Category: Energy Management Objective Questions

Energy & Environment Management Multiple Choice Questions on “Value of Biodiversity & Bio-piracy”.

1. How many types of economical values are there for biodiversity?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
Clarification: Economically there are two main types of values of biodiversity are there. They are, a) Use value, and b) Non use value. In Use value there are three types namely direct values, indirect values, and option values. In Non use value there are two types namely bequest value and existence value.

2. What are called for the value of nature’s products that are consumed directly?
a) Productive value
b) Indirect value
c) Non-consumptive value
d) Consumptive value
Answer: d
Clarification: Consumptive values are the values of nature’s products that are consumed directly. Some of the examples of consumptive values are firewood’s, fodder and meat. Consumptive use value seldom appears in National income accounts.

3. “Flowers offered to the god” is an example of ___________________
a) Non-consumptive values of biodiversity
b) Consumptive values of biodiversity
c) Social value of biodiversity
d) Ethical values of biodiversity
Answer: c
Clarification: Biodiversity in India is important for its religious, spiritual and other cultural uses. Many plants and animals have ritual significance. The entire ecosystem is utilized for cultural and spiritual purposes.

4. Which one of the following values of diversity we can classified for ‘The beauty of waterfall in the Western Ghats’?
a) Ethical values
b) Social values
c) Option values
d) Aesthetic values
Answer: d
Clarification: Aesthetic value provides physical, intellectual and emotional satisfying for humans. Nearly everyone enjoys wildlife and joy makes our lives good lives. It will reduce the stress and give a great pleasure to eyes.

5. Why biodiversity is of great scientific value?
a) Because many species of plants and animals are the subjects of our research
b) Because biodiversity can be use only in space
c) Because biodiversity can only be useful for scientist
d) Because biodiversity provides only few products that helps for humans
Answer: a
Clarification: During the usage of many species for research and in turn we get a lot of knowledge on plants, insects and animals from this we find better ways of making medicines, hybrid plants, and many other things that are helpful to humans.

6. Biodiversity provides Option values.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Option values include unknown potential of biodiversity. There are many plants and animals which have not yet been discovered or even if they have been discovered we do not know the importance of such plants.

7. Which one of the following is the backbone of viable ecosystems on which we depend on for basic necessities?
a) Pollution
b) Atmosphere
c) Biodiversity
d) Pollination
Answer: c
Clarification: Biodiversity forms the backbone of viable ecosystems on which we depend on for basic necessities. These ecosystem services play an important role in the functioning of our climate and in both air and water quality.

8. What is called for the illegal collection of indigenous plants by corporations ho patent them for there own use?
a) Biopiracy
b) Biomagnifications
c) Biodegradation
d) Biodiversity
Answer: a
Clarification: Biopiracy means the commercial development of biological compounds by a technologically advanced country or organization without obtaining consent from the people or nations in whose territory the material were discovered.

9. Why we should not encourage biopiracy?
a) Because it kills the whole biodiversity
b) Because it doesn’t provide any useful for humans
c) Because it takes years of time
d) Because it creates inequality between nations
Answer: d
Clarification: Greenpeace claims a strong opposition for biopiracy. They claim these practices contribute to inequality between developing countries rich in biodiversity, and developed countries which hosts companies that involve n biopiracy.

10. Why India has been traditionally one of the targets of biopiracy?
a) Because India has more population
b) Because India has large amount of biodiversity
c) Because India’s don’t use biodiversity
d) Because India do not impose any punishment for biopiracy
Answer: b
Clarification: The countries most affected by biopiracy are the most biodiverse. India is the country which has large amount of biodiversity. Because of the richness in biodiversity many countries illegally make patents to the Indian indigenous plants.

11. Which of the following professions are highly affected by biopiracy?
a) Politicians
b) Actors
c) Businessman
d) Farmers
Answer: d
Clarification: Biopiracy is highly affected o farmers. Biopiracy is widely affects the countries which are highly relying on agriculture. Farmers worldwide are outraged that plants they developed are being hijacked by companies.

