Category: Fermentation Technology Objective Questions

Fermentation Technology Multiple Choice Questions on “Brewing Yeast – Yeast Genome”.

1. Who published the complete sequence of the genome of S. cerevisiae in 1996?
A. Wheals
B. Goffeau
C. Priest
D. Gutteridgeid5fdcf03e91af7″

Answer: B
Clarification: Goffeau et al. in 1996 published the complete sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is now used to investigate the extent of gene order conversation in different species and possible to relate fragmentary gene order information from many fungi to S. cerevisiae.

2. What do you mean by allele?
A. A form of a gene found on the same place on the chromosome
B. The building block of proteins
C. A specialized haploid cell
D. Discrete physical unitsid5fdcf03e91b27″

Answer: A
Clarification: Allele is one of the alternative forms of a gene. They are found in the same place on the chromosome. Humans have two alleles at each genetic locus, that is why humans are diploid.

3. What of the following is false for a gene?
A. They are called factors
B. It is a unit of heredity
C. A segment of DNA
D. The sex of a yeast cellid5fdcf03e91b37″

Answer: D
Clarification: Genes are the factors which are responsible for controlling traits or characters in an organism. It is a unit of heredity. Basically, the gene is a segment of DNA coding for a polypeptide chain.

4. Which of the following human gene is homologous to CCC2 yeast gene?
A. CFTR
B. ALD
C. WAD
D. ATMid5fdcf03e91b43″

Answer: C
Clarification: CCC2 gene is a yeast gene that is homologous to human gen WAD. CCC2 gene in yeast is responsible for copper transporter whereas, WAD in humans is responsible for Wilson disease (copper accumulation in the liver and brain).

5. Which of the following is gene is associated with Adrenoleukodystrophy?
A. ALD
B. ATM
C. BLM 1
D. WADid5fdcf03e91b4e”

Answer: A
Clarification: ALD gene in humans is associated with Adrenoleukodystrophy. It is a genetic disorder in which accumulation of long-chain fatty acids occur which leads to demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) or may also lead to death.

6. Lowe syndrome occurs due to _________
A. BLM 1
B. ATM
C. ALD
D. OCRLid5fdcf03e91b58″

Answer: D
Clarification: OCRL gene is responsible for Lowe syndrome. It is X-linked recessive disorder which is characterized by congenital cataracts. It leads to mental retardation, renal abnormalities, cataracts, and glaucoma.

7. What are Ty elements?
A. Elements of diploid cells
B. Members of LTR-containing retrotransposons
C. Copies of chromosome
D. The network of fibrous microtubulesid5fdcf03e91b62″

Answer: B
Clarification: Ty elements are members of a widely distributed family of eukaryotic elements called LTR-containing retrotransposons. The sequence organization of Ty elements is the same as retroviruses.

8. Which of the following human gene is homologous to SGS1?
A. ALD
B. ATM
C. BLM1
D. MLH1id5fdcf03e91b6c”

Answer: C
Clarification: SGS1 yeast gene is homologous to BLM1 human gene. SGS1 gene is responsible for enzyme helicase in yeast. Whereas BLM1 in human is responsible for Bloom syndrome and Werner’s syndrome.

9. Batten’s disease is responsible due to __________
A. NF1
B. OCRL
C. CLN3
D. ATMid5fdcf03e91b77″

Answer: C
Clarification: CLN3 gene is responsible for Batten’s disease. CLN3 gene product function as a chaperone involved in folding/unfolding or assembly/disassembly of other proteins and is responsible for making a protein battenin.

10. CCH1 gene in yeast codes for ________________
A. Inhibitory regulator protein
B. Ca⁺² channel
C. Voltage gated-channel
D. P13 kinaseid5fdcf03e91b81″

Answer: B
Clarification: CCH1 gene in yeast codes for a component of a yeast Ca⁺² channel that mediates Ca⁺² uptake in response to mating pheromone, salt stress, and Mn²⁺ depletion. The human gene homologous to CCH1 is CACNL-A4 which is responsible for migraine.

11. ‘Whi’ is the mutant of __________
A. S. cerevisiae
B. S. pombe
C. S. pastorianus
D. S. boulardiiid5fdcf03e91b8b”

Answer: A
Clarification: ‘Whi’ is the mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutants of Saccharomyces pombe is called as ‘wee’. Wee and Whi start budding at only half the cell size of wild type cells. Because of their small size, they are named as ‘wee’ and ‘whi’.

