Category: Class 7 Social Science Questions

NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Geography Social Science Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

1. Answer the following Questions briefly.
(a) Which are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends?
(b) Which are the three broad categories of natural vegetation?
(c) Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forest
(d) In which part of the world are tropical deciduous forests found?
(e) In which climatic conditions are citrus fruits cultivated?
(f) Mention the uses of coniferous forest.
(g) In which part of the world is seasonal grassland found?
Answer: (a) The two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends are— temperature and moisture.
(b) The three broad categories of natural vegetation are—forests, grasslands and shrubs.
(c) Rosewood and mahogany.
(d) Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in central America.
(e) Citrus fruits are cultivated in the regions marked for hot dry summers and mild rainy winters.
(f) The woods of coniferous forests are tall and soft. Chir, pine and cedar are the important variety of trees in these forests. The woods of these trees are very useful for making pulp, which is used for manufacturing paper and newsprint. Match boxes and packing boxes are also made from softwood.
(g) Seasonal grasslands are found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents.

2. Tick the correct answer.
(a) Mosses and Lichens are found in
(i) Desertic vegetation
(ii) Tropical vegetation (iii) Tundra vegetation.
(b) Thorny bushes are found in
(i) Hot and humid tropical climate
(ii) Hot and dry desertic climate
(iii) Cold polar climate.
(c) In tropical evergreen forest, one of the common animals is
(i) Monkey                         (ii)    Giraffe
(iii) Camel.
(d) One important variety of coniferous forest is
(i) Rosewood                       (ii)    Pine
(iii) Teak.
(e) Steppe grassland is found in
(i) S. Africa                        (ii)    Australia
(iii) Central Asia.
Answer: (a)—(iii), (b)—(ii), (c)—(i), (d)—(ii), (e)—(iii).

Question 3.
Match the following.
(i) Walrus                  (a) Soft wood tree
(ii) Cedar                  (b) An animal of tropical deciduous forest
(iii) Olives                 (c) A polar animal
(iv) Elephants           (d) Temperate grassland in Australia
(v) Campos               (e) Thorny shrubs
(vi) Downs                (f) A citrus fruit
                                 (g) Tropical grassland of Brazil
Answer.
(i) Walrus                  (c) A polar animal
(ii) Cedar                  (a) Soft wood tree
(iii) Olives                 (f) A citrus fruit
(iv) Elephants           (b) An animal of tropical deciduous forest
(v) Campos               (g) Tropical grassland of Brazil
(vi) Downs                (d) Temperate grassland in Australia

4. Give reasons:
(a) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin.
(b) Tropical deciduous frees shed their leaves in the dry season.
(c) The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place.
Answer: (a) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin to protect themselves from the cold climatic conditions.
(b) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
(c) The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place because of the variation in temperature and moisture.

INTEXT Questions WITH THEIR ANSWERS

Question 1.
Now can you tell why Salima saw changes in the natural vegetation as she climbed higher and higher? What type of vegetations did she see in the Himalayas starting with the foothills and going to the higher altitudes?  (NCERT Page 39)
Answer.
Salima saw changes in the natural vegetation as she climbed higher and higher because of the following reasons:

1. Change in climate with increase in height.
2. Slope
3. Thickness of the soil.

Types of vegetation she saw

1. Sal and teak forests
2. Coniferous forests
3. Rhodo-dendrous
4. Short grass

Question 2.
Like Salima, when you go to visit any new place, notice the type of natural vegetation occurring there and try to think of factors responsible for the growth of such vegetation in that habitat.
Note down if any human interference has taken place in that area in terms of deforestation, grazing, cultivation of cash crops, constructional activities etc. (NCERT Page 39)
Answer.
In October to Nainital.

• Alpine and Montane vegetation.

Factors:

• Cold climate.
• Heavy rainfall.
• Mountanous soil.

Yes, for habitation and commercial activities.

Question 3.
Where in India do tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests occur? Name the states. (NCERT Page 41)
Which type of forest dominates most part of India?
Answer.

1. Western slopes of western ghats, N.E. India—Tropical evergreen (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Goa and N.E. states)
2. Central India—Deciduous (M.P., Chhattisgarh), Jharkhand etc.
3. Tropical Deciduous.

Question 4.
Look around in your surroundings and find out the articles made of hard wood and soft wood.
Find out and learn names of few trees of your locality. (NCERT Page 43)
Answer.
Hardwood: Steppers, bridges, furniture, doors, windows.
Softwood: Matches, packing material, false ceiling, boats etc.
Mango, neem, jamun, shisham, kikar, peepal, sal.

Question 5.
Can you name the great desert of India? Name some of the common animals of the desert. (NCERT page 44)
Answer.
Thar is the great Indian desert.
Camel, Snakes, lizards and many insects are found here.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. How is height of land and the character of vegetation related with each other? [V. Imp.]
Answer: With the change in height the climate changes and that changes natural vegetation.

2. Where are shrubs found?
Answer: Shrubs are found in the dry regions.

3. Why do trees of tropical evergreen forests not shed their leaves altogether?
Answer: It is because there is no particular dry season.

4. What is the special feature of tropical evergreen forests?  [V. imp.]
Ans. Thick canopies of the closely spaced trees are found here. As a result sunlight do not reach inside the forest.