12. Why we should take strict action against biopiracy in India?
a) Because Indian population is high
b) Because India carrying the Earth’s richest biodiversity
c) Because Indian Area is less
d) Because Indian policies are not efficient
Answer: b
Clarification: India carrying the Earth’s richest biodiversity. It is very much vulnerable to biopiracy. There has been indiscriminate exploitation of traditional knowledge without equitable sharing of benefits. Hence there is an urgent need to make amendments to avoid biopiracy.

13. Biopiracy is legal.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: Biopiracy is illegal because, in violation of international conventions and corresponding domestic laws, it does not respect or adequately compensate the rightful owners of the life forms appropriated.

14. When did Convention on Biological Diversity established?
a) 1990
b) 1991
c) 1992
d) 1993
Answer: d
Clarification: Convention on Biological Diversity is one of the actions taken against biopiracy. It was established in 1993. It establishes sovereign national rights over biological sources and commits the countries which are the members to conserve them.

Advanced Energy Management Questions and Answers on “Food Resources”.

1. Which is the major source of animal protein in the Earth?
a) Milk
b) Egg
c) Fat
d) Fish
Answer: d
Clarification: Fish is the major source of animal protein in the Earth. Fish are aquatic animals which is seen in oceans and other water bodies. It contains the high amount of proteins. Nowadays fishes are raised in fisheries.

2. Which crop provides more energy when compared to any other type of crop in the world?
a) Pulses
b) Corn
c) Cereal
d) Legumes
Answer: c
Clarification: Cereal grain is a staple food that provides more food energy than any other type of crop. All the other type of food like corns, pulses also provide energy but they don’t match the energy that is providing by cereals.

3. Among the following which is not a organic farming?
a) Compost
b) Crop rotation
c) Chemical fertilizers
d) Green manures
Answer: c
Clarification: Compost, crop rotation and green manures come under organic farming in which no chemicals are added to it. But in chemical fertilizers as the name indicates they use chemicals to raise the crops, so it is not a organic farming.

4. Fruit bearing trees are renewable food sources.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Fruit bearing trees are renewable food resources. Renewable food resources are those that may be able to sustain themselves against all the types of external harmful conditions and environmental conditions and produce year after year.

5. Apiculture means_______________
a) Rearing Silk Moths
b) Rearing Cattles
c) Rearing Horses
d) Bee Keeping
Answer: d
Clarification: The word ‘Apiculture’ comes from the Latin word ‘apis’ meaning bee. Apiculture is the care and management of honey bees for the production of honey and wax. During bee keeping certain precautionary measures are taken.

6. Pigeon pea is a good source of______________
a) Vitamins
b) Calcium
c) Proteins
d) Iron
Answer: c
Clarification: Pigeon pea is a legume from the family ‘Fabaceae’ and it is not related to bird pigeon. It is consumed in large scale in South Asia and is a major source of protein for the people. Binomial name for pigeon pea is ‘Cajanus cajan’.

7. Which is the only insect in the entire world that can produce something that we can eat?
a) Bee
b) Ant
c) Lizard
d) Cockroach
Answer: a
Clarification: Bee produces honey. Honey is the only food that includes all the substances necessary to sustain life. An average worker bee produces about 1/12th teaspoon of honey in its lifespan. Honeybee’s lifespan is about six weeks.

8. The crops which are grown in summer season are called __________________
a) Kharif crop
b) Zaid crop
c) Rabi crop
d) Multiple crop
Answer: b
Clarification: The crops which are mainly grown in the summer season is called Zaid crop. They require warm, dry weather. The main produce of Zaid crops are seasonal fruits and seasonal vegetables. This crop can be cultivable in the end of summer season.

9. The crops which are grown in winter season are called___________________
a) Kharif crop
b) Multiple crop
c) Zaid crop
d) Rabi crop
Answer: d
Clarification: Rabi crops are grown in winter season. Though it sow in winter season it is harvested only in spring season in South Asia. The major rabi crop in India is wheat followed by barely, mustard, sesame and peas. Cool temperature is required for rabi crops.

10. BT cotton is an example for_______________
a) Organic farming
b) Chemical fertilization
c) GM crop
d) Cultivation
Answer: c
Clarification: BT cotton is an example of GM crop. BT cotton which is a GM crop was developed to insect resistant by the introduction of a new gene. GM are well known as genetically modified crops. Many oppositions raised against BT crops due to customs issues.

