phenomenon is Position isomerism.

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different functional groups are said to be functional isomers. For example alkene and cycloalkene. This phenomenon is the functional group isomerism.

For example, C3H8O can be presented as:

CH3OCH2CH3

Or

CH3CH2CH2OH

When compounds have the same molecular formula but the carbon chain of their structure is different then they are called chain isomers. These isomers are also known as skeletal isomers. This phenomenon is also known as chain or nuclear isomerism.

As seen in the figure the carbon chain is different but the number of carbon atoms is the same.

These isomers are formed when different groups are attached to the polyvalent atom of the functional group and thus formula remains the same but the groups attached to the polyvalent atom become different. This phenomenon is known as Metamerism. It is exhibited by ketones and ethers.

These are the constitutional isomers that undergo rapid interconversion with each other. Tautomers cannot exist independently of each other. Tautomers exist in dynamic equilibrium.

Stereoisomerism 

Compounds that have the same chemical formula, as well as the same structure but different spatial arrangement or configuration, are known as  Stereoisomers. This phenomenon is known as Stereoisomerism.

Types of Stereoisomers

• Geometrical isomers

• Optical isomers

Geometrical isomers

These isomers are also known as cis, trans-isomers. This phenomenon is geometrical isomerism and is exhibited by alkenes. In alkenes, there is a restricted rotation of groups about the double bonds between the two carbon atoms. Geometrical isomerism can also be seen in compounds having groups C=N or N=N bond-like in aldoximes. When similar groups are present on the same side of the double bond then it is called the cis isomer. When similar groups are on the opposite side of the double bond then it is called the trans isomer.

(Image to be added soon)

cis and trans stereoisomers can be interconverted under extreme conditions like very high temperatures.

Optical Isomerism

Only those compounds with a chiral carbon can exhibit optical isomerism. Chiral carbon is that carbon that is attached to all the four different functional groups. The compound with a chiral carbon is said to have chirality. If chirality is present then the compound becomes optically active. A compound must be asymmetric to exhibit optical isomerism.

Cracking meaning in Chemistry pertains to such a process that involves the breaking down of high molecular weight compounds into smaller fragments. Such compounds are usually long-chained hydrocarbons.

This process finds extensive usage in the petroleum industry for the production of diesel and gasoline from kerogens and long-chain hydrocarbons. The large-scale commercial production yields oils, and a host of other materials like medium-ranged oils, gasoline (light oils), heavy oils, coke (carbon residues). Based on utility as well as molecular weight, the produced oil may be extracted directly or put another step of cracking for smaller fragments.  

Process of Cracking 

1. Initiation- Free radicals are important to undergo the process of Initiation. One molecule is broken into two free radicals. Out of the two, the smaller one undergoes the process of initiation. 

2. Hydrogen Abstraction-  Hydrogen is removed from the second molecule thereby making it a free radical. 

3. Radical Decomposition- Free radicals break into other free radicals to form alkene products. 

4. Radical Addition- Then the free radicals react with the alkenes. 

5. Termination- Two radicals react with each other to form a non-free radical product in the process of termination. 

Types of Cracking

The different types of cracking are thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Here is a brief elaboration on the two –

1. Thermal Cracking 

The thermal method of cracking uses pressure and heat to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into lighter molecules. The process has been used for a long time in large scale industries. It is carried out at temperatures between 500 degrees celsius to 1000 degree celsius and at high pressures. This process can be further categorised into –

a. Steam Cracking 

This is an older process which uses the heat energy generated from steam. It is also referred to as Pyrolysis. Due to the presence of greater latent heat of energy in the steam, it is considered to be a useful technique for the production of alkenes.

 

The raw materials used in the process include propane-butane mixture, naphtha (obtained from directly distilling crude, and gas oil (in rare instances).  

b. Modern Thermal Cracking 

Both high pressure and high temperature are used for this method. Homolytic fission takes place among carbon bonds of hydrocarbon compounds. This reaction gains industrial importance with the production of burner fuels. 

