Category: Geography Notes PPT

Geology is rightly referred to as the study or science of the earth. Many people associate Geology with the study of rocks only. However, Geology is much deeper and more profound than that. It is not only about studying and analyzing rocks. It studies our planet, its minerals, resources and formations deeply.

We also interact with Geology in our daily lives. Our mobile phones, notebooks, household items, make-up, etc are all made of minerals that have been studied in Geology. In addition to this, Geology also deals with natural disasters like rockfalls, landslides, earthquakes, quick clay, and radon and their analysis and prediction. Not only this, but it also works to understand climate change and therefore is extremely relevant in this day and age. These studies help predict the future state of our planet and thereby work to identify contaminants and protect the environment for the future. Geology also plays a significant role in studying rocks and minerals. Studying rocks and minerals are crucial because it gives us a glimpse of what the Earth may have been like in the past. These rocks can also be used for several practical purposes.

In this article, we will study about a unique rock called conglomerate. We will study its composition, texture, formation, types, and uses.

Geology Conglomerate

The conglomerate is a sedimentary rock made up of rounded pebbles and sand that is usually held together (connected) by silica, calcite, or iron oxide. Conglomerate sedimentary rock is a stone similar to sandstone but rock particles are angular gravel or rounded rather than sand. 

Conglomerate refers to coarse-grained rock that is formed in riverbeds. The pebbles and sand can be made up of many minerals, but it is generally quartz-based minerals.

The hardness of the conglomerate sedimentary rock is variable, and it often resembles concrete. It is generally found in thick, crudely, and stratified layers. Conglomerates are generally used in the construction industries as decorative stones.

Conglomerate Composition

There can be a variety of conglomerate compositions. As a clastic sedimentary rock, it can include clasts of any rock material or weathering product that is washed downstream or down current. The rounded clasts of conglomerate can be mineral particles such as quartz, or they can be sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous rock particles. The matrix that joins that large clast together can be a mixture of sand, mud, and chemical cement.

Conglomerate Rock Classification

The classification of conglomerate rock is based on the following factors:

• Amount and type of the matrix present in the rock

• Composition of the gravel-sized clasts they contain

• Size range of gravel size clasts present 

The classification method of conglomerate rock depends on the detail and type of the research being carried out.

Conglomerate Characteristics and Properties

The main conglomerate characteristic is the presence of readily visible, rounded clasts bound within a matrix. The geology conglomerate is a sedimentary rock type that looks like concrete. It comprises large, rounded pebbles ( clasts) joined by a matrix made up of calcite, iron oxide, or silica.

The conglomerate property depends on its composition.  It can be found in any other colour and may be either hard or soft.

The conglomerate can be used as a fill material for roads and constructions. Hard rock may be cut and polished to make dimension stone.

Conglomerate Uses 

Conglomerate uses are very rare because of their non clean breakage and fine particles are reliable. It can only be used as a crush where low-performance material is required. Conglomerates can be crushed to make a fine aggregate that can be used for roads and buildings in construction industries. Conglomerates are also used in the cement manufacturing industry.

Most of the conglomerates are colourful and have attractive looks, but they are only rarely used as ornamental stone for interior use.

Conglomerate with smaller clasts size can be easily cut in the required shapes. If the conglomerate found is with good cementing material, its application as dimension stone for flooring and veneer on walls and roof tiles is possible.

Conglomerates are providing excellent material for monuments, artifacts, and sculpture formation, and in the creation of small figurines.

Conglomerate Rock Formation

Conglomerate rocks are formed by larger pieces of sediments, such as sand and pebbles. The pieces of sediments in conglomerate rocks can be very big ( like boulders) or very small (like peas). Most conglomerate rock formation occurs in shallow water. Conglomerate rock is formed by pressure and joined together with dissolved minerals. Conglomerate rocks are used in the construction industries and as decorating stones, such as for buildings.

Conglomerate Rock Texture and Types

The conglomerate sedimentary rock contains at least 30% rounded to sub angular clasts larger than 2mm (0.079) in diameters such as granules, cobblers, pebbles, and boulders. However, conglomerates are rarely composed entirely of gravel size clasts.  Generally, the space between gravel sizes is filled by a mixture composed of different amounts of silt, sand, and clay known as matrix. 

If the individual gravel clasts in a conglomerate are set apart from each other by a plethora of matrices such that they are not in contact with each other and float within the matrix, it is considered a paraconglomerate. Paraconglomerate is also often not stratified and can comprise more matrices than gravel clasts. If the gravel clasts of a conglomerate come in contact with each other, then it is called an orthoconglomerate.