11. Processed food is good for health.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: Processes food is not good for health. It caused high blood pressure and increase the chance of type 2 diabetes. The term processed food includes any food that has been purposely changed in some way prior to consumption. It includes canned, frozen, packaged foods.

12. Sowing two or three crops together on the same land, one being the main crop and other as subsidiaries is known as___________
a) Crop rotation
b) Mixed cropping
c) Irrigation
d) Harvesting
Answer: b
Clarification: Mixed cropping means sowing two or more crops in the same land where one of them is the main crop. For example, growing of wheat and ground nut on the same field. Here nitrogen used by wheat is restored by leguminous plants, so there is no need to add nitrogenous fertilizers.

13. Growing different crops on the same land in pre planned succession is known as___________
a) Crop rotation
b) Inter cropping
c) Mixed cropping
d) Irrigation
Answer: a
Clarification: Crop rotation is the systematic or pre planned planting of different crops in a particular order over several years in the same growing space. This process helps to maintain nutrients in the soil and prevents plant diseases and removes pests from the plant.

14. India’s global ranking in banana production is______________
a) Rank 1
b) Rank 2
c) Rank 3
d) Rank 4
Answer: a
Clarification: India stands in 1st rank in the production of banana. Whereas Uganda, China and Philippines stand 2nd, 3rd and 4th rank respectively in the production of banana globally. India also stands Rank 1 in jute and mango production.

To practice advanced questions and answers on all areas of Energy Management,

Energy & Environment Management Multiple Choice Questions on “Desert Ecosystems”.

1. In which of the following place we can find the cold deserts?
a) Bangalore
b) Chennai
c) Himalaya
d) Rajasthan
Answer: c
Clarification: Cold deserts are the deserts where we can find less vegetation and few organisms which is adopted to live in cold regions. Cold deserts covered with snow. We can also find this cold deserts in the high plateaus of the Himalayas.

2. What kind of climate we can find in the Thar desert?
a) Cold
b) Dry
c) Cool
d) Moist
Answer: b
Clarification: The climate in the Thar desert is extremely dry. Most of the typical desert landscape seen in Rajasthan is in the Thar desert. Thar desert has sand dunes and it also has areas covered with spares grasses with few shrubs.

3. Where can we find babul tree?
a) In deserts ecosystems
b) In river deltas
c) In grassland ecosystems
d) In semi-arid ecosystems
Answer: d
Clarification: Semi-Arid ecosystem or also known as a desert vegetation. The areas in the adjoining semi-arid tract, the vegetation consists of a few shrubs and thorny trees. Babul is one of the thorny tree found along with the kher tree.

4. Why Rann of Kutch attracts aquatic birds in monsoon season?
a) Because desert land is converted to forest land
b) Because desert land is converted to snow
c) Because desert land do not convert
d) Because desert land is converted to salt marshes
Answer: d
Clarification: Rann of Kutch is extraordinarily specialized air ecosystems. In summer the land is similar to a desert landscape. These are low-lying areas near the sea, they are converted to salt marshes during the monsoon.

5. Which is the only breeding colony of the flamingos in India?
a) The Little Rann
b) The Great Rann of Kutch
c) The Himalayans
d) Thar desert
Answer: b
Clarification: The Great Rann of Kutch is the only breeding colony of the greater and lesser flamingos in India. Condition in this landscape suits for flamingos to breed during a certain period of the year. The Little Rann of Kutch is the only home of the wild ass in India.

6. Desert and semi-arid regions have many organisms such as insects, birds and animals.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Desert and semi-arid regions have a number of specialized insects and reptiles. The rare animals such as Indian Wolf, desert cat, desert fox and birds such as the great Indian bustard and florican also present in desert ecosystem.

7. For what purpose areas of scanty vegetation is used?
a) Grazing
b) Farming
c) Water storage
d) To generate wind power
Answer: a
Clarification: Areas of scanty vegetation with semi-arid land have been used for cattle goat and camel in states like Rajasthan and Gujarat. This also used for sheep grazing in the Deccan plateau. So grazing is the main advantage for scanty vegetation area.