5. Name the trees found in the tropical deciduous forests.
Ans. Sal, teak, neem and shisham.

6. Where are temperate evergreen forests located?
Answer: These forests are located in the mid-latitudinal coastal region.

7. Why are only citrus fruits cultivated in mediterranean regions? [V. Imp.]
Answer: It is because people have removed the natural vegetation in order to cultivate citrus fruits.

8. Mention one special feature of coniferous forests.
Answer: These forests have tall and softwood evergreen trees.

9. Name the animals found, in the coniferous forests.
Answer: Silver fox, mink and polar bear.

10. Name the animals found in tropical grasslands. ,
Answer: Elephants, zebras, giraffes, dear and leopards.

11. Where are Savannah grasslands found?
Answer: They are found in East Africa.

12. Where are Llanos grasslands found?
Answer: They are found in Venezuela.

13. Which type of grassland Prairie is?
Answer: Prairie is temperate grassland.

14. Where are tropical deserts located?
Answer: They are located on the western margins of the continents.

15. Name some animals found in polar regions.
Answer: Seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, polar bear and snow foxes.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. Mention the major features of tropical evergreen forests. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Major features of tropical evergreen forests are:

• These forests are so dense that thick canopies are developed which do not allow the sunlight to penetrate inside the forest.
• As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. This keeps the forest evergreen.
• Hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany are found here.

2. Mention the features of Mediterranean trees.
Answer: These trees adapt themselves to dry summers with the help of their thick barks and wax coated leaves which help them reduce transportation.

3. Write a short note tropical grasslands.          [V. Imp.]
Answer: Tropical grasslands occur on either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer and leopards.

4. Give cm account of the natural vegetation and wildlife found in the polar regions.
Answer: Polar regions are extremely cold. Therefore the growth of natural vegetation is very limited here. Only mosses, lichens and veiy small shrubs are found here. They grow during the very short summer. This is called Tundra type of vegetation. This vegetation is found in the polar areas of Europe, Asia and North America. The animals found here have thick fur and thick skin which protect them from the cold climatic conditions. Seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, Polar bear and snow foxes are some of the animals found in these regions.

LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. Discuss various types of forests. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Types of forests:                                                                                ,

1. Tropical evergreen forests
2. Tropical deciduous forests
3. Temperate evergreen forests
4. Temperate deciduous forests
5. Mediterranean vegetation
6. Coniferous forests

1. Tropical evergreen forests. These forest are very dense and found in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics. These regions receive heavy rain throughout the year. The trees of these forests do not shed their leaves altogether and therefore they remain green all the time. Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony and mahogany are found here.

2. Tropical deciduous forests. These forest are found in the regions which experience seasonal changes. Trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water. The hardwood trees like sal, teak, neem and shisham are found here. Animals like tigers, lions, elephants, langoors and monkeys are common in these forests.

3. Temperate evergreen forests. These forests are commonly found along the eastern margin of the continents. They comprise both hard and softwood trees. For example, oak, pine, eucalyptus etc.

4. Temperate deciduous forests. Trees of these forests shed their leaves in dry ‘season’. Oak, ash, beech, etc. are common trees here. Deer, foxes, wolves, etc. are common animals in these forests.

5. Mediterranean vegetation. It is mostly found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Citrus fruits like oranges, figs, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated in the mediterranean regions.

6. Coniferous forests. They are also called Taiga. They are tall, softwood evergreen trees. Chir, pine, cedar are important variety of trees in these forests. Silver, fox, mink, polar bear are the common animals found here.

2. Describe different types of grasslands. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Different types of grasslands are:

1. Tropical grasslands
2. Temperate grasslands
3. Thorny bushes
4. Tropical grasslands. This type of vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass here can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards etc.
5. Temperate grasslands. This type of vegetation is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents. Grass here is usually short and nutritious. Common animals found in this region are wild buffaloes, bisons, antitopes etc.
6. Thorny bushes. These are found in the dry desert like regions. Tropical deserts are located on the western margins of the continents, which are characterised by searce vegetation.

Vegetation in the polar regions is also limited. Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here. It grows during the very short summer. This is called Tundra type of vegetation. Polar animals have thick fur and thick skin which protect them from the cold climate conditions, for example, seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, etc.

NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

1. Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer: A state is divided into several constituencies on the basis of population. Every constituency elects one representative for the Legislative Assembly. The person elected as representative represents that particular constituency. He/She is called as a Member of Legislative Assembly Le. MLA. An MLA is elected through a general election. He/She may be a member of a recognised political party or independent. One who gets the maximum votes becomes the MLA of that constituency.

2. How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
Answer: The party which is elected in majority for the Legislative Assembly forms the government. As per constitutional provisions the ruling party elects its leader who is called the Chief Minister as the head of the government. The Chief Minister, in consultation with the Governor, constitutes a cabinet which includes members of his/her party as ministers. The MLAs who become ministers are allotted with a portfolio. Here the MLAs turned ministers become accountable for the entire state for that particular portfolio.

3. Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer: The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers must be debated in the Legislative Assembly. It is because during debate it is discussed whether a particular decision is in interest of the people at large or net. It is also discussed whether it is urgent or not, how much would it cost the government, is there anything objectionable for any particular community, etc.

