Category: Geography Notes PPT

Foliation is the planar arrangement found as a part of the structural or textural features present in any rock type, particularly the one that results from the mineral grains that are found in the metamorphic rocks typically forming a part of straight or wavy planes. Thus, the foliation geology can be said to be a characteristic of repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. Although foliation is seen to occur parallel to the original bedding of the rocks, it may not be specifically directed for a particular structural or textural arrangement. 

Characteristics of Foliation Geology

As mentioned in the foliation definition geology makes it clear that it is a pattern or a planar arrangement that is a repetitive layering in the metamorphic rocks. A clear idea of the foliation arrangement can be obtained by looking at the image given below:

The thickness of each layer found in each of the foliated metamorphic rocks can vary from that of a thin sheet of paper to beyond 1 meter in some cases. This thickness resembling a sheet of paper or a leaf forms the basis of the meaning of the word folium in Latin, from which the word foliation is derived. 

Some of the important points to be considered while describing the foliation are given below:

• Minerals present in the rocks, which help in providing information about prevailing conditions while the formation of foliation.

• The mineral content of intrafolial areas.

• The spacing present in between the foliation.

• Formation of crystals of minerals that form part of the foliation and whether they overprint it or are cut by it.

• Whether it is undulose, planer, vague or very well developed.

• Spatial orientation of foliation

• Relationship to other foliations, to the bedding of the rock and any folding if present. 

• Intersection lineations measurement. 

Following these notes, is an aid in determining the characteristics of any foliation geology.

Formation of Foliation Geology

The typical characteristics of the foliation geology are determined by the shearing forces or the differential pressure forces on different sections of metamorphic rock as explained below:

• Shearing Forces: The shearing forces apply forces on different sections of the rock in different directions leading to the formation of different foliated metamorphic rocks. 

• Differential Pressures: In contrast to such forces, differential pressure is the application of higher pressure in one direction as compared to other directions that result in a pattern of planar arrangement in the foliated metamorphic rocks. 

These layers are formed either parallel to the direction of the shearing forces or perpendicular to the direction of the differential pressures. 

Typically foliation geology is a characteristic of regional metamorphic compression which is a common occurrence in areas with the formation of mountain belts. This becomes a guiding factor for the foliation definition geology has provided. Another factor that also plays a role in the formation of foliation arrangements is the preferred orientation of minerals inside a rock. Along with the role of different forces on different sections of the rock, they also affect the growth of minerals which in turn leads to the peculiar planar arrangement. Because of the effect and probable orientation of minerals, any of the penetrative planar arrangements that include both spatial and geometric arrangement of all the elements making up the rock is also included in the foliation definition geology and geologists have to offer. 

A sedimentary rock or igneous rock or another metamorphic rock can exhibit foliation in standard sequence only when subjected to increasing temperature and pressure which causes the metamorphism within the rock. Especially in the case of mudrocks such as slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss, this is a common occurrence and is visible in the image below:

The slaty cleavage (i.e. the planar arrangement within the metamorphic rock) that is typical of the slate is formed because of the preferred orientation of the microscopic phyllosilicate crystals. Whereas in the case of gneiss the foliation is the result of compositional banding due to the segregation of mineral phases. Other examples include the bands formed due to the preferred orientation of planar large mica flakes in schist, the small mica preferred orientation in phyllite, extreme fine-grained preferred orientation of clay flakes in slate and the layers that are flattened, smeared, pancake-like clasts found in metaconglomerate. 

The foliated sedimentary rocks or any of the foliated igneous rocks are essentially foliated metamorphic rocks because as per the definition of foliation metamorphic rocks, or any of the sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks that have been subjected to increasing temperature and pressure resulting in foliation is said to have undergone a metamorphosis. In foliated sedimentary rocks, the bedding provides a reference for the form of planar arrangement as in most cases of a foliated sedimentary rock the foliation is parallel to the bedding with some angle of orientation. The foliation in igneous rocks can be caused by the alignment of the cumulate crystals during the convection process in the case of large magma chambers as already clarified by the foliated metamorphic rock definition. 

Conclusion

This article explains briefly the foliation geology as a planar rearrangement of structural and texture features present within a rock formed due to different forces acting on different sections of the rocks. The foliated metamorphic rock definition also includes the role of the orientation of minerals present in the rocks in the formation of foliation. This is also applicable and true for foliated sedimentary rocks and foliated igneous rocks. A concluding point to consider is that they might not always be strictly planar or parallel as they tend to bend around rigid, incompressible bodies such as granite. But overall it provides significant information on the formation of the rocks which also largely influences the mechanical behaviour of the rock masses which becomes a problem especially while the construction of a tunnel, foundation or a slope. 