8. What makes desert region to become highly unproductive?
a) Salinity
b) Sunlight
c) Temperature
d) Increase in the rain
Answer: a
Clarification: The conversion of desert lands through extensive irrigation systems has changed several of the natural characteristics. Canal water evaporates rapidly bringing the salts to the surface. The region becomes highly unproductive as it becomes saline.

9. How can desert ecosystems be conserved?
a) By minimizing the human activity
b) By pouring water to desert area
c) By deforestation
d) By killing organisms
Answer: a
Clarification: Desert ecosystems can be conserved if we minimize the human activities in forest land and other cultivable land. Humans convert forest land in order to convert it to farming or for industrial usage.

10. Which of the following tribe protected trees from several generation in Rajasthan?
a) Bishnoi
b) Papadi
c) Korvanji
d) Gudus
Answer: a
Clarification: The Bishnoi tribe in Rajasthan is known to have protected their khejdi trees for several generations. The tradition began when the ruler of their region ordered his army to cut down trees for his own use.

11. Where can we see Indira Gandhi Canal?
a) Gujarat
b) Rajasthan
c) Punjab
d) Haryana
Answer: b
Clarification: The Indira Gandhi Canal is situated in Rajasthan. There is destroying in its important natural arid ecosystem as it will convert the region into an intensive agricultural land. Salt works also destroyed the area.

12. Which kind of soil we can found on the surface of Thar desert?
a) Rocky
b) Moist
c) Fertile
d) Aeolian
Answer: d
Clarification: The surface of the Thar desert consists of Aeolian sand. This Aeolian sand consists of wind deposited sand that has accumulated over the past 1.8 million years. The soil of the Thar desert remains dry throughout year.

13. Which is the biggest desert in the world including both hot and cold deserts?
a) Sahara
b) Arctic
c) Arabian
d) Antarctica
Answer: d
Clarification: Antarctica is the biggest desert in the world. Sahara is the biggest only in hot deserts but overall Antarctica comes to first place. The entirety of Antarctica is a desert with an annual precipitation of less than 200mm.

14. Deserts can only be ‘HOT’.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: Deserts are classified into hot desserts and cold deserts. Sahara is the biggest hot desert in the world with an area of 9,000,000(Miles squared), whereas Antarctica is the biggest cold desert as well as overall biggest desert.

Environment Management Assessment Questions and Answers on “Noise Pollution Control Techniques”.

1. How many fundamental ways in which noise can b controlled?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: d
Clarification: There are four fundamental ways in which noise can be controlled. a) Reduce noise at the source. b) Block the path of noise. c) Increase the path length. d) Protect the recipient. These four noise controlling ways reduce the noise pollution.

2. Which is the best way to control noise pollution among the four fundamental ways?
a) Reduce noise at the source
b) Block the path of noise
c) Increase the path length
d) Protect the recipient
Answer: a
Clarification: The best control method for noise pollution is to reduce the noise levels at the source. We a noise is reduced at the source tan pollution won’t occurrence in the proceeding steps and thus it won’t affect any organisms.

3. How can we reduce the noise in industries?
a) By not using the heavy machinery
b) By using rigid sealed enclosures
c) By using more robotics
d) By reduce the production of the industries
Answer: b
Clarification: In industries, noise reduction can be done by using rigid sealed enclosures around machinery, lined with acoustic absorbing material. Isolated machines and their enclosures from the floor can reduce the noise pollution at the source.

4. What is the main source of vehicular noise?
a) High speed
b) Movement of the vehicle’s tyres on the pavement
c) Low pressure
d) Fuel engine
Answer: b
Clarification: Most of the vehicular noise comes from the movement of the vehicle’s tyres on the pavement and wind resistance. Poorly maintained vehicles can also increase the noise pollution in the vehicles.

5. Which of the following is a way to reduce the traffic noise in the highway?
a) Constructing the vertical barriers
b) Increase the speed of the vehicles
c) Using old engine vehicles
d) Horning in unnecessary time
Answer: a
Clarification: The path of traffic noise can be locked by constructing vertical barriers along the highways. Proper highway planning and design are essential for controlling traffic noise. Establishing lower speed limits for highways also reduced the noise.