Fanglomerates

These are conglomerates that have been sorted poorly. They are matrix rich conglomerates These are believed to have been formed as debris flow on alluvial fans. They carry the largest amount of accumulations ever known in the field of Geology.

Metaconglomerate

When conglomerate rocks undergo metamorphic alteration, they turn into metaconglomerates. They might have deformed clasts as compared to usual conglomerates. They break through grains as the cement in them has recrystallized. These are most famously found in the Jack Hills of Western Australia. It is these rocks that are believed to have produced zircons from 4.4 billion years ago.

Puddingstone Conglomerate

These are simply conglomerates that have a sharp contrast of colour within their clasts. This is not a scientific name but is simply used to identify such rocks. They are found in several parts of the world including the UK, France, Canada, India, USA, etc.

Did You Know?

• Conglomerate rock is believed to be the oldest rock on the Planet as the layers of meta conglomerate have an age of more than 4 billion years.

• Conglomerate rock is a sedimentary rock consisting of individual clasts with a finer-grained matrix that has been cemented together.

• Conglomerate rock differs from breccia by its rounded clast. (Breccia is a rock very similar to conglomerates. However, they are different due to the presence of having subangular to angular clasts).

• Interestingly, in 2012 conglomerate was discovered on Mars by  NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity. Since these are found in places where water flowed once, the presence of these rocks on Mars is by far one of the most important pieces of evidence of the presence of water on Mars.

Dendrochronology, also known as tree-ring dating, is a scientific method of dating tree rings (also known as growth rings) to the exact year they were formed. The term dendrochronology is derived from the Ancient Greek dendron (δένδρον), meaning “ tree”, Khronos (χρόνος) meaning time, and  -logia (-λογία), “the study of”. 

Dendrochronology is a technique that deals with the dating and analysis of the annual growth layers, or tree rings, in woody trees and shrubs. During temperate climates, these layers of wood (tree rings) contain seasonal cell structures (earlywood and latewood) that exhibit one’s annual growth ring. When all the trees at the site are affected by common environmental factors such as climate, cross-dating provides an accurate chronological record that can be used to describe variations or date events in different environmental situations. Due to the possibility of annual resolution throughout an entire tree-ring record, Dendrochronology analysis provides both reliable and pervasive records for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. 

Dendrochronology Definition

Dendrochronology is the science that analyzes annual rings of trees in order to determine the dates and chronological orders of past events. 

What is Dendrochronology Dating?

Dendrochronology dating is the scientific method of dating based on the growth of a tree- rings. Each year trees produce a ring, the dimensions of which change yearly according to the environment in which they find themself. The ring growth during spring is wider and lighter, while the darker, late summer growth narrows before stopping, creating a sharp boundary. They are also influenced by temperature and precipitations. The resulting pattern is similar to a barcode, and by comparing patterns from a specific tree with already established chronologies, dendrochronologists can date the time at which the rings were formed in the exact year. 

Skeleton Plot Dendrochronology

Skeleton plot dendrochronology provides a reasonable and efficient dendrochronological technique. The skeleton plot dendrochronology method of analyzing tree rings was used by dendrochronologists before any actual measurements were made. Using the mm division, only the distinctive narrow and /or wide rings (negative and/ or positive event years) are recorded on a paper as they occurred in time. The width of each ring is compared with the previous rings. If the ring that has been analyzed is narrower or wider than its adjacent, a long vertical line is formed whereas If the ring is slightly narrow or wider, a short line must be drawn. A tree ring constructed by this method is known as Skelton plot. By crossing skelton plot dates with distinct ages you can generate master chronologies that can be used for dating. This method of Skelton plot is primarily used to obtain rapid information on slope movements, attacks by insects, fire, extreme climate conditions, etc.

Dendrochronological Archaeology 

Dendrochronology, the scientific method of studying tree rings can discover the age of different archaeological sites with the help of the information stored inside the wood. The method originally introduced for climate science ,has now become an invaluable tool for archaeologists, who can trace up 13000 years of history using tree chronologies for approximately 4000 sites on 6 continents.

The trunks of the tree do not grow uniformly, though they observe new rings each growing season. The growth of the trunk of the tree depends on the climatic conditions. The tree grows rapidly under ideal conditions, leaving wide annual rings behind. The growth of the tree slows down during cold, drought, and other unusual conditions.

Astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass began studying trees in the American southwest to learn more about how sunlight affected the Earth’s climate. When he observed that the rings of trees in the same area had the same pattern, he decided to use them as a record of the region’s historical climate.

He finally extended his work from living trees to the woods used in the past.

Did You Know?

• Dendrochronology is the science of determining past climate from a tree primarily from the properties of annual tree rings.

• Dendrochronology analysis can be carried out on both waterlogged dried and preserved wood.

• Dendrochronology has become crucial to art historians in the dating of panel painting.

• The most important principle of dendrochronology is crossing. It is a technique in which each tree is assigned to its exact year of formation.

• Andrew E. Doughlas founded the science of dendrochronology in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

An equatorial current is an oceanic current which is flowing towards the west near the equator region. It is predominantly controlled by the winds. Talking about the character of this current, equatorial-current systems consist of prior two westward-flowing currents which are approximately 600 miles (that is 1,000 km) wide (North and South equatorial currents) it is separated by an eastward-flowing counter-current which travels only 300 miles (that is 480 km) wide. 

Usually, this flows at depths of less than 1,650 feet (that is 500 m), the equatorial currents travel at the rate of 10 to 40 inches per second (which is 25 to 100 cm per second). The equatorial undercurrents are centered on the equator at depths of 160 to 500 feet (49 to 152 m), flow eastward at rates up to 5 feet/s (1.5 m/s) this is approximately 1,000 feet (305 m) deep and 640 miles (1,030 km) wide.

North Equatorial Current 

The North Equatorial Current is a great significance of the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans which flows east-to-west which travels between 10 degrees north to 20 degrees north. This is the southern part of the clockwise subtropical gyre. Despite this name, the North Equatorial Current is not accurately connected to the equator region. In both oceans, they are separated from the equatorial circulation done by the Equatorial Counter Current. This flows eastward. The westward area surface flow at the equator side in both the oceans is part of the South equatorial current.  The North Equatorial Current Speed is usually flowing at its depths. It is less than 1,650 feet (500 m), the equatorial currents travel at rates of 10 to 40 inches per second (this is 25 to 100 cm per second as calculated).

Equatorial Counter Current

The Equatorial Counter Current is the eastward flowing, and the wind-driven current that extends to the depths of 100 to 150m in the Atlantic, Indian, and in Pacific Oceans. Commonly the North Equatorial Countercurrent (abbreviated as NECC), here the current flows from west to east at around about 3-10°N in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian and in the Pacific basins. This current occurs between the North Equatorial Current and in the South Equatorial Current. The NECC should not be confused with the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). This flows towards the eastern part along the equator which counts for the depth of around 200m in the western Pacific. This rises to about 100m in the eastern Pacific.

In the Indian Ocean, the circulating current is being dominated by the impact of the reversing Asian monsoon winds. Here the current tends to reverse around the hemispheres seasonally in this basin. The NECC also has a pronounced seasonal cycle flowing in the Atlantic and in the Pacific. It reaches its maximum strength in the late boreal summer and then it falls to its minimum strength in the late boreal winter and in the springtime. Also, this NECC in the Atlantic completely stops blowing in the late winter and in the early spring. 

 

South Equatorial Current 

The South Equatorial Current is the oceanic currents in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. This flows east-to-west which is between the equator and which is about 20 degrees south. While in the pacific and in the Atlantic Oceans this current extends across the equatorial region to about 5 degrees northwards.

In the southern hemisphere, the South Equatorial Current is the westward limb of the ever-large subtropical gyres. While these gyres are being driven by the combination of the trade winds occurring in the tropics and by the westerly winds. The westerly winds are found in the south of about 30 degrees towards the south, through a complicated process that includes the western boundary current intensification.  

On the equatorial side, the South Equatorial Current is being driven directly by the trade winds that blow from the east to west direction.

In the Indian Ocean, the wind that is flowing westward is the South Equatorial Current which is well-developed not only on the southern side of the equator. While directly on the equatorial side, here the winds reverse twice a year for the monsoons, and hence the surface current can be blowing either eastward or towards the west. 

Counter Equatorial Current 

The Equatorial Counter Current is another east-driven current. This current extends to the depths of approximately .100-150m in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. More often called this is called the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC), this current type flows from the west-to-east at about 3-10°N in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Ocean, between the NEC and the SEC (North Equatorial Current and South Equatorial Current). 

In the Indian Ocean, the circulation of the current is being dominated by the impact of reversing the Asian monsoon winds. This current tends to reverse in the hemispheres seasonally in this basin. The NECC is being pronounced as the seasonal cycle in the Atlantic and in the Pacific, after reaching the maximum strength in the late boreal summer and by the fall and minimum strength in late boreal winter and spring. 