Glacial till is the deposition of sediment by a glacier. It overlaps glacier forefields, can be assembled to create moraines and other glacier landforms, and is omnipresent in glacial environments. It contains a very distinctive composition which typically appears from the fact that glaciers not only grind rocks, fragmenting them into fine, small pieces but they also take off large chunks of rock. This reflects that glaciers transport everything from big boulders to small grains smaller than sand.

What is a Till?

till is any substance laid down directly or revamped by a glacier. Essentially, it is a mixture of rock fragments and gibber stones in a fine-grained muddy or sandy matrix. The absolute composition of any specific till, however, depends on clay content, boulder size and their blend. However, in glacial landform, the type of deposition is called lodgment till. 

Types of Glacial Till

There are different types of glacial sediment usually categorized by whether they are transported on, within, or under the glacial ice. The primary types of sediment in a glacial environment are defined as below.

1. Supraglacial (on top of the ice) and englacial (within the ice) sediments which skid off the melting front of a stationary glacier are able to create a ridge of unsorted sediments known as end moraine. The end moraine which reflects the farthest advance of the glacier is called a terminal moraine. Sediments carried and amassed by glacial ice are called till.

2. Subglacial sediment (example is lodgement till) is a substance which has been eroded from the underlying rock by the ice, and is shifted by the ice. Supraglacial sediments are principally extracted from freeze-thaw eroded substance that has fallen onto the ice from rocky slopes above. These sediments create lateral moraines and, where two glaciers meet, medial moraines.

Glaciated Till

The sediments generated by glacial grinding are quite distinctive. Glacial till consist of sediments of every size, from minute particles smaller than a grain of sand to huge stones, all jumbled up together.

These sediments and rocks are blended altogether in a jumble after they are deposited. On the contrary, rocks and sediments collected by rivers settle out as the water slows down the speed, so huge boulders are frequently dropped before small grains of sand. Instead of jumbling sediments of every size, rivers organize them in a manner that viscous glaciers cannot.

Glacial Flour

Glacier flour defines the component of glacier sediment which is way finer than sand. This substance contains similar consistency to flour, which is why for its name. Since this sediment is so fine, it is effortlessly transported by and suspended in water. It is that flour tiniest size of sediment (much smaller than sand) and is accountable for the milky, colored water in the rivers, ponds, and lakes that are nourished by glaciers. Glacier lakes consist of a large-scale of beautiful colors which appears as sunlight scatters when it hits sediment particles in the water.

Quick Facts

• When a glacier melts, all of the sand, mud and rock that it was bearing get left behind. This mixture of sediment is what we call till.

• Blocks of ice left behind in the till steadily melt developing depressions termed as kettle holes. These can fill with water creating kettle lakes.

• An erratic is a boulder which has been carried a long way by a glacier. Erratics are different types of rock than the local bedrock.

• Till might just be a meter or two thick or tens of metres thick based on how much residue was in the ice.

• Several tills can get constructed if glaciers advance and melt a number of times.

• The composition of till demonstrates the geology of the region the ice has flowed over. This typically implies that till from various parts of a massive glacier will contain different types of minerals and rocks.

• At times precious minerals can be detected to their bedrock source.

• Geologists compare maps that display where there are high concentrations of minerals like gold or platinum with maps that depict which direction the glacier shifted. This is what they call drift prospecting.

Any of the two subtropical atmospheric high-pressure belts that are present around the Earth, around the latitudes 30° N – 35° N and 30° S – 35° S that can generate light winds and clear skies are known as Horse Latitudes. The significance of the horse latitudes is that they contain the dry subsiding air, they are responsible for the arid climates below them. The best example is the Sahara, which is situated below a horse latitude. The southern hemisphere has a more continuous belt of subsiding air as compared to the northern hemisphere, as there is more water content in the southern hemisphere. These belts are known to contain several separate high-pressure centres.