6. Noise levels at construction sites can be controlled using proper construction planning and scheduling techniques.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Noise levels at construction sites can be controlled using proper construction planning and scheduling techniques. Certain techniques should be used in order to reduce the noise generated by machineries. Avoid construction timings during the night in order to disturbed the surrounding places.

7. What is the best way to reduce the noise pollution around houses?
a) Throwing all noisy machines
b) Built a noise resistant shield across the house
c) Use of ear buds to reduce the noise
d) Planting trees around houses
Answer: d
Clarification: To block the path of noise, planting trees around houses can be an effective way. In some situations trees will reduce noise levels up to 50% but to be effective we need a trees barrier that is at least 50 feet deep.

8. In order to reduce the roadside noise which of the following product Australian Government designed?
a) Sound tube
b) Ear buds
c) Ear repellent
d) Noise repellent
Answer: a
Clarification: In Melbourne, Australia a special instrument called as a sound tube is designed. This sound tube reduced the roadway noise without detracting from the area’s aesthetics and thus it lowers the noise pollution.

9. What is the best way to reduce aircraft noise?
a) By using shield around aircraft
b) By using quieter jet engines
c) By using heavy propellants
d) By using white paint
Answer: b
Clarification: Aircraft noise can be reduced significantly by using quieter jet engines. The old engines which cause more noise should be replaced by the new engines which cause less noise. Altering paths and time of day runway is also reduced the noise pollution.

10. What is used during sleep in order to avoid noise pollution?
a) Mask
b) Earplugs
c) Cotton shirts
d) Jackets
Answer: b
Clarification: Earplugs reduced the noise pollution which can help humans to sleep peacefully. Earplugs are a cheap drugstore purchase that makes humans sleep by barring the noise. Noise canceling headphones are also used while sleeping to reduce noise.

11. How does a car in good condition can cause less pollution?
a) It goes in high speed
b) It requires less fuel
c) It gives safety
d) It avoids muffler chugging down the streets
Answer: d
Clarification: The sound of a car without a muffler chugging down the street reduces the noise pollution. Keeping car in good and quiet working order reduces the amount of noise it generates and thus it gives a great impact on noise.

12. Which of the following way reduce noise pollution?
a) Turn on the loud devices
b) Turn on white noise
c) Using old engines vehicles
d) Bursting crackers
Answer: b
Clarification: Turning on white noise can reduce the harsh noise. Turn on white noise is a counterintuitive, adding more pleasant noise on top of other noise. For example, the drone of a fan can be a pleasant white noise if you have a quality fan.

13. Which of the following steps can take by government in order to reduce the noise pollution?
a) Enforcement of all noise laws
b) Constructing more roads
c) Increasing the number of vehicles
d) Not to create awareness about the noise pollution
Answer: a
Clarification: Enforcement of all noise laws is variable and often subjective. Even where laws exist, municipalities may not have sufficient noise enforcement personnel who are well trained and also a person who is an ability to monitor noise compliance.

14. Drown out of noise with pleasant sounds can reduce noise pollution.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Drown out the noise with pleasant sounds are a natural choice that serves the purpose to eliminate unpleasant noise while filling the space where sounds that give pleasure. Pleasant music, sounds of ocean, etc are few examples.

Environment Management Assessment Questions,

Energy & Environment Management Multiple Choice Questions on “Ozone Layer Depletion”.

1. Which of the following action takes place in the formation of ozone?
a) Action of daylight on oxygen
b) Action of daylight on nitrogen
c) Action of daylight on hydrogen
d) Action of daylight on phosphorous
Answer: a
Clarification: Ozone is made by the action of daylight on oxygen. It forms a layer 20 to 50 km over the surface of the earth. This action of formation of ozone over the surface of the earth takes place naturally within the atmosphere.

2. How many oxygen particles are there in every atom of ozone?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
Clarification: Ozone is a type of oxygen that has three particles in every atom. The formation of ozone is extremely slow. Ozone gas is extremely toxic with a powerful odor. This toxic gas is harmful to environment.