4. What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/actions was taken by the following? Pill in the table.
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Answer: Patalpuram was facing acute crisis of water

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5. What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments?
Answer: The difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments is that every department is headed by a minister who is also an MIA. The minister approves any work done or proposed by the department. The department is responsible for the projections and complition of the work where as MLAs or ministers coordinate between the Assembly and the departments.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. How is the Governor of a state appointed?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Governor of a state is appointed by the Central Government.

2. Whose responsibility is it to nm various government departments or ministers?
Answer: It is the responsibility of the Chief Minister and other ministers to run various government departments or ministers.

3. How will you define a Legislative Assembly?
Answer: A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, from the ruling party as well as the opposition, meet to discuss various things.

4. Define the term ‘government’. [Imp.]
Answer: The term ‘government’ refers to the government departments and various ministers who head them.

5. Who is the head of the executive?
Answer: The Chief Minister is the head of the executive.

6. Why did the Chief Minister and the minister for health visit Patalpwam district?
Answer: They went to visit the families who had lost their relatives due to the spread of diarrhoea. They also visited people in the hospitals.

7. Why are press conferences organised?
Answer: Press conferences are oragnised to discuss various current issues.

8. What do you know about a wallpaper?
Answer: A wallpaper is an interesting activity through which research can be done on particular topics of interest.

9. Why do people in a democratic set up organise meetings? [V. Imp.]
Answer: They do so to voice their opinions and protest against the government if any of its actions is not in their favour.

10. The government works at three levels. Name them.
Answer: The government works at three levels namely

SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. What do you mean by an MLA? Is it necessary to become a member of any political party to become a MLA?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: The term MLA stands for a Member of Legislative Assembly. He/She is elected through a general election and represents a particular constituency. It is not necessary for one to be a member of a political party to become a MLA. He/she can contest the election as an independent candidate also. In some cases, he/ she is sponsored by a political party. But one thing is necessary that he/she must be a citizen of India and fulfil the requisite qualifications for the post.

2. What is the process of formation of government in a state?  [Imp.]
Answer: A general election is conducted to elect representatives from various constituencies. The party which earns more than half of the total seats is said to be in a majority. That party is usually called for forming the government.
Sometimes, no party gains clear majority. In that case the party with maximum elected members tries to get support from the like-minded parties or independent candidates. The party that proves to have maximum supporters in that way is allowed to form government. Otherwise there would be re-election,

3. What is role of the party that does not form government?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: As per the Constitution all the parties which do not take part in the formation of government are called opposition parties. In our democratic set up the role of the opposition parties is in no way less important than the ruling party. The opposition parties keep a watch over the functioning of the ruling party. They take part in every discussion and debate held in the Assembly. They can check and protest any wrong action of the government.

4. Who becomes a Chief Minister? What is his/her role in a state?  [Imp.]
Answer: </st rong>Chief Minister is the leader of the ruling party. He/She is elected out of the total members of the party gaining majority in the general election. He/she is the executive head of the government. He/She is responsible for every action of the government. He/she also coordinates between the government at the centre and the state.

LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. How does a government function in a state?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: A government is headed by the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, in order to manage the functioning of the government, appoints ministers at various levels like cabinet ministers, state ministers and deputy ministers. Every government departments is headed by a cabinet minister who is directly accountable for the functioning of the particular department. The heads of the government departments who are bureaurates, are responsible for the handling of the government decisions. The bureaurates project and get the works completed. The ministers give approval to the works.

NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Geography Social Science Chapter 5 Water

Q. 1. Answer the following Questions briefly.
(a) What is precipitation?
(b) What is water cycle?
(c) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
(d) Which factors affect the movement of ocean water?
(e) What are tides and how are they caused?
(f) What are ocean currents?
Ans. (a) Falling of moisture in the form of rainfall, snow, fog, sleet and hailstone is termed as precipitation.
(b) The water cycle is the process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land.
(c) Winds, earthquakes, volcanic eruption or under water landslides are the factors affecting the height of the waves. The stronger the wind blows, the bigger the wave becomes.
(d) Temperature, winds, gravitational pull of the sun, the earth and the moon; warm and cold currents are the factors that affect the movement of ocean water.
(e) Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water that occur twice in a day. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.
(f) Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions.

Q. 2. Give reasons:
(a) Ocean water is salty.
(b) The quality of water is deteriorating.
Ans. (a) The water of the oceans is salty as it contains large amount of dissolved salts.
(b) Water is being used injudiciously. Whatever potable water is available, its quality is not good. It is because industrial effluents and untreated water of industries get mixed into streams and rivers. Swerage water also gets mixed into these water bodies. As a result, the quality of water is deteriorating day by day.
Q. 3. Tick the correct answer.
(a) The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land
(i)  Water cycle                    (ii) Tides                                  (iii) Ocean currents.
(b) Generally the warm ocean currents originate near
(i)  Poles                              (ii) Equator                              (iii) None of these.
(c) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called
(i) Tide              (ii) Ocean current               (iii) Wave
Ans.     (a)—(i), (b)—(ii), (c)—(i)