12. TEL1 gene in yeast codes for ________
A. Helicase
B. DNA repair protein
C. P13 kinase
D. Metal resistant proteinid5fdcf03e91b95″

Answer: C
Clarification: TEL1 gene in yeast codes for P13 kinase. P13 kinase is phosphoinositide 3-kinase which has many cellular functions like cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival, and intracellular trafficking.

13. The introns are the coding regions of mRNA.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdcf03e91b9f”

Answer: B
Clarification: The introns are the non-coding regions which are present in immature mRNA. The introns are to be removed to process the mature mRNA. Exons are the coding regions of mRNA.

14. Transposons are the junk-DNA.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdcf03e91ba9″

Answer: A
Clarification: Transposons are the mobile genetic elements which are non-coding genes, that is why they are called as junk-DNA. Transposons are mobile and are able to change their position within a genome.

Fermentation Technology Question Bank on “Non-Food Applications – Medicinal Applications of Fermentation”.

1. The Indian Ayurveda uses the fermented forms of ____________ and ____________
A. Bhasmas, taila
B. Arishta, asavas
C. Arishta, bhasmas
D. Taila, asavasid5fdc365bbe118″

Answer: B
Clarification: The Indian Ayurveda uses the fermented forms of arishtas and asavas. They are of valuable therapeutics due to their efficacy and features and they naturally contain 5 – 10 % alcohol which acts as the medium for active ingredients of the herbs to dissolve in it.

2. Alcoholic beverages were not used as ____________ in ancient Egypt.
A. Anesthetic
B. Antimicrobial
C. Antioxidant
D. Psychotropic medicineid5fdc365bbe144″

Answer: C
Clarification: Alcoholic beverage was not used as an antioxidant in ancient Egypt. It was, however, used as an anesthetic, antimicrobial, psychotropic medicine in Ancient Egypt, from 3150 B.C. They also added additives in alcoholic beverages for the preservation of dead bodies and the treatment of cancer.

3. Who discovered the first antibiotic?
A. Selman Waksman
B. Edward Jenner
C. Alexander Flemming
D. Louis Pasteurid5fdc365bbe15e”

Answer: C
Clarification: Sir Alexander Flemming in 1928 developed the first antibiotic, penicillin. He was a Scottish physician, biologist, pharmacologist, and microbiologist. The discovery of enzyme ‘lysozyme’ is the best for which he is known for.

4. Polymixin is an ______________ antibiotic.
A. Antiviral
B. Antibacterial
C. Antiparasitic
D. Antifungalid5fdc365bbe169″

Answer: B
Clarification: Polymixin is an antibacterial antibiotic that is used in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections. It disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane or cell membrane. It is generally obtained from Bacillus spp.

5. Which of the following is an antifungal antibiotic?
A. Nystatin
B. Amphotericin
C. Polyenes
D. Streptomycinid5fdc365bbe173″

Answer: C
Clarification: Polyenes is an antifungal antibiotic that targets the fungi. Sometimes they are also called as polyenes antimycotics. They are typically obtained from Streptomyces noursei and inhibits the fungal cell membrane formation.

6. What is the mode of action of chloramphenicol?
A. Inhibits the cell membrane formation
B. Inhibits the nucleic acid synthesis
C. Damages cytoplasmic membrane
D. Inhibits the cell wall synthesisid5fdc365bbe188″

Answer: B
Clarification: Chloramphenicol is an antibacterial antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of the nucleic acids and the proteins. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that kills or inhibits the growth of a wide range of bacteria. It is obtained from Streptomyces venezuelae.

7. Avermectins is used to _______________
A. Inhibit the cell wall formation
B. Inhibit the cell membrane formation
C. Inhibit the neural activity
D. Inhibit the protein synthesisid5fdc365bbe19d”

Answer: C
Clarification: Avermectins are antiparasitic antibiotics which are obtained from Streptomyces avermitilis. It is used to block the transmittance of electrical activity in nerves and muscle cells of nematodes.