North Equatorial Counter Current

The North Equatorial Counter Current lies between 3 degrees to 10 degrees. This current is considered to be quite rough as the northern boundary for the South Equatorial Current abbreviated as SEC.  

North and South Equatorial Current

The North Equatorial Current is a very significant part of the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans current which flows from the east-to-west in between 10° north and 20° north. While the southern side is a clockwise subtropical gyre. The westward surface flow at the equatorial region in both the oceans which is part of the South Equatorial Current.

Fringing reef meaning can be defined as a coral reef that lies close to the shore. The fringing reef is the most common of the three main forms of coral reefs, with examples found in all major coral reef growth regions. The New Hebrides Society islands off the coast of Australia and the southern coast of Florida have fringing reefs.

One of the three major forms of coral reef is a fringing reef. It differs from the other major groups, fringing barrier, and atoll reefs, in that it either has a completely shallow back reef zone (lagoon) or none at all. Barrier reef fringing reef and atoll can be explained as An atoll is created when a fringing reef continues to expand upward from a volcanic island that has sunk completely below sea level. Atolls are usually circular or oval, with a central open lagoon. The coral flat stretches to the beach when a fringing reef rises directly from the shoreline, and there is no backref. Fringing reef barrier reefs and atoll are widely spread and having large importance. In other cases (for example, the majority of the Bahamas), fringing reefs may develop hundreds of yards from the shore and include extensive backreef areas with numerous seagrass meadows and patch reefs. This is the most common form of fringing coral reef found in the Caribbean and the Red Sea. Fringing reefs, according to Charles Darwin, are the first type of reef to form around a landmass in a long-term reef growth phase.

Structure of Fringing Reef:

There are two main components that makeup of fringing reef which is mentioned below:

Reef Flat ( Back Reef)

The reef flat is the reef’s most shoreward, flat, and broadest location. The reef flat is located in relatively shallow water and is exposed at low tide. The reef is only slightly slanted towards the open ocean in this location. The reef flat does the most damage from runoff and sediments because it is adjacent or nearby adjacent to the shore. Usually, only a few of the corals on the flat are alive. There are also seagrasses, seaweeds, and soft corals to be found there.

Reef Slope (Fore Reef)

The coral slope is located on the fringing reef’s outer side, nearest to the open ocean. This section of the reef is often very steep, descending either to a shallow sand bottom or to depths too great for coral development. Coral is much more common on this slope, both in terms of numbers and the diversity of organisms. This is mostly due to the lower concentration of runoff and sediments here. Pollutants are dispersed and nutrients are transported to this environment as a result of increased wave action. Spur and groove formations, which carry sediment downslope in the groove, are a common feature on the fore reef.

Formation of Fringing Reefs

The availability of space, as determined by sea-level changes, is the most important determinant of fringing reef development. Glaciers and plate tectonics are the main causes of sea-level changes. Tectonic activity may have a negative effect. An earthquake on Ranongga, in the Solomon Islands, raised 80 percent of the island’s fringing reef above sea level permanently. Northern reefs rose 1 meter above the high tide water level, while reefs on the south side rose 2 to 3 meters above the water level. Reefs that keep up with the rising sea level are known as keep-up reefs. Catch-up reefs expand slower than sea level rises at first, but gradually catch up as the rise slows or stops. Reefs that have given up are unable to develop quickly enough and are “drowned out.” 

The reef crest is the uppermost part of this slope. Since the crest has the best combination of sunlight and waves, coral grows here the fastest. Out of the entire slope, the base receives the least sunlight and has the least development.

Distribution of Fringing Reef

Fringing reefs are the most common reef form in the tropics, and they are found near the shore in many places. Coral reefs are located in the tropics, where the water temperature is between 18 and 30 degrees Celsius (64 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit). Many of the sections of the Great Barrier Reef are simply fringing reefs. Just 760 of the nearly 3,400 individual reefs are fringing reefs. The reef near Msambweni, Kenya, is the world’s largest continuous fringing reef, stretching from Msambweni to Malindi in the north. Coral reefs that develop on the continental margins or on the island’s area unit referred to as fringing reefs. Such reefs are found close to Rameshwaram within the Gulf of Mannar. Sometimes the fringing reef is separated from the shore by a shallow lake brought up as a “Boat Channel” as found in Madagascar and the Red Sea.