Q. 5. For Fun
Be a Detective
1. The name of one river is hidden in each of the sentences below. Spot it. Example: Mandira, Vijayalakshmi and Surinder are my best friends
Ans. Ravi
(a) The snake charmer’s bustee, stables where horses are housed, and the piles of wood, all caught fire accidentally. (Hint: Another name for River Brahmputra)
(b) The conference manager put pad, material for reading and a pencil for each participant. (Hint: A distributary on the Ganga-Brahmputra delta)
(c) Either jealousy or anger cause a person’s fall (Hint: Name of a juicy fruit!)
(d) Bhavani germinated the seeds in a pot (Hint: Look for her in West Africa)
(e) “I am a zonal champion now” declared the excited athlete. (Hint: The river that has the biggest basin in the world)
(f) The tiffin box rolled down and all the food fell in dusty potholes. (Hint: Rises in India and journeys through Pakistan)
(g) Malini leaned against the pole when she felt that she was going to faint. (Hint: Her delta in Egypt is famous)
(h) Samantha mesmerised everybody with her magic tricks. (Hint: London is situated on her estuaiy)
(i) “In this neighbourhood, please don’t yell! Owners of these houses like to have peace. Warned my father when we moved into our new flat”. (Hint: colour!)
(j)  ‘Write the following words’, Marc! “On”, “go”, “in”……….. said the teacher to the
little boy in KG Class. (Hint: Rhymes with ‘bongo’)
Now make some more on your own and ask your classmates to spot the hidden name. You can do this with any name: that of a lake, mountains, trees, fruits, school items etc.
TAns. eesta, (b) Padma, (c) Orange, (d) Niger, (e) Amazon, (f)  Indus, (g) Nile,
(h) Thames, (i) yellow,(j) Conga.
Carry on Detective
2. With the help of an atlas, draw each river which you discovered in For fun (0, on
an outline map of the world.
Ans. Do yourself.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

Q.1. What is terrarium?
Ans. It is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants. .

Q.2. Which type of water do the ocean bodies and the seas contain?
Ans. They contain salty water.

Q.3. What do you mean by salinity? [V. Imp.]
Ans. Salinity is the amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of water.

Q.4. What is the average salinity of the oceans?
Ans. The average salinity of the oceans is 35 parts per thousand.

Q.5. What is the salinity of Dead sea?
Ans. The salinity of Dead sea is 45 parts per thousand.

Q.6. Why do swimmers float in Dead Sea?
Ans. Swimmers float in Dead sea because the increased salt content makes it dense.

Q.7. What is the significance of World Water Day?
Ans. On the occasion of World Water Day (22nd March) the need to conserve water is reinforced in different ways.

Q. 8. What is Tsunami? [V. Imp.]
Ans. Tsunami is a Japanese word that means ‘Harbour Waves’ as the harbours get destroyed whenever there is Tsunami.

Q.9- What happens during high Ode?        [Imp.]
Ans. During high tide waves rise high and water covers much of the shore.

Q. 10. What happens during low tide?
Ans. During low tide water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.

Q. 11. How are tides caused?
Ans. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes tides.

Q.12. Name one warm curreht and one cold current.
Ans. Warm current — The Gulf Stream
Cold current — The Labrador Ocean current.

Q. 13. What happened to the Indira point during the tsunami of 2004?
Ans. It got submerged.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

Q.1. How are spring and neap tides formed.         [V. Imp.]
Ans. During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line and the tides are highest. These tides are called spring tides. But when the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of sun and earth resulting in low tides.
These tides are called neap tides.

Q.2. How are high tides important?[V. Imp.]
Ans. High tides are important for various reasons:

• They help in navigation
• The raise the water level close to the shores. This helps the ships to arrive at the harbour more easily.
• The high tides also help in fishing. Many more fish come closer to the shore during the high. This enables the fisherman to get a plentiful catch.
• The rise and fall of water due to tides is being used to generate electricity in some places.

Q.3. What are waves? Write a short note on it
Ans. Waves are the rise and fall of the water on the surface of the ocean. Waves are formed when winds scrape across the ocean surface. The stronger the wind blows, the bigger the wave becomes. During the storm, the winds blow at very high speed and therefore huge waves are formed. These waves are very strong, hence very destruction. They may cause huge devastation.

Q.4. Write a brief note on Tsunami.                    [Imp.]
Ans. Tsunami is a Japanese word that means ‘harbour waves’ as the harbours get destroyed whenever there is tsunami. An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift large amounts of ocean water. As a result tsunami occurs which may be as high as 15 m. The tsunami of 2004 is still in our mind. It caused huge death and destruction in the coastal areas of India. The Indira point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands got submerged after the tsunami.

Q.5. Write a note on the importance of water. [V. Imp.]
Ans. Water is life. Without water, we can not think of life. Its scarcity may create numerous problems but its absence would definitely lead to non-existence of all the living beings on the earth. It is a precious resource of the nature. We drink water whenever we feel thirsty. We use water in numerous activities such as washing clothes, cleaning house floors, watering garden etc. Industries also need water for their functioning. Thus, water is very essential and therefore we must conserve it. Our careless use of water has created several problems. Whatever water is there, it is not of good quality. We should think about the ways of its conservation for our own sake.

Q.6. Explain water cycle with a neat and labelled diagram.                                             [V. Imp.]
Ans. The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water, flowing down to stream or drains into water vapour. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. These clouds, when become too heavy to float, start falling on the land or sea in the form of rain, snow or sleet. Thus, the process by which water continuously changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

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LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions

Q.1. Give an account of ocean currents. [Imp.]