8. Steroids contain ________________ rings.
A. Cycloalkane
B. Cycloalkyl
C. Cycloalkyne
D. Cycloalkeneid5fdc365bbe1a7″

Answer: A
Clarification: Steroids contain cycloalkane rings. They are a particular class of organic molecules that contain cycloalkane rings, which are produced by both plants and animals. They are used as anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer drugs for organ transplantation, treatment of anemia, etc.

9. Which of the following block the overproduction of cholesterol in the liver?
A. Steroids
B. Hypocholesterolemic agents
C. Alkaloids
D. Antihypersensitive agentsid5fdc365bbe1b0″

Answer: B
Clarification: Hypocholesterolemic agents are the substances that block the overproduction of cholesterol in the liver. A few examples of hypocholesterolemic agents are compactin, pravastatin, simvastatin, etc.

10. Which of the following is a semi-synthetically derived hypocholesterolemic agent?
A. Simvastatin
B. Lovastatin
C. Mevastatin
D. Pravastatinid5fdc365bbe1b9″

Answer: A
Clarification: Simvastatin is a semi-synthetically derived hypocholesterolemic agent. It is derived from lovastatin. It is used to lower the lipid content from the body and thus helps in losing the weight. Lovastatin, mevastatin, and pravastatin are produced by respective strains of fungi.

11. Which of the following is used to treat kidney stones?
A. Sodium citrate
B. Magnesium malate
C. Potassium permanganate
D. Sodium benzoateid5fdc365bbe1c2″

Answer: A
Clarification: Sodium citrate is used in the treatment of gout or kidney stones or metabolic acidosis in people with kidney problems. It is also referred to as trisodium citrate as it contains three sodium and has saline and mild tart flavor.

12. Who discovered the first vaccine?
A. Selman Waksman
B. Edward Jenner
C. Alexander Flemming
D. Louis Pasteurid5fdc365bbe1dc”

Answer: B
Clarification: Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine in 1976. It was used to treat smallpox to a 13-year old boy. He was thus, the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine which was the world’s first vaccine.

13. Griseofulvin is an antiviral antibiotic.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc365bbe1e5″

Answer: B
Clarification: Griseofulvin is an antibacterial antibiotic which is used to inhibit the cell wall synthesis of bacteria. It is obtained from Penicillium griseofulvin. It is usually taken orally.

14. Milbemycin is an antiparasitic antibiotic.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc365bbe1ee”

Answer: A
Clarification: Milbemycin is an antiparasitic antibiotic which is used to block the transmittance of electrical activity in nerves and muscle cells of nematodes. It is obtained from Streptomyces sp.

To practice Fermentation Technology Question Bank, .

Fermentation Technology Multiple Choice Questions on “Fermenter Design – Body Construction”.

1. What is the basic function of the fermenter?
A. To sterilize the medium
B. To recover the product
C. To provide optimum growth conditions to organisms and obtain the desired product
D. To purify the productid5fd0988933fb4″

Answer: C
Clarification: The main function of the fermenter is to provide the optimum growth conditions for the growth of microorganisms and obtain the desired product. The recovery and purification of the product are the parts of downstream processing.

2. While constructing the fermenter, which of the following is not required?
A. High-speed Agitation and Aeration system
B. Temperature control system
C. pH control system
D. Sample facilitiesid5fd0988933fe8″

Answer: A
Clarification: In designing and constructing the fermenter, the fermenter must be provided with adequate aeration and agitation system. The agitation speed should not be higher and must not cause damage to the microorganisms.

3. Which of the following material is preferable for the construction of small-scale fermenter?
A. Quartz
B. Glass
C. Iron steel
D. Woodid5fd0988933ff5″

Answer: B
Clarification: The glass is the most preferred material for the construction of fermenters. It is transparent so that it is easy to visualize the interior of the glass vessel. Moreover, the glass is non-toxic and corrosion proof.

4. The largest diameter for glass fermenter is _____________
A. 50 cm
B. 70 cm
C. 60 cm
D. 80 cmid5fd0988933fff”

Answer: C
Clarification: The largest practical diameter for the glass fermenter is 60 cm. This was discovered by Cowan and Thomas in 1988. The glass containers were made up of borosilicate battery jars. The glass vessels must be sterilized before using them.