Fringing Reefs Around the World

The Ningaloo Reef is the world’s largest fringing reef, extending 260 kilometers along Australia’s western coast. Because of its proximity to the sea, it is a popular snorkeling and scuba diving spot.

Granite is a type of igneous rock which forms when the magma cools down slowly underground. It comprises mainly the minerals like quartz, feldspar and mica. Some granites contain hornblende and augite, although in small amounts, along with the main ingredients. Accessory ingredients of apatite, hematite, rutile, tourmaline and zircon are also constituents of granite rock. Biotite and other ferromagnesian minerals are also present sometimes in granite. Granite igneous rock usually is pale grey, white or pink in colour which depends on the colour of their constituent feldspars. For example, in the presence of pink microcline feldspar, the granite looks pink. Granite mainly occurs in the form of huge batholiths, stock and sometimes laccoliths.

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Constituents of Granite

Granite igneous rock consists of minerals like K-feldspar (orthoclase, microcline and perthite) about 50 to 80 per cent, quartz about 20 to 40 per cent, Na-plagioclase and mica(s) such as biotite and muscovite. The intergrowth of albite or oligoclase with a microcline or orthoclase host results in the formation of mineral perthite.

The feldspars are the dominant components of granite. They can easily be identified on the basis of the appearance, colour and cleavage properties of granite. Quartz is generally anhedral and is usually present as fillings at interstices between the other mineral constituents while overriding its own characteristic crystal shape. In general, quartz is colourless or smoky. It is identified by its hardness, glass-like appearance, conchoidal fracture and lack of cleavage property. The constituents like biotite, hornblende and muscovite in granite can be distinguished by flaky black or silver colour, black dark green grains or prism characteristics.

Various igneous rocks especially the granodiorite, gabbro and diorite are often wrongly designated as granites by architects and builders. However, they are petrologically defined and cannot be considered commonly as granites. Granites are used commonly in buildings, as decorative stones, for kitchen stall surfaces, tiles, modern sculptures, engineering, rock climbing etc.

Granite Composition

Granite consists of minerals and rocks, dominantly quartz, potassium feldspar, mica, amphiboles and small traces of some other minerals. Granite comprises 20-60 per cent quartz, 10-65 percent feldspar and 5-15 per cent mica(s). The presence of different minerals in different proportions gives the granite different colours and textures.

The variation in proportions of differently coloured minerals in granite comes from the original source of molten rock that was cooled to form the granite. For instance, if we consider a molten rock that was abundant in potassium feldspar, it will be more likely to set into granite with salmon pink colour. While, if it was rich in quartz and minerals that make up amphibole, it would be a black and white speckled granite which we often see on the kitchen stalls and countertops.

Following are the typical effects of different constituents on the granite colour and appearance:

• Quartz – milky white colour

• Feldspar – off-white colour

• Potassium Feldspar – salmon pink colour

• Biotite – black or dark brown colour

• Muscovite – metallic gold or yellow colour

• Amphibole – black or dark green colour

The minerals listed above are responsible for the colours we see in granites generally. In the next section, we will talk about the structural features of granite.

Granite Structure

The term Granite is derived from the Latin word ‘granum’ which means grain. This is related to the coarse-grain-like structure of the rock. As the granite rocks consist mainly of feldspar, quartz, mica and amphibole minerals, they form interlocking between them. The equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz usually form the lighter portions in the granite structure while minerals like biotite and amphibole (or/and hornblende) form the scattered darker portions. Sometimes, few individual crystals become larger than the groundmass. The texture formed in this case is known as porphyritic and such rocks with the porphyritic structure are known as a granite porphyry. Light-coloured and coarse-grained igneous rocks are often called Granitoid in general and descriptive fields. Granitoids are classified for their specific types through petrographic examination. The mineralogy of the granitic rocks is the deciding factor for their colours which can be predominantly white, pink or grey typically. 

Uses of Granite

Being one of the world’s toughest substances, granite has been in use in various ways for a long time. Apart from its use in the construction of monuments and buildings, granite is also useful in curling balls and gym walls for the training of mountain climbing.

Let’s see the different uses of granite in detail:

• Building Monuments: In order to live long lives and create beautiful designs to the structures like temples, gravestones and monuments, they are usually made from granite. Although, in early times, the unavailability of advanced equipment made the carving process of granite quite difficult and laborious. Hence, such stones were used only in important structures.

• Jewellery: Some granites are quite rare and exceptionally beautiful. Hence, they are used as gemstones in jewellery. An example of such granite is the K2 Azurite which is found in the Himalayas, has a blue tint and is a rare stone.