3. Why ozone within the upper environment is important?
a) Because it provides rain to the earth
b) It protects the earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiations
c) It provides good aesthetic view to the atmosphere
d) It protects the earth from floods
Answer: b
Clarification: Ozone within the upper environment is important to all existence because it protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolent radiations. The ozone layer within upper atmosphere absorbs the sun’s ultraviolent radiations and it prevents it to reach the earth surface.

4. Which of the following is threat to the ozonosphere?
a) Nitrogen dioxide
b) Oxygen
c) CFCs
d) Carbon dioxide
Answer: c
Clarification: Ozone layer within the atmosphere protects life on earth from harmful ultraviolent radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were used as refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants expose a threat to the ozonosphere.

5. Which one of the following is a result of ozone layer depletion?
a) Increase in the oxygen level
b) Increase in the nitrogen level
c) Increase in the phosphorous level
d) Increases in the carbon dioxide level
Answer: d
Clarification: The destruction of the ozone layer causes harm to positive vegetation and to plankton and accordingly affecting nature’s food chains and food webs. This in turn causes an increase in carbon dioxide due to the decrease in vegetation.

6. Ozone at a ground level considered as a pollutant.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Clarification: Ozone is taken into consideration as a pollutant at ground level and constitutes a health risk. The health risks like inflicting respiratory ailments like allergies and bronchitis and other health related issues.

7. In which layer of atmosphere ozone is very vital for all vegetation?
a) Upper atmosphere
b) Below atmosphere
c) Ground level
d) Below ground level
Answer: a
Clarification: Ozone in the upper atmosphere is vital to all forms of life as it protects the earth from harmful UV radiations. Ozone at ground level is considered a pollutant at ground level and causes harm to vegetation.

8. Which atom released when CFCs molecules are broken from UV radiations?
a) Oxygen
b) Chlorine
c) Nitrogen
d) Arsenic
Answer: b
Clarification: The CFC molecules are virtually indestructible until they reach the level of stratosphere. In stratosphere UV radiations breaks them down to release chlorine atoms. These chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules to break them down into oxygen molecules.

9. What is the full form of CFCs?
a) Chlorofluorocarbons
b) Chlorine fluorocarbons
c) Chromate fluorocarbons
d) Chlorofluridcarbons
Answer: a
Clarification: CFCs stands for chlorofluorocarbons. In the 1970s, scientists discovered chlorofluorocarbons, which are used as refrigerants and aerosol spray propellants, pose a threat to the ozone layer.

10. Which is the first place where scientist found the thinning of ozone layer?
a) Atmosphere above Australia
b) Atmosphere above Antarctica
c) Atmosphere above India
d) Atmosphere above France
Answer: b
Clarification: Antarctica was the first place where scientist comes to known about the thinning of ozone layer. In the early 1980s, scientists have detected a thinning of the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica.

11. Which treaty was signed in 187 for the protection of ozone layer?
a) The Montreal Protocol
b) The Kyoto Protocol
c) Ozone Summit
d) Wildlife Conservation Act
Answer: a
Clarification: The Montreal Protocol which was signed in 1987 is a treaty for the protection of the ozone layer, the use of CFCs was to be banned by the year 2000, after which the ozone layer is expected to slowly recover over a period of about 50 years.

12. Which one of the following cause ozone layer depletion?
a) Oxygen
b) Mercury
c) Sodium silicate
d) Methyl chloroform
Answer: d
Clarification: Methyl chloroform belongs to ‘Ozone Depleting Substances’. There are other chemical substances apart from the chlorofluorocarbons that are generally grouped as ozone depleting substances. Methyl chloroform used on making industrial solvents.

13. Which compound which used in fire extinguishers cause ozone layer depletion?
a) Sodium aluminates
b) Phosphates
c) Halons
d) Sulfurous silicate
Answer: c
Clarification: Halons are compounds formed by Br, F and C. Because of its ability to put out fires, they are used in fire extinguishers, although their manufacture and use is prohibited in many countries because of their ozone depleting action.

14. The reduced in the use of CFCs completely prevents the ozone layer depletion.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Clarification: The reduced in the use of CFCs didn’t completely prevent the ozone layer depletion. Although the use of CFCs has been reduced and banned in most countries, other chemicals like bromine, nitrous oxides and halocarbons continue to attack the ozone layer.