5. Which of the following institute grades the steel?
A. TATA
B. AISI
C. JSW
D. SAILid5fd0988934008″

Answer: B
Clarification: The American Iron and Steel Institute grades the steel. It is one of the oldest associations in North America. TATA, JSW Steel, SAIL are the associations for the manufacturing and the production of steel.

6. Which of the metal is used to make stainless steel?
A. Cr
B. Pb
C. Mn
D. Feid5fd0988934011″

Answer: A
Clarification: Chromium is used to make stainless steel. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states that steels containing less than 4% chromium are classified as steel alloys and those containing more than 4% are classified as stainless steels.

7. Which of the following is not the property of Chromium film?
A. Non-porous
B. Soluble
C. Self-healing
D. Continuousid5fd0988934019″

Answer: B
Clarification: The Chromium film is non-porous, insoluble, self-healing, and continuous. If the film gets damaged then it gets healed by itself when exposed to air or an oxidizing agent.

8. Which of the following element does not enhances the property of stainless steel?
A. Nickel
B. Molybdenum
C. Silicone
D. Manganeseid5fd0988934021″

Answer: D
Clarification: Nickel, Molybdenum, Silicone, Tungsten are the elements used to enhance the property of stainless steel. Nickel enhances resistance and improves engineering properties. Molybdenum improves the resistance against halogen salts. Corrosion resistance is improved by tungsten and silicone and a few other elements.

9. The AISI grade 316 contains _______ amount of chromium.
A. 15 %
B. 18 %
C. 20 %
D. 18.5 %id5fd098893402a”

Answer: B
Clarification: The AISI grade 316 steel contains 18 % chromium. In addition to chromium, 10% nickel and about 2 – 2.5 % of molybdenum is also used in the fermenter construction.

10. The AISI grade 317 contains ________ amount of molybdenum.
A. 5 – 10 %
B. 3 – 5 %
C. 1 – 2 %
D. 11 – 14 %id5fd0988934032″

Answer: B
Clarification: The AISI grade 317 contains 3 – 4 % of molybdenum. It was used in citric acid fermentation to prevent the leaching of heavy metals with steel which interferes in the process of fermentation.

11. The fermenter vessel should be reliable for the long-term.
A. True
B. Falseid5fd098893403a”

Answer: A
Clarification: The fermenter vessel should be reliable for long-term operations. It should be capable of being operated aseptically, must withstand fermentation temperatures and pressure and must meet the requirements of containment regulations.

12. The fermenter vessel must be provided with all the facilities for temperature, pH.
A. True
B. Falseid5fd0988934041″

Answer: A
Clarification: The fermenter must be provided with facilities like temperature control system, pH control system, Agitation and Aeration control system, etc. All these facilities are essential in the production of the desired product.

13. The hazard group criteria were given by ___________
A. Collins
B. Winkler
C. Park
D. Frommerid5fd0988934049″

Answer: A
Clarification: Collins in 1992 gave the criteria for placing non-genetically engineered organisms into a hazard group (1 to 4) to access risks. A detailed assessment of risk and ways to reduce it was given by Winkler and Park.

14. The Genetically engineered organisms are classified as ___________ and _____________
A. Harmless (Group II) and Potentially Harmful (Group I)
B. Harmless (Group I) and Potentially Harmful (Group II)
C. Potentially Harmless (Group I) and Harmful (Group II)
D. Harmless (Group II) and Harmful (Group I)id5fd0988934051″

Answer: B
Clarification: The Genetically engineered organisms are classified as Harmless (Group I) and Potentially Harmful (Group II). This was further classified into either small scale or Large scale according to the Health and Safety Executive document.

15. Collins hazard group criteria did not include _______________
A. The ease of prophylaxis and treatment
B. The routes of infection
C. The pathogenicity of a microorganism
D. The reproductive cycle of a microorganismid5fd098893406d”

Answer: D
Clarification: Collins hazard group criteria did not mention about the reproductive cycle of microorganism. It included the routes of infection, the pathogenicity of the organism, ease of treatment, number of organisms required to initiate an infection, amount of organism used in the fermentation process, etc.

Fermentation Technology Multiple Choice Questions on “Fermentation Laboratory – Harvesting and Disrupting Cells “.