• Fireplace Mantle and Floor: Granite makes an ordinary fireplace mantle more attractive and suitable for being used as a place of gathering with friends and family. Also, granite tiles are preferably better than other options for perfect, smooth and nice-looking flooring. The availability of granites in different colours and textures is an add-on for suiting the different preferences of people. As it is really hard, it is exceptionally wear-resistant. Also, it is bacteria resistant and easy to clean. One could easily keep such flooring neat and clean with regular sweeping and mopping.

• Bathrooms, Shelves, Tabletops, Basins: Kitchen tops, tabletops and shelves look more elegant while maintaining strength when made up of granite. They are also cleaned very easily and look really stylish in appearance. Also, granite is completely water-resistant. Granite sinks, angular basins and modern or pedestal sinks are some more applications of granite in kitchens and bathrooms.

Do You Know?

• At ambient pressure, dry granite melts at around 1215 to 1260°C. However, in the presence of water content, it gets melted around 650°C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure.

• The primary permeability of granite is poor overall. However, the secondary permeability due to the presence of cracks and fractures is very strong.

Conclusion

We get to know all the information related to granite rock such as what is granite and its usage. Granite is an igneous rock that has grains large enough to be easily visible to naked eyes. The two main constituents of granite are feldspar and quartz. Apart from these, granite also consists of other compounds such as amphiboles, mica, etc. in small and different proportions. Granite is mainly used in flooring, decorating purposes and in jewellery also.

Human settlement in that place, particularly where the people live their livelihood. Human settlement refers to the totality of the human community which involves the social, material, organizational, spiritual, and cultural elements that sustain within it. Any form of human dwelling, be it the smallest house to the largest city, the group of people that reside and pursue their life goals, are to be understood as settlement. Human settlements are of different forms, which can be permanent or temporary, rural or urban, mobile or sedentary, disseminated or in agglomerated form. 

Human Environment Settlement Transport and Communication 

Settlements are those places where people build their own homes. A human can settle in those places on a permanent or temporary basis. With settling in the places, the people are required to move from one place to another for trade here comes the definition of Transport. 

Transport is the means of traveling which is made convenient for the people to move from one place to another. The four main means of transport are – the roadways, the railways, the waterways, and the airways. 

After the transport comes the communication system which is another important facet of a settlement. Communication is the streamlined process of conveying any message to others. Mass media means communicating with the mass of people through newspapers, radio, or television.

Settlement Definition Geography 

In geographical definition, a settlement is a place where people live and conduct their livelihood. Settlements may be small as a single house in a remote or a distant location or it can be an area as large as a megacity (where over 10 million residents reside together).

A settlement can be both permanent or temporary settlement. An example of a temporary settlement is a refugee camp, used by armies. However, a temporary settlement may also become a permanent settlement over time. This has happened to many refugee camps which have been built in conflict zones.

Temporary Settlement examples can be cities and towns, where the families can stay for years with their families. 

Settlements are usually developed to perform a specific function. For example, the settlement in  Southampton is for conducting port functions.

Early Man Communication

Early Man uses the following to communicate better: 

Ancient Means of Transport Pictures

House Boat

Tonga

Trams 

Hath Rickshaw

Gauge Trains

Palki

Types of Settlement in Geography

Classification of the settlements in Geography:

Settlements can be classified according to their pattern, size, and housing density. They are also to be classified according to the functions which they perform.

• Classified according to the pattern: There are 5 types of settlement classified according to their pattern – isolated, dispersed, nucleated, and linear.

• Classification according to size and housing density: According to Size and Housing density:

Rural settlements are small houses and have low housing and population densities.
Urban settlements are the larger houses and have many houses built close to each other.

• A farmstead is the two or more homesteads that usually are dispersed in farmland.

• A hamlet is made up of several dispersed, nucleated, or linear homesteads with local shops, schools, or other service centers that are occupied by few hundreds of persons.

• A village, which is like a hamlet, may be dispersed, nucleated, or both.

• Towns are urban settlements are of up to several thousand persons. Houses are built together and the emphasis is more on secondary and tertiary rather than on the primary occupation. 

• Cities are the major towns of a country, where the major state capitals have administrative functions. 

• A conurbation that grows when two or more towns or parts of those towns have grown and joined together to form a big urban area of 1 million persons or its whereabouts. 

• Megapolis is the several cities or conurbations which have grown around the years and which have joined together to form a large sprawling urban settlement.