By lowering the temperature, the delayed coking process takes place. It leads to the production of needle coke which is used for carbon electrodes. 

2. Catalytic Cracking

As understood from the term, a catalytic cracking process is undertaken in presence of a catalyst. The large molecules are broken in such a manner that it leads to the maximisation of gasoline yield. 

There are three sub-processes involved in this method –

1. Reaction

2. Regeneration 

3. Fractionation 

In the first step which is reaction, the feedstock or the hydrocarbon is kept in contact with the catalyst at a high temperature (480 degree celsius- 500 degree celsius). As the cracking reaction takes place, coke is formed which coats the catalyst further preventing it from promoting the reaction. The catalyst is regenerated in the second process called the regeneration by burning the coke off from its surface where it got deposited.  The cracked hydrocarbons are then separated in the final process of fractionation with the help of an equipment. 

Catalytic Cracking Can be Further Categorised Into –

a. Hydrocracking 

It involves a two-stage process that includes a combination of hydrogenation and catalytic cracking. In the presence of hydrogen, heavier feedstocks are being cracked to arrive at the desirable products. 

This process needs high temperature, high pressure, hydrogen, and a catalyst. The process is also largely dependent on relative rates of the two reactions and the nature of the feedstock. 

b. Fluid Catalytic Cracking 

Fluid Catalytic Cracking is the most popular catalytic process today. The process is a little distinct. The feedstock is subjected to moderate pressure and high temperature. It is subsequently brought into contact with powdered and hot catalysts. The long-chain molecules are broken down by such a catalyst into considerably shorter molecules. 

Difference Between Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracking

Importance in Cracking

There are two major functions of cracking:

• The supply of fractions is matched with the demand. Crude oil’s fractional distillation aids in the production of larger hydrocarbons as opposed to smaller hydrocarbons. Once cracking leads to conversion of smaller hydrocarbons from larger ones, fuels such as petrol are formed. The supply of fuel has improved. 

• The production of alkenes is also undertaken with the help of cracking. Given that alken
  es are more reactive as opposed to alkanes, the former acts as feedstock for the petrochemical industry. 

If you have any queries regarding the topic of cracking, subject experts with are always available to solve your doubts. All you have to do is download the app and get started today!

How does a Cell in a T.V remote make it work or how a Battery of Mobile Phone Charges when connected to its charger? All such questions are answered in the branch of Science known as Electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is the study of producing Electricity through Chemical reactions and also the use of Electricity to carry out non-spontaneous Chemical reactions. To achieve the above-mentioned aim Cells are used. Cells are devices in which Chemical Reactions due to Electricity or produces Electricity. 

 

There Are Two Types of Cells

• ElectroChemical Cells

• Electrolytic Cells

 

ElectroChemical Cells

These Cells are those Cells that produce Electricity through Chemical reactions. These Cells are also known as Voltaic Cells or Galvanic Cells. Chemical Energy is converted into Electrical Energy by the Cells.

An example of an ElectroChemical Cell is the Daniell Cell.

 

Electrolytic Cells

These Cells are those Cells which use Electricity to carry out non-spontaneous Chemical reactions. So it’s clear that these Cells convert Electrical Energy into Chemical Energy.

The basic difference between ElectroChemical Cells and Electrolytic Cells are listed in the table below:

 

Difference Between ElectroChemical Cells And Electrolytic Cells

 

A Typical Cell Structure

A Cell has two Electrodes-cathode (positive terminal) and anode (negative Electrode). Both the Electrodes are dipped in their respective metal salt solutions. In the case of ElectroChemical Cell Anode is oxidation half Cell and the cathode is known as reduction half Cell according to the Chemical reaction taking place at them. A Salt bridge is a U shape tube containing a gel permeated with an Electrolyte, connecting the two Electrodes. 

 

What Is A Daniell Cell?