1. What is the flow rate of Autoclude V8/55/24HR?
A. 350 mL/min
B. 8 L/min
C. 8 mL/min
D. 350 L/minid5fdc65bfd7f76″

Answer: B
Clarification: The flow rate of Autoclude V8/55/24HR is 8 L/min. It is a variable speed peristaltic pump used for the large scale centrifugation. The range of pumps can be extinguished between panel mounted and free-standing.

2. The flow rate of Watson Marlow 501 was _______________
A. 350 mL/min
B. 350 dL/min
C. 350 µL/min
D. 350 L/minid5fdc65bfd7fc8″

Answer: A
Clarification: The flow rate of Watson Marlow 501 peristaltic pump was approximately up to 350 mL/min. It was used for the lower volume of cell harvesting. They are accurate pumps with low maintenance and are simple to install and easy to use.

3. The flow rate of Haraeus continuous centrifuge is ______________
A. 10 mL/h
B. 8 L/h
C. 8 mL/h
D. 10 L/hid5fdc65bfd7fdd”

Answer: D
Clarification: The flow rate of Haraeus continuous flow centrifuge is 10 L/h. It has a smaller capacity but gives excellent clarity of supernatant. This machine cannot be used for cultures above 10 L volume because of low flow rates.

4. The capacity of rotor of Cepa Z41 centrifuge is _____________
A. 850 g of wet cells
B. 750 g of wet cells
C. 750 g of dry cells
D. 850 g of dry cellsid5fdc65bfd7fed”

Answer: B
Clarification: The capacity of the rotor of Cepa Z41 tubular bowl centrifuge is 750 g of wet cells. It is a high-speed peristaltic pump which gives high clarity and high throughput. About 30 L of cell is harvested within 20 minutes of time and 100 L in an hour.

5. Which of the following uses the membrane to concentrate cell suspension?
A. Cepa Z41
B. Watson Marlow 501
C. Filtration
D. Autoclude V8id5fdc65bfd7ffb”

Answer: C
Clarification: Filtration uses the membrane to concentrate the cell suspension. It is also known as tangential flow filtration. Cell washing can also be done through cross-flow filtration before centrifugation, although the process is time-consuming.

6. Which of the following is not the function of buffer?
A. Prevent cell lysis
B. Chelating the metals
C. Prevent protease action
D. Prevent lipase actionid5fdc65bfd800a”

Answer: D
Clarification: The buffer is used to prevent the lysis of cells, and chelate the metals and prevent the action of protease enzymes. The buffer is added to the pellet prior to processing and defrosting.

7. The number of bacteria can be determined by ___________
A. Streaking
B. Four flame method
C. Pour plate
D. Pour plate and spread plateid5fdc65bfd801a”

Answer: D
Clarification: The number of bacteria can be determined quantitatively by pour plate and spread plate technique due to a higher degree of dilution. The number of colonies can be counted which helps us to determine the number of bacteria present in a liquid specimen.

8. Which of the following is the method of cell disruption?
A. Sonication
B. Homogenization
C. Streaking
D. Chemical Treatmentid5fdc65bfd8029″

Answer: C
Clarification: Streaking is not the method of cell disruption. It is used in isolation of species of microorganisms like bacteria. Sonication, homogenization, chemical treatment is used in the disruption of cells in order to get intracellular fluid.

9. Which of the following technique uses sound waves for cell disruption?
A. Homogenization
B. Sonication
C. Blender
D. Mortar and Pestleid5fdc65bfd8037″

Answer: B
Clarification: Sonication uses the sound waves of high frequency and vibrations for the disruption of cells. It is mostly used for fungal and plant cells but its disadvantage is it creates a lot of noise and needs a separate room for it.

10. Which of the following method uses a solvent (mostly water) for cell disruption?
A. Homogenization
B. Sonication
C. Blender
D. Osmotic shockid5fdc65bfd8045″

Answer: D
Clarification: Osmotic shock uses a solvent (mostly water) for the disruption of cells. The water can be moved inside the cells using osmosis causing the cell to increase in the volume and finally bursting of cells occur.

11. Chitinase is used for the disruption of __________ cell wall.
A. Bacterial
B. Plant
C. Fungal
D. Animalid5fdc65bfd8053″

Answer: C
Clarification: Chitinase is used for the disruption of the cell wall of fungi. The cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin and it gives the structural strength to the cell. It is also present in the exoskeleton of a few insects and protects the cell wall from desiccation. Thus, the use of chitinase can break the cell wall of fungi.