Ans. Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions. The ocean currents may be warm or cold. The warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles. The cold current

carry water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes. For example the Labrador Ocean current is cold current while the Gulf Stream is a warm current. The ocean current influence the temperature conditions of the area.
Warm currents bring about warm temperature over land surface. The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds of the world. For example seas around Japan and the eastern coast of North America. The areas where a warm and cold current meet also experience foggy weather and therefore navigation becomes difficult.

Q.2. How do we classify ocean movements? Explain. [V. Imp.]
Ans. Ocean movements can be classified into waves, tides and currents.

• When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves. Waves are formed when winds scrape across the ocean surface. The stronger the wind blows, the bigger the wave becomes.
• The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is known as a tide. Tides may be high or low. It is high tide when water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level. It is low tide when water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore. Tides are caused due to the strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and moon on the earth’s surface. High tides help in navigation and fishing. The rise and fall of water due to tides is being used to generate electricity in some places.
• Ocean currents. These are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions. The ocean currents may be warm such as the Gulf Stream and cold such as the Labrador Ocean current. The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing ground of the world. For example, seas around Japan and the eastern Coast of North America.

NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

1. In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.
An important part of the Constitution says it is the “duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. ”
Answer: Living standard means the level of living of people at which they live. If they live in hygeinic conditions enjoying all the comforts of life, it means their living standard is high. On the contrary, if they are bound to live in a filthy surroundings and drink polluted water and eat unhygeinic foods, it means they lead a low standard of living.
Public health. It refers to the health of the general public.

2. What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer: The government can take steps to provide healthcare for all by:

• Increasing the number of hospitals, healthcare centres and family welfare centres.
• Organising free camps for check up of general public.
• Organising Pulse Polio campaigns.
• Spreading health awareness among common people through different means. Workshops, seminars and training camps can also prove to be effective ways.

3. ‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases’. Explain with the help of examples.
Answer: Water and sanitation are the basic necessities for the maintenance of our health. Poor quality of water causes a lot of health problems. Similarly poor sanitation causes many epidemics giving birth to dangerous insects and worms. Recently we saw the spread of Dengue caused by Aedes (a mosquito). Malaria is also caused by a mosquito called anopheles. Improvement in water and sanitation can control these happenings.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. What do people in a democratic country expect the government?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: People in a democratic country expect the government to work for their welfare.

2. Where do most doctor prefer to settle?
Answer: Most doctors prefer to settle in urban areas.

3. Name some water borne diseases.
Answer: Diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis.

4. What problem do rural people face whenever they come in a grip of an illness?
Answer: They have to travel long distances to reach a doctor.

5. What do we need to prevent and treat illnesses?
Answer: We need appropriate healthcare facilities such as health centres, hospitals laboratories for testing, ambulance services, etc.

6. What do you mean by a public health care system? [V. Imp.]
Answer: This is a system of hospitals and health centres run by the government.

7. What happened to Hakim Sheik?
Answer: One evening in 1992, he accidently fell off a running train and suffered head injuries.

8. Why did Hakim Sheik file a case in the court?
Answer: Hakim Sheik filed a case in the court because of the indifferent attitude of various government hospitals that refused to admit him.

9. Who got costly medical treatment—Aman or Raryan?
Answer: Ranjan got costly medical treatment.

10. What did the court ask the State Government in Hakim Sheik case?
Answer: The court asked the State Government to give Hakim Sheik the money that he had spent on his treatment.

11. What is full form of RMPs? Where are they found?
Answer: Registered Medical Practitioners. They are found in the rural areas.

12. Where are private services, easily available?
Answer: Private services are easily available in urban areas.

13. Why are poor people more likely to fall ill?
Answer: Poor people are more likely to fall ill because they are not provided basic necessities like drinking water, adequate housing, clean surroundings, etc.

14. Why are women not taken to a doctor in a prompt manner?
Answer: It is because women’s health concerns are considered to be less important than the health of men in the family.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. Define health in broader prospective. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The common definition of health is the ability of a person to remain free of illness and injuries. But health is not only about disease. It is something more than that. Apart from disease, we need to think of other factors such as safe drinking water, clean surroundings etc. because they affect our health in various ways. If people fail to get these basic amenities of life, they will fall ill. Being active and in good spirits are also essential part of health. We also need to be without mental stress, because we cannot be healthy for a long time if we are under mental strain.

2. Mention some positive aspects of healthcare in India. [Imp.]
Answer: Some positive aspects of healthcare in India are:
(a) India has a good number of doctors, clinics and hospitals. It is among the largest producers of doctors.
(b) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years. The number of hospitals grew from 11,174 in 1991 to 18,218 in 2000.
(c) India gets a large number of medical tourists from several countries. They come for treatment in some of the world famous hospitals in India.
(d) India is the fourth largest producers of medicines in the world and also a large exporter of medicines.