A Daniell Cell is an ElectroChemical Cell which carries out Chemical reactions to produce Electricity. In the Daniell Cell, Zinc metal is made of the anode, and copper metal is the cathode. The zinc anode is dipped in Zinc salt solution and the Copper cathode is dipped in the copper salt solution. At the anode, oxidation takes place and solid zinc converts into zinc ions. At the cathode, copper ions get reduced to copper metal and get deposited. 

The Daniell Cell has a voltage of 1.1v.

 

Daniell Cell Chemical Reaction

Zn(s) + Cu⁺²(aq) ——-> Zn⁺²(aq) + Cu(s)

The above reaction can be split into two as follows-

Anode reaction /oxidation half Cell reaction

Zn(s)——-> Zn⁺² + 2 e–

2 Electrons are released and zinc metal is oxidized.

Cathode reaction/ reduction half Cell reaction

Cu⁺² + 2 e– ———> Cu (s)

Copper ions are reduced to copper metal.

(Image to be added soon)

 

Daniell Cell Working

As we have seen above, the setup of the Daniell Cell and the Cell reactions taking place in the Daniell Cell now we can understand the working of Daniell Cells. The zinc metal oxidizes at the anode and 2 Electrons are released. These Electrons travel from anode to cathode through a metal wire that connects both the Electrodes. This flow of free Electrons produces Electricity in the direction opposite to the flow of Electrons that is from cathode to anode. Salt bridge completes the circuit.

 

Daniell Cell Representation

Zn | Zn⁺²(aq) || Cu⁺²(aq) | Cu

The symbol double vertical lines || represents the salt bridge. The left part is oxidation half Cell and the right part is reduction half Cell.

 

Applications of Daniell Cell

Daniell Cells are used to generate Electricity or to store Electric Energy. Daniell Cells are used in Battery development and Electrical telegraphy. Battery refers to a group of Cells combined.

 

Daniell Cell

Let’s get to understand some of the quick ways to Study More Efficiently. 

Working on a particular thing for the whole day might sound very draining and tiring. For your work to be effective, you must take regular breaks, for example, doing your task for 50 mins and then taking 10 mins to break. The dedication you can pay to your work matters more than the number of hours you work. Hence, it’s not necessary to work the entire day and drain yourself when you know that your mind can absorb the same work in half a day. Regular breaks are important for your mind to relax and restart with dedication and focus. 

Many things won’t be available in books but your teacher might tell you while teaching in the class. Notes are an important part to record such important things which can be noted on the paper side by side. An effective note-taker follows the given points:

– Note down the main points

– Use abbreviations/ short forms for saving time

– Use keywords instead of an explanation. Explanation work can be done later but keywords are important.

– Try to write your notes in the same style to become habitual of it and maintain consistency. 

– Writing the notes on a device could be easy but noting down on paper, i.e. handwritten way is more effective. 

Making notes is important but revising them is crucial too. Notes won’t be of any use if you just write them down, save for later and never look upon them. It’s important for you to review and have a look at your notes when you come back home. It will help you give a gist of what happened in your class today. Also, revising notes the same day when they’re made while teaching makes you remember them in a better way. You can rewrite your notes as well if you find them a bit messy. Organised notes will grasp your attention and help you study with more dedication later. Adding diagrams or graphs may also help in making your work look presentable and appealing.

There are some subjects that we do favour over others. For example, if you think you like Maths more than Science, or we can say that if you find science a bit tougher than Maths, then start with Science first. Studying the tough portion first may feel like a burden initially but day by day, it will help you gain confidence and acquire the subject with more pos
itivity. 

Noting the keywords is important but you need to have a good vocabulary too. Vocabulary words are often written in bold in some books and you can note them down for reference, they are really important! You must be familiar with these terms and words which can be acquired by taking the help of a dictionary or glossary mentioned at the end of the book. 