12. Which of the following is not the product of cell disruption?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Waterid5fdc65bfd8061″

Answer: D
Clarification: Water is not the product of cell disruption as water is freely available outside whereas, DNA, RNA, Proteins, Toxins, Insulin, Growth Hormone, etc. are the products of cell disruption.

13. Which of the following is a physical method of cell disruption?
A. Using detergents
B. Using solvents
C. Using French press
D. Using osmotic shockid5fdc65bfd806e”

Answer: C
Clarification: The physical method of cell disruption is using a French press. Other physical methods include bead mill, colloid mill, ultrasonic vibrations, etc. Using detergents, solvents, enzymes, the osmotic shock is an example of chemical cell disruption.

14. The Haraeus centrifuge is not used for volume above 10 L.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc65bfd807c”

Answer: A
Clarification: The Haraeus continuous flow centrifuge is used only for volume below 10 L as the capacity of the centrifuge is smaller and it also has a very low flow rate of 10 L/h. That is why it is not suitable to use it with more than 10 L of volume.

15. Lysozyme is used for bacterial cell disruption.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc65bfd808a”

Answer: A
Clarification: Lysozyme is used for the disruption of the cell wall of bacteria. It targets the peptidoglycan layer which is mainly present in the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Lysozyme also has its applications in the preservation of food items like fruits, vegetables, cheese, sauce, etc.

Fermentation Technology Multiple Choice Questions on “Brewing Yeast – Cell Wall and Flocculation”.

1. What is the percentage of glucans found in the cell wall of yeast?
A. 25 – 30 %
B. 30 – 60 %
C. 50 – 70 %
D. 40 – 50 %id5fdc0f66e3ffd”

Answer: B
Clarification: Glucans account for 30 – 60 % in the cell wall of yeast. It is the major polymers found in the cell wall of yeast. They cover the entire cell in the form of the microfibrillar net and are restricted to the inner layer of the wall.

2. Who described glucans into three classes?
A. Cabib
B. Kollar
C. Fleet
D. Ballouid5fdc0f66e401f”

Answer: C
Clarification: Fleet in 1991 described glucans into three classes: alkaline insoluble- acetic acid insoluble β-(1,3), alkali-soluble β-(1,3), and highly branched β-(1,6). Alkali-soluble accounts for 20% of the cell wall, alkaline insoluble- acetic acid insoluble accounts for 30% of the cell wall and highly branched accounts for only 5% of the cell wall.

3. The outer layer of the cell wall is composed of ___________
A. Mannoprotein
B. Lysosome
C. Glucans
D. Chitinid5fdc0f66e402f”

Answer: A
Clarification: The outer layer of the cell wall is composed of mannoprotein. It is a glycoprotein that accounts for 25 – 50 % of the cell wall. Mannoproteins are essential in the cell wall for the survival of the cell. They play an important role as antigenic determinants.

4. Chitin is present in the cell wall of ___________
A. Bacteria
B. Protozoa
C. Fungi
D. Virusesid5fdc0f66e403a”

Answer: C
Clarification: Chitin is found in the cell wall of fungi. It is also found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. It is a linear polymer of β-(1,4) linked with N-acetylglucosamine. It is an important polysaccharide present in the cell wall of yeasts.

5. Which of the following is used to break the cell wall of fungi?
A. Lysozyme
B. Chitinase
C. Protease
D. Mannoseid5fdc0f66e4045″

Answer: B
Clarification: Chitinase is used to break the cell wall of fungi as chitin is a polysaccharide present in the cell wall of fungi and yeasts. They break the glycosidic bond in chitin resulting in the breakdown of the cell wall.

6. Which of the following separates the suspended particles from liquids?
A. Acid washing
B. Flocculation
C. Fining
D. Fermentingid5fdc0f66e404f”

Answer: C
Clarification: Fining is a process that separates suspended particles from liquids. The fining agents are added to the wine or beer to create an adsorbent with the suspended particles, leading to the precipitation of particles out of the wine or beer.