3. What are the negative aspects of healthcare in India? [Imp.]
Answer: The negative aspects of healthcare in India are:
(a) Rural people face the crisis of doctors, because most doctors settle in urban areas. They have to travel long distances to reach a doctor.
(b) About live lakh people die from tuberculosis every year. Almost two million cases of mal aria are reported every year.
(c) Clean drinking water is not available to all. As a result poor people easily become prey to various waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea worms, hepatitis etc.
(d) Half of all children in India do not get adequate food to eat and
are undernourished.

4. Write down the main features of public health system. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The main features of public health system are:
(a) It provides quality healthcare services either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can seek treatment.
(b) It takes action to prevent the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, jaundice, etc. Time to time it takes up a campaign to see that mosquitoes do not breed in water-coders, roof tops etc.
(c) This system is available in both rural and urban areas.

5. What did the court say in the case of Hakim Sheik?
Answer: The court said that the difficulty that Hakim Sheik had to face could have cost him his life. If a hospital cannot provide timely medical treatment to a person, it means that the protection of life is not being given. The court also said that it was the duty of the government to provide the necessary health services, including treatment in emergency situations. Hospitals and medical staff must fulfil their duty of providing essential treatment. As various government hospitals refused to admit him, the State Government was asked to give Hakim Sheik the money that he had spent on his treatment.

6. How can you say that adequate healthcare is not available to all?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: We can say without any doubt that adequate healthcare is not available to all in our country. The reason is that private services are increasing but public services are not. As a result private services are mainly available to people. But these services are concentrated in urban areas and are very expensive. Poor people hardly afford them whenever there is illness in the family, they either borrow money or sell some of their possessions to pay for the expenses. Thus, medical expenses cause great hardship for the poor. Therefore, they avoid to go to a doctor unless it is very urgent.
It has been found that women are not taken to a doctor in a prompt manner. Their health concerns are easily ignored. Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly.

LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. Compare public health services with those of private health services.  [V. Imp.]
Answer: (a) Public health services are run by the government while private health services are managed by the individuals or companies.
(b) Public health services provide health care facilities either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can seek treatment easily. Thus, money-making is not a goal of public health services. So far private health services are concerned, they are run mainly for profit. They usually prescribe expensive medicines. It is common for private doctors to prescribe unnecessary medicines, injections or saline bottles when tablets or simple medicines can suffice.
(c) Public health services are found both in rural and urban areas. But private health services are concentrated in urban areas.
(d) We often find huge rush at the government hospitals. People have to wait for hours in a long queue. But private hospitals are maintained properly. People don’t face such long queues there.

2. What is Costa Rican approach? Explain.   [V. Imp.]
Answer: Coasta Rica is a country in North America. It is considered to be one of the healthiest countries in the countinent. The coasta Rican govt, gave much importance to the health of its citizens. It took an important decision and decided not to have an army. In this way it saved money and began to spend this money on health, education and other basic needs of the people. The costa Rican government believes that a country has to be healthy for its development and pays a sincere attention to the health of its people. The Costa Rican government provides all the basic services and amenities to all the people of the country. It provides clean drinking water, sanitation, nutrition and housing. Health education has been made an important part of the education and at all levels students are provided knowledge about health.
The Costa Rican approach towards health is praiseworthy and inspiring.

3. What major changes were made by the Kerala government in the state in 1996?
Answer: The Kerala government made some major changes in the state in 1996. It gave 40% of the entire state budget to panchayats so that they could plan and provide for their requirements. This made it possible for a village to make sure that proper planning was done for water, food, women’s development and education. In this way water supply schemes were checked, the working of schools and anganwadis was ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up. Health centres were also improved.
Inspite of all these efforts, some problems such as shortage of medicines, insufficient hospital beds, not enough doctors still exist and these are needed to be solved.

NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Geography Social Science Chapter 4 Air

Question 1.  Answer the following Questions briefly.
(i)   What is atmosphere?
(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
(iii) Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
(iv) What is weather?
(v)   Name three types of rainfall
(vi) What is air pressure?
Answer:
(i) Atmosphere is a thin blanket of air that surrounds the earth. It protects us from the harmful rays of the sun. It consists of several gases in which nitrogen and oxygen occupy the major portion.
(ii) Nirtrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) make the bulk of the atmosphere.
(iii) Carbon dioxide creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.
(iv) Weather is hour-to-hour, day-to-day condition of the atmosphere.
(v)

• Convectional rainfall
• Orographic rainfall
• Cyclonic rainfall.

(vi) The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface is known as air pressure.

Question 2.  Tick the correct answer:
(i)  Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide                            (b) Nitrogen
(c) Ozone.
(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is
(a) Troposphere       (b)        Thermosphere
(c) Mesosphere.
(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Trosphere                                      (b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere.
(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure
(a) Increases         (b) Decreases
(c) Ramains the same.
(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called
(a) Cloud           (b) Rain
(c) Snow.
Answer:  (i)—(c), (ii)—(a), (iii)—(b), (iv)—(b), (v)—(b).

Very Short Type Questions

Question 1.  How does carbon dioxide create green house effect?              [V. Imp.]
Answer:  Crbon dioxide creates greenhouse effect by trappeing the heat radiated from the earth.

Question 2.  What is the significance of greenhouse gas?
Answer:  Without the greenhouse gas the earth would have been too cold to line in.

Question 3.  What happens when air is heated?
Answer: When air is heated, it expands, becomes lighter and goes up.

Question 4.  What is the nature of cold air?
Ans. It has tendency to go down.