Studying individually might feel boring at times. Studying in a group benefits you in maintaining consistency and focus. You can ask questions from your peers if you all are studying the same subject. This may help both parties to acquire more knowledge. Studying with your classmates makes you feel more interested in your studies than feeling sleepy when you have to study alone. You can discuss topics with one another, not just related to the subject but topics useful in your career or in future like teamwork, leadership, problem-solving, etc.

The Meaning of Boiling Point

There are some topics in Chemistry that are very important from the point of view of the final examinations. The topic of determination of the boiling point of an organic compound is one such topic.

 

The determination of the boiling point of organic compounds is a topic that can also come up during the practice exam of students. This is why it is advised that students should pay special attention to this topic.

 

But what if a student missed the class during which the teacher was giving a lecture on the determination of the boiling point of organic compounds? If that is the case, then today is a lucky day for all students as we are going to discuss every major point that students need to learn about the determination of the boiling point of liquid organic compounds. However, before we get into that, students need to start with the basics.

 

Let’s begin with understanding the meaning of the boiling point. In the simplest terms, the boiling point of a substance can be defined as a particular temperature at which that substance would achieve a vapour pressure that is equal to the pressure around the liquid. This is also the temperature at which the liquid will change into a vapour.

 

To a large extent, the boiling point of a liquid will be dependent on the environmental pressure that is surrounding that liquid. This means that if a liquid is in a partial vacuum, then it would have a lower boiling point in comparison to the boiling point of the same liquid in atmospheric pressure.

 

Following the same logic, it can also be said that a liquid at a higher pressure will also have a higher boiling point in comparison to a liquid that is present at atmospheric pressure. To illustrate these points, an example can be taken. For example, if water boils at 1000 C at sea level, then it would boil at around 93.40 C at 1,905 metres altitude.

 

It is also important for students to note that different liquids will boil at different temperatures at a given pressure. These are all the basic points that students should know about the topic of boiling points.

 

Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are a wide range of specific compounds related to life processes. The constituent elements of these compounds are carbon and hydrogen or in other words known carbon-containing compounds. 

How to determine the Boiling Point of an Organic Compound?

In this section, students will be able to learn about the process that should be followed for the determination of the boiling point of liquid organic compounds. Students can also use this process to determine the boiling point of a given organic compound.

 

Students must be aware of the fact that organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that mainly deals with the subject of composition and synthesis of organic chemical compounds. For students who are not familiar with the term, organic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon atom in their composition.

 

Now, let’s move on to discuss the process of identifying the boiling point of an organic compound. For ease of understanding, we will look at this entire process as a large experiment.

 

Aim: This experiment aims to find out the boiling point of various organic compounds. To narrow things down, for this experiment, two organic compounds called Benzene and Benzaldehyde are selected.

 

The Materials Required: To perform this process, an individual will require a stand with clamps, capillary tubes, tripod, thermometer, kerosene burner, Benzene, Benzaldehyde, fusion tube, and an aluminium block.

 

The Experimental Setup: It is rather difficult to explain the experimental setup without any visual aid. This is why an image of the ideal experiment setup is attached below.

 

 

The Procedure for Determining the Boiling Point of Benzene

• The student should begin by taking the capillary tube and closing its end by holding the end in the flame. Rotating the tube for 2-3 minutes should do the trick.

• A few millilitres of benzene should be transferred to the fusion tube.

• Proceed to dip the capillary tube in the liquid in the fusion tube. Do not forget to keep the sealed end of the tube up.

• The tube should be inserted in one of the holes of the aluminium block. After that, a thermometer should also be inserted into the same block.

• After everything is placed inside the hole, one should make sure that the liquid is completely visible in the fusion tube.

• Put the aluminium block on the tripod.

• Use the kerosene burner to slowly heat the aluminium block.

• Make a note of the temperature as soon as regular streams of bubbles appear in the liquid present in the fusion tube.

 

The Procedure for Determining the Boiling Point of Benzaldehyde

• Begin the process similarly by closing one end of the capillary tube by holding that end in the flame and rotating it for 2-3 minutes.