7. What do you mean by trub?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Hop
D. The complex of carbohydrates, lipids, hop, polyphenolsid5fdc0f66e4059″

Answer: D
Clarification: Trub is the complex of carbohydrates, insoluble proteins, lipids, polyphenols, and hop substances. It is a miscellany of substances. The complexity of trub depends on the composition of wort. The more turbid the wort, the more trub it contains.

8. Who proposed the adhesins?
A. Miki
B. Stratford
C. Eddy
D. Rudinid5fdc0f66e4063″

Answer: A
Clarification: Miki et al. in 1982 proposed the involvement of lectin-like proteins or ‘adhesins’ in flocculation. The interaction of lectin-like proteins with the mannose receptors is accepted as being at the heart of flocculation. Adhesins are present on the flocculent cell surfaces.

9. Which of the following is a major candidate of flocculation receptor?
A. Chitin
B. Mannose
C. Lysosome
D. Glucansid5fdc0f66e406d”

Answer: B
Clarification: Mannose is the major candidate of the flocculation receptor as it is the major component of the yeast cell wall. Miki et al. in 1982 showed the inhibition of the flocculation process by a plant lectin (Concanavilin A. which selectively binds to α-mannan.

10. The product of FLO 1 gene is involved in ___________
A. Fining
B. Sedimentation
C. Flocculation
D. Agglutinationid5fdc0f66e4077″

Answer: C
Clarification: The product of FLO 1 gene is a cell wall protein that is involved in flocculation. The flocculation is strongly correlated with the amount of FLO 1 protein that is expressed.

11. Which of the following is a key determinant of cell hydrophobicity?
A. Sulfur
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Phosphateid5fdc0f66e4081″

Answer: D
Clarification: Phosphate is the key determinant of cell hydrophobicity which appears in the outer layer of the cell wall. Hydrophobicity is associated with low phosphate and vice and versa. It is also related to the age of the cell, and the number of bud scars.

12. Zeta potential is the measure of __________
A. Flocculation
B. Surface charge
C. Agglutination
D. Fermentation productid5fdc0f66e408b”

Answer: B
Clarification: Zeta potential is the measure of surface charge which is primarily determined by phosphate found in the cell wall mannoproteins and the pH of the surrounding medium. A curvilinear relationship is observed between increasing phosphate concentration and negative zeta potential.

13. Proteins account for 50% of the cell wall.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc0f66e4095″

Answer: B
Clarification: Proteins account for 5 – 10 % of the cell wall. The cell wall proteins are represented by structural proteins, enzymes, and surface receptor proteins. Structural proteins involve mannoproteins. Enzymes are also divided into two groups. Lectin-like proteins represent the surface receptor proteins.

14. Mannoproteins implicated the cell wall porosity.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdc0f66e40aa”

Answer: A
Clarification: Mannoproteins also implicate the cell wall porosity. The mannoproteins in the cell wall obstruct or block the diffusion through ionic interactions and the web of mannan side chains.

Fermentation Technology Multiple Choice Questions on “Commercial Applications – Flavoured Spirits, Sake and Vinegar”.

1. Which of the following is a non-alcoholic spirit?
A. Vodka
B. Ceder
C. Gin
D. Liqueurid5fdb737510a50″

Answer: B
Clarification: Ceder is a non-alcoholic spirit which is found only in the Cederberg Mountains of the Western Cape. Vodka, Gin, Anise, Liqueur, etc. are the alcoholic spirit. All these products have a base of high purity alcohol or neutral alcohol which has been distilled.

2. Which of the following is added in vodka to enhance the mouthfeel?
A. Ethyl alcohol
B. Propylene glycol
C. Ethidium bromide
D. Magnesium oxideid5fdb737510a70″

Answer: B
Clarification: Propylene glycol is added in vodka to enhance the mouthfeel. Sometimes, glycerol is also used to enhance mouthfeel. It is commonly found in all the foods which are packaged, such as dried soups, popcorn, bread, etc.

3. Which of the following concentrate alcohol?
A. Wash column
B. Rectifier
C. Purifier
D. Distillation columnid5fdb737510a7e”

Answer: B
Clarification: The rectifier is used to concentrate the alcohol. It is the second major column for purification and concentration of alcohol. Wash column separates the alcohol from the wash and purifier is between the wash column and the final rectifier.