Question 5.  Why do green plants use carbon dioxide? [Imp.]
Answer:  Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release oxygen.

Question 6.  What is an important feature of Stratosphere?
Answer:  Stratosphere contains a layer of ozone gas.

Question 7.  How is ozone important for us?  [Imp.]
Answer: It protects us from the harmful effect o
f the sunrays.

Question 8.  What is temperature?
Answer: The degree of hotness and coldness of the air is known as temperature.

Question 9.  What is insolation?
Answer:  Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth.

Question 10.  Why is there no air pressure on the moon?
Answer: There is no air on the moon and therefore no air pressure.

Question 11.  Where is air pressure highest?
Answer: Air pressure is highest at the sea level.

Question 12.  How does air move?
Answer:  Air moves from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.

Question 13.  Name three types of winds.
Answer: 

1. Permanent winds
2. Seasonal winds
3. Local winds.

Question  14.  What is the hot and dry wind of northern planes of India called?
Ans. It is called loo.

Q.15 What is called humidity? [V. Imp.]
Ans. Moisture in the air at any time is called humidity.

Q 16 Why do we feel uncomfortable on a humid day?
Ans. It is because sweat from our body does not evaporate easily.

Q.17 How is flooding of low lying areas caused? [V. Imp.]
Ans. When trees on hill sides are cut, rainwater flows down the bare mountains. This causes flooding of low lying areas.

Q.18 Name various forms of precipitation.
Ans.

1. Rain
2. Snow
3. Sleet
4. Hail

Q.19 How is a wind named?
Ans. A wind is named after the direction from which it blows.                         ‘

SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

Q.1 Give an account of the composition of the atmosphere. [V. Imp.]
Ans. Our atmosphere is composed of mainly two gases—nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). Other gases like carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, orgon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities. Apart from these gases, tiny dust particles are also present in the air.

Q.2 How do Bacteria help plants use nitrogen? [V. Imp.]
Ans. Nitrogen is essential for the survival of plant. But plants cannot take nitrogen directly from the air. Bacteria, that live in the soil and roots of some plants, take nitrogen from the air and change its form so that plants can use it.

Q.3 How does nature balance our life? What is the result if this balance is disturbed?[V. Imp.]
Ans. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release oxygen. Humans or animals release carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balance. But this balance is disturbed by burning of fuels, which add billions of tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As a result, the increased volume of carbon dioxide is affecting the earth’s weather and climate.

Q.4 Why is temperature in cities much higher than that of villages ?
Ans. In cities we find high rise buildings. The concrete and metals in these buildings and the asaphalt of roads get heated up during the day. This heat is released during the night.
Another reason is that the crowded high rise buildings of the cities trap the warm air and thus raise the temperature of the cities.

Q.5 Write a short note on the distribution of air pressure in atmosphere. [Imp.]
Ans. Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface. As we go up the layers of atmosphere, the pressure falls rapidly .The air pressure is highest at the sea level and decreases with height. Horizonally the distribution of air pressure is influenced by temperature of air at a given place. In areas where temperature is high the air gets heated and rises. This creates a low pressure area. In areas having lower temperature, the air is cold, hence, it is heavy. Heavy air sinks and creates a high pressure area.

Q.6 Why do astronauts wear special protective suits when they go to the moon?
Ans. Astronauts wear special protective space suits filled with air when they go to the moon. If they did not wear these space suits, the counter pressure exerted by the body of the astronauts would make the blood vessels burst. The astronauts would bleed.

Q.7 How is rainfall important for us ? What happens when there is excess rain? [V. Imp.]
Ans. Rainfall is very important for the survival of plants and animals. It brings fresh water to the earth’s surface. If rainfall is less, there is water scarcity which sometime causes drought like situation. If there is excess rain, floods take place which make the life of the affected people miserable.

LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions

Q.1 Give an account of the different layers of the atmosphere. [V. Imp.]
Ans. Our atmosphere has five different layers. They are:

1. Troposphere: This is the most important layer of the atmosphere with average height of 13 km from the earth. It is in this layer that we find the air that we breathe. Almost all the weather phenomena such as rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur here.
2. Stratosphere: This layer extends up to a height of 50 km. It presents the most ideal conditions for flying aeroplanes. It contains a layer of ozone gas which protects us from the harmful effect of the sunrays.
3. Mesosphere: This layer extends up to the height of 80 km. Meteorites bum up in this layer on entering from the space.
4. Thermosphere: In this layer temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height. Ionosphere is a part of this layer. It extends between 80—400 km. This layer helps in radio transmission. Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.
5. Exosphere: It is the uppermost layer where there is very thin air. Light gases such as helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.

Q.2 What is wind? Mention its different types.
Ans. Wind is the movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure areas. It is divided into three types:

1. Permanent winds
2. Seasonal winds
3. Local winds

1. Permanent winds. The trade winds, westerlies and easterlies are the permanent winds. These blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction.
2. Seasonal winds. These winds change their direction in different seasons. For example: monsons in India.
3. Local winds. These winds blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area. For example: land and sea breeze. Loo is a local wind which hot and dry and blow in the northern plains of India during summers.