• Place a few drops of benzaldehyde in the fusion tube.

• Keep in mind to put the sealed side up and dip the capillary tube in the benzaldehyde liquid filled in the fusion tube.

• Insert the tube and the thermometer into two separate holes made on the aluminium block.

• Make sure that you can observe the liquid present in the fusion tube clearly

• Put the aluminium block on the tripod and start heating the block with the help of the kerosene burner.

• Make a note of the temperature as soon as a regular stream of bubbles appears on the liquid present inside the fusion tube.

 

Precautions to take During the Experiment

To date, we have looked at almost everything related to the process that one needs to follow to determine the boiling point of a given organic compound. However, the work of a student is still not done.

 

No task or experiment is complete or should even be allowed to carry out unless and until the students understand the precautions related to that experiment or procedure.

 

In this section, we will discuss some of the most prominent precautions students should take while finding out the boiling point of an organic compound. We have prepared
a list of those precautions, and that list is mentioned below.

• Make sure that the capillary tubes are completely sealed.

• It is also important to ensure that the seal point of the capillary tubes should be within the liquid.

• Use proper lab equipment and follow all safety precautions.

 

Fun Facts about Determining the Boiling Point of an Organic Compound

Did you know that the element with the lowest boiling point in the world is helium? Further, the boiling points of Tungsten and Rhenium are said to exceed 5000 K, but nobody has been able to find out the exact boiling point as it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures.

 

Also, if a student has carried out the experience that was mentioned above, then he or she would have observed that the boiling point of benzene is around 780C and the boiling point of benzaldehyde is 1780 C.

Did You Know?

The boiling point of an organic molecule is the temperature at which an attractive force (such as Vanderwaal attractive force) or an intermolecular bond (such as a hydrogen bond) breaks and the molecule moves. On the other hand, intramolecular covalent bonds are not broken at their boiling point. The boiling point of organic compounds depends on their molecular weight. As the molecular weight increases, so does the boiling point. 

For two compounds of the same molecular weight, various factors determine the boiling point of an organic compound.

The most important factor is the shape of the molecule, whether or not the molecule is branched. If the molecule is more branched, it means a sphere, which causes a smaller surface area and a weaker Vanderwaal attraction between the molecules, thus having a lower boiling point. If the organic compound is straight or has few branches, the surface area will be large and the intramolecular Vanderwaal attraction will be strong, resulting in a high boiling point. 

Another important factor is the functional groups of organic molecules. If the functional groups are polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds between the molecules, higher temperatures are required to break these hydrogen bonds with the Vanderwaal attractive force between the molecules, thereby causing these types of compounds. The boiling point rises.

Difference between Boiling Point and Melting Point of an Organic Compound 

Both boiling point and melting point are properties of an organic compound. They play a very important role in explaining the properties of the compound. The main key difference between boiling point and melting point is that boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid state converts to a gaseous state, and melting point is the temperature at which solid-state converts to a liquid state. 

A liquid having high pressure has a higher boiling point and a liquid at lower pressure has a low boiling point. Therefore, the boiling point is the definition for the liquid state and the melting point is the definition for the solid-state. At the boiling point, the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the pressure around it whereas the melting point has no connection with the pressure around it. 

Importance of Knowing Boiling Point of an Organic Compound

The boiling points of organic compounds can provide important information about their physical and structural properties. Boiling points help identify and characterise compounds. A liquid starts to boil when its vapour pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. Vapour pressure is determined by the kinetic energy of the molecule. 

Kinetic energy depends on the temperature, mass and velocity of the molecule. As the temperature rises, so does the average kinetic energy of the particles. When the temperature reaches the boiling point, the average kinetic energy is sufficient to overcome the attraction between the liquid particles. When the attractive force subsides, the liquid molecules escape from the surface and become gas. 