4. Which of the following is not a flavourant in Gin?
A. Juniper berry
B. Coriander seed
C. Angelica
D. Fennelid5fdb737510a93″

Answer: D
Clarification: Fennel is a flavourant added in Ouzo. Some of the flavorants added in Gin are Juniper berry (Juniperus communis), coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum), and Angelica (Archangelicum officianalis). It also contains the peel of orange and lemon.

5. Liqueurs contain ______________
A. 30 – 40 % ABV
B. 35 – 45 % ABV
C. 60 – 70 % ABV
D. 50 – 60 % ABVid5fdb737510aa7″

Answer: B
Clarification: Liqueurs contain 35 – 45 % alcohol by volume (ABV). However, some of the liqueurs are less strong and contain less alcohol and are produced by dissolving and blending of several components.

6. Which of the following are the key components of sake?
A. Wheat and barley
B. Wheat and rice
C. Water and rice
D. Rice and barleyid5fdb737510ab0″

Answer: C
Clarification: The key components of sake are water and rice. About 25 kL of water is used for each ton of rice. The water should contain traces of minerals and organic components and should be colorless, tasteless and odorless.

7. Which of the following is the traditional center for sake production?
A. Fushimi
B. France
C. USA
D. UKid5fdb737510ab8″

Answer: A
Clarification: Fushimi is the traditional center for the production of sake. Nada is also a traditional center and the great brands emerge from here. Jizaki sakes are produced by local brewers.

8. Koji comprises of _____________
A. Aspergillus niger
B. Aspergillus flavus
C. Aspergillus oryzae
D. Aspergillus fumigatusid5fdb737510ac0″

Answer: C
Clarification: Koji comprises of Aspergillus oryzae. It furnishes the hydrolytic enzymes like glucoamylase, transglucosidase, acid protease, carboxypeptidase, etc. for the digestion of starch and proteins. The process is such that the organisms other than the sake yeast will also develop.

9. Which of the following is an undiluted sake?
A. Jummai-shu
B. Koshu
C. Karakuchi
D. Genshuid5fdb737510ac9″

Answer: D
Clarification: Genshu is an undiluted sake which is served on ice. Genshu has an alcohol content of 18 – 21 %. However, sake which contains water added within a range that reduces the alcohol content by less than 1% is also considered genshu.

10. Which of the following process is employed to manufacture high-quality vinegar?
A. Orleans process
B. Haber’s process
C. Contact process
D. Ostwald’s processid5fdb737510ad1″

Answer: A
Clarification: Orleans process is employed for the production of high-quality vinegar and it is a slow process. The starting liquor is held in large casks where the microbes thrive. After that acetification commences and then vats are clarified using clarifying agents. Haber’s process is used in the production of ammonia and the contact process is used for sulphuric acid production. Ostwald’s process is used for the production of nitric acid.

11. Which of the following is also called as white distilled vinegar?
A. Rice vinegar
B. Spirit vinegar
C. Cider vinegar
D. Wine vinegarid5fdb737510ad9″

Answer: B
Clarification: Spirit vinegar is also called as a white distilled vinegar. It is derived from alcohol which is obtained by the distillations of fermented sugar solutions. It is the cheapest vinegar to produce and is the most widespread vinegar for general use.

12. Which of the following vinegar has a base material Trebbiano?
A. Rice vinegar
B. Cider vinegar
C. Balsamic vinegar
D. Malt vinegarid5fdb737510ae1″

Answer: C
Clarification: Balsamic vinegar has the base material as Trebbiano which is a wine grape. It is a very dark, concentrated, and intensely flavored vinegar which was originated in Italy. It is healthy as it contributes to weight loss and lowering the cholesterol level.

13. Rice vinegar is produced from cider.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdb737510ae9″

Answer: B
Clarification: Rice vinegar is derived from the acetification of sake or its co-products. It has very low acidity and has a light and delicate flavor which is highly favored for oriental cooking. Cider vinegar is produced from hard cider or apple wine.

14. The key organism for the production of vinegar is Mycoderma.
A. True
B. Falseid5fdb737510af1″

Answer: A
Clarification: The key organism for the production of vinegar is Mycoderma which is now called as Acetobacter with the most appropriate strains being Acetobacter aceti, Acetobacter pastorianas, and Acetobacter hansenii.