NCERT Solutions For Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 1 On Equality

1. In a democracy why is Universal Adult Franchise important?
Answer: In a democracy every citizen is equal. The concept of Universal Adult Franchise is based on equality. Therefore, it is important in a democracy. Under Universal Adult Franchise every adult irrespective of caste, creed, religion, sex etc. is allowed to vote.

2. Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality?
Answer: This Article addresses inequality in terms of access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment, or [b] the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

3. In what ways was Omprakash Valmikis experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer: Both Omprakash Valmiki and Ansaris were subjected to discrimination. Omprakash was not allowed to sit with other students in the classroom and was made to sweep the school and the playground only because he was a dalit. Similarly, the Ansaris were not given a flat in a locality where lived the people belonging to religion other than theirs. The moment the landlady came to know about their names, she declined to rent the house. In both the cases the dignity of a person is violated.

4. What do you understand by the term“all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer: It means that every person, from the President of the country to a domestic help like Kanta has to obey the same laws. No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste etc. Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
Equality is the soul of democracy. We know that democracy is a form of government which gives equal importance and recognition to all. If inequalities on the basis of race, religion, caste, etc. continue to exist, democracy would never flourish. Instead, it would perish very soon.

5. The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, school etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps. 
Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building and accessible for him?

How would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?
Answer: The boy in the photograph is disabled. As per the law this building should have been accessible for him. But we see the law is not being implemented in his case. He is being carried down by security personnels through stairs. This building does not provide ramps. The boy’s dignity is overlooked here. He may morally feel inferior. The way he is carried down the stars may prove dangerous. Law should take this case to the court.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. What is Joothan about?
Answer: It is about the bitter experiences of growing up of a dalit boy.

2. What suggestion was given to Ansaris by the property dealer?
Answer: They were suggested to change their names and call themselves Mr and Mrs kumar

3. On what basis were the Ansaris treated unequally?
Ans. The Ansaris were treated unequally on the basis of religion.

4. What do you mean by ‘dignity’? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Dignity means thinking of one self and others as worthy of self-respect.

5. What are the two ways in which the government has tried to implement the equality that guaranteed in the constitution?
Answer: (i) Through laws
(ii) Through government programmes or schemes to help unprivileged groups.

6. Who have been employed to cook the meal under midday meal scheme?
Answer: Dalit women have been employed for this purpose.

7. How did B.R. Ambedkar view self-respect?
Answer: B.R. Ambedkar viewed self-respect as the most vital factor in life, without which man was cipher.

8. What was the condition of the African-Americans in the United States of America prior to 1950s?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: Prior to 1950’s, the African-Americans were treated extremely unequally in the USA and denied equality through law.

9. What is known as the Civil Rights Movements?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: A movement took place in the USA in the late 1950’s to push for equal rights for African-Americans. This movement later came to be known as Civil Rights Movement.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. What is it that makes Kanta unsure?
Answer: Kanta is a poor domestic worker. She lives in a slum which is very filthy. Her daughter is sick but she cannot skip work because she needs to borrow money from her employers to take her daughter to the doctor. Her job as a domestic help is not a permanent. She can be removed by her employers any time.

2. Mention two different kinds of inequalities that exist in our country. Give examples.  [V. Imp.]
Answer: Two different kinds of inequalities that exist in our country are—inequalities based on the caste system and that based on the religion.
Omprakash Valmiki was treated extremely unequally because he was a dalit. In school, his headmaster made him sweep the school and the playground.
The Ansaris were treated unequally on the basis differences of religion. They were looking to rent an apartment in the city. They were about to take an apartment at the first sight. But the moment the land lady knew their names she declined to rent the house.

3. Write a note on equality in Indian democracy.  [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Indian constitution recognises all persons as equals. This means that every individual in the country irrespective of his/her caste, religion, educational and economic backgrounds is recognised as equal. Although, inequality still exists in the country, yet the principle of the equality of all persons is recognised. While earlier no law existed to protect people from discrimination and ill treatment now there are several that work to see that people are treated with dignity.

4. Write a brief note on the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Answer: The Civil Rights Act was passed in the year 1964. The Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It also stated t
hat all schools would be open to African-American children and that they would no longer have to attend separate schools specially set up for them. However, a majority of African-Americans continue to be among the poorest in the country.

LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions

1. What are the provision made in the constitution for the recognition of equality?  [V. Imp.]
Answer: The provisions made in the constitution for the recognition of equality are as follow:
(a) Every person is equal before the law. What this means is that every person, from the President of India to a domestic worker like Kanta, has to obey the same laws.
(b) No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste, race place of birth or whether they are male or female.
(c) Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
(d) Untouchability has been abolished.

2. How can you say that establishment of equality in society is a continuous struggle?
Answer: Inspite of several efforts made by the government inequalities still exist in our society. Even today low caste people are being discriminated against and treated unequally. The reason behind it is that people refuse to think of them as equal even though the law requires it. This attitude of the people is so deeply rooted that it can not change all of a sudden. It will take a lot of time. Even though  people are aware that discrimination is against the law, they continue to treat others unequally on the basis of caste and religion. People are also discriminated against on the basis of economic status, disability and gender.
Unless people believe that every person deserves to be treated equally and with dignity, the present attitude cannot be rooted out. Changing people’s attitude is a very slow process and hence establishment of equality in society is a continuous struggle.