The boiling point of a liquid depends on the ambient atmospheric pressure. A liquid with high pressure has a higher boiling point than a liquid with low atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling point of a compound is an indicator of its volatility. If the boiling point is high, the compound will be less volatile. Conversely, the lesser the boiling point, the more volatile the compound will be. In general, a compound will exist as a gas at atmospheric pressure if the normal boiling point of the compound is low at a particular temperature. If the compound has a high boiling point, it will be in the form of liquid or solid.

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is known as Ethanoic acid according to IUPAC nomenclature. In the context of student education in chemistry, it is one of the simplest carboxylic acids that exist. Organic compounds such as vinegar possess a distinctive sour flavour and pungent aroma that are quite recognizable as the scent and flavour of vinegar. The main ingredient of vinegar is acetic acid, which makes it a common household staple. Glacial acetic acid differs significantly from normal acetic acid due to its concentration. Glacial Acetic Acid contains less water than many other acids, which has a water concentration of 1%. 

What is Acetic Acid?

Among the simplest carboxylic acids, Acetic Acid (HCOOH) ranks second after Formic Acid. Acetic acid was originally made by fermenting ethyl alcohol with acetic acid. The alcohol gets readily oxidized by oxygen when bacterial enzymes react with it, resulting in acetic acid. Direct catalytic oxidation of butane or acetaldehyde is the process used in industrial manufacturing for synthesizing acetic acid.

 

The O-H bond, which has a massive polarity, causes it to dissolve in water immediately. Aqueous solutions are solubilized with acetic acid because acetic acid has a higher intramolecular hydrogen bond than aqueous solutions.

 

In terms of chemical properties, acetic acid undergoes chemical reactions with the disruption of the O-H bond in the carboxyl group. It exhibits characteristic organic acid properties and is dissociated according to this equation as a result of its higher water solubility: CH₃COOH → CH₃COO^– + H⁺

 

Because weak acids do not dissociate to the same degree as strong acids, electrolysis does not take place. The production of acetates is influenced by the reaction between acetic acid and highly electropositive metals, anionic salts, basic oxides, and hydroxides. Strong acids cause the ester to be formed when acetic acid reacts with alcohol. This process is called esterification. Considering these chemical reactions, the density of acetic acid is 1.04 grams per cubic meter, with a melting point of 16 degrees Celsius.

What is Glacial Acetic Acid?

‘Glacial’ is a pure, anhydrous liquid that forms ice-like crystals at temperatures below 16.7 degrees Celsius. It is a colourless liquid that has a hygroscopic quality and is completely colourless. Water concentration is what primarily distinguishes acetic acid from glacial acetic acid. Glacial acetic acid is highly concentrated, so it contains 99.5% pure acetic acid and only 1% water. It becomes highly corrosive when there is a higher percentage of acid in it.  

 

With a boiling temperature of 118 degrees centigrade, glacial acetic acid has a very high boiling point. If you think about what is responsible, it is nothing more than the formation of stable hydrogen bonds between two molecules of acetic acid dimers. There is a density of 1.05 grams/ml and flammability of 39 degrees centigrade. 

 

Its vapours are often irritating to the eyes and nose because of their high corrosiveness. It can cause lesioning of the eyelids and skin if it comes into contact with them. This acid is one of the most distinguished polar-base solvents and is used in the manufacture of the following:

• Propylene Terephthalate

• Aniline

• Terephthalic Acid

• Synthetic Camphor

 

When it comes to producing esters, glacial acetic acid is pretty effective. The purification of water is done in glacial acetic acid, along with the water. As long as there is water in an acetic acid solution, the synthesis will have a high effect on the equilibrium and the end result will be only a meagre amount of ester. So, glacial acetic acid is far better than normal acid.

The Difference Between Acetic Acid And Glacial Acetic Acid

One of the biggest differences between acetic acid and glacial acetic acid is the concentration level of acid. Water is typically found in large quantities in acetic acid solutions, suggesting it is a soluble product, while glacial acetic acid contains relatively little water (less than 1%). We will, however, take a closer look at some other differences between the two in the following table.