The Naming of the Horse Latitudes

Horse latitude meaning is literally derived from three specific conditions that have revolved around the actual animal. These three interesting conditions are mentioned below:

• One of the origins of the meaning is from the term ‘dead horse’ which was a ritual performed by the seamen. In this ritual, the seamen paraded a straw-stuffed effigy of the animal around the deck and then threw it overboard. According to the story, the seamen were partly paid in advance before leaving for the voyage, which they usually spent all at once. This would result in a time period without any income for approximately a month or two. When they got advances from the ship’s paymaster, they would be under debt and for that period of one or two months, which came to be known as the “dead horse” period, they would be doing extra chores or any work asked of them on the ship. At the end of such a period, the seamen ceremoniously celebrated having worked off the “dead horse” debt. For westbound ships from Europe, the time such debt was worked off came around the specific latitudes of 30° N – 35° N. Hence, such a latitude came to be known as a dead horse latitude. 

• Another theory arising from the folklore is of the incidents of throwing an actual horse overboard on lengthy voyages by Spanish ships. The story follows the Spanish voyages that included the transportation of horses by ship to their distant colonies present in the West Indies and the Americas. The ships on reaching the specific latitudes are becalmed in the mid-ocean which prolonged the voyage. Hence, any water shortage arising from the prolonging of the journey required the crew to throw away dead or dying animals overboard. 

• The third incident that provides the answer for what is horse latitude is the maritime terminology that was acquired over time and can explain both the north and south horse latitudes definition as they do not depend on the length of the journey or the port from which they sailed. Technically, a ship was said to be horsed, which was typically in these latitudes, because even though there wasn’t enough wind for sail, the vessel could make good progress as it latched onto the strong current. It is explained by Edward Taube in his article, “The Sense of ‘Horse’ in Horse Latitudes”. The argument is put forward from the reasoning that in maritime terminology, as the ship was carried more because of the power of the current rather than the wind and the sail, it was as the same manner of a rider on a horseback. This acceptance of the horse latitude meaning has been in use since the seventeenth century. 

These fascinating stories are the reason why specific latitudes are known as horse latitudes. 

Formation and Weather Conditions of Horse Latitudes

An image is given below showing the north and south horse latitudes:

There is a large amount of convection air current around the intertropical convergence zone because of the heating of the surface from the solar radiation at the thermal equator. This air mass because of low density rises above and then diverges and moves away from the equator in both the northerly and southerly directions. When the air starts moving towards the mid-latitudes present on both sides of the Equator it cools and sinks.  Because of this, a high-pressure ridge is created around the 30th degree parallel in both hemispheres. At the surface level, the sinking air diverges again and some of it returns to the equator creating the Hadley cell. Such climatological high-pressure areas are the reason for many of the deserts in the world. 

The location as per the horse latitudes definition also explains the reason for its association with the subtropical cyclone. The northern hemisphere belt is sometimes referred to as “calms of Cancer” and the one in the southern hemisphere is known as “calms of Capricorn”. The consistently warm, dry and sunny conditions of the horse latitudes are one of the main reasons for the major non-polar deserts like the Sahara, Arabian desert, Syrian desert in the Middle East, the Mojave and Sonoran deserts in the southwestern US and northern Mexico, present in the northern hemisphere, and the Atacama desert, Kalahari desert, and the Australian desert in the southern hemisphere.  

These horse latitudes are responsible for some of the weather conditions around the world. The subtropical ridge in the northwest Pacific when stronger than normal leads to a wet monsoon season for Asia. This subtropical ridge is also responsible for the extension of thunderstorms into the United States and brings rainfall in the Desert southwest of North America from July to September. Thus, as much interesting, the horse latitude meaning is, the wind current arising due to conditions mentioned in the horse latitudes definition is of significance in rainfall and also in affecting large areas of the land and the sea and their climate and vegetation. 

The climate of India is sub- tropical and hence the vegetation of India is all a result of the landmass being located in a sub- tropical region. The climate of a place is affected by the location of the region, altitude of the region, distance from the sea and relief features. Knowing the wide diversity of regions in India, the regional experience of the climate of India is diverse and this is clearly visible in the diversity of the vegetation of India, which clearly has an effect on the wildlife and culture of the people in those regions as well.

Thus, in India climate vegetation and wildlife information clearly shows an interconnected relationship between the three. Moving forward, a brief account of the climate of India, vegetation of India and wildlife of India is given in the article.

Difference Between Climate and Weather 

Are you also one of them who have confusion in Indian climate and weather? Climate is simply defined as a sum total of all the weather variations and conditions over a long duration of time (this could be 30 or more years). In other words, the weather is a condition of the atmospheric state within a region at a specific point in time.

Both climate and weather are affected by diverse elements that are pressure, precipitation, velocity, wind direction, humidity, and temperature. Based on the atmospheric state and condition, there are varied seasons in India, including autumn, winter, summer, and rainy season. In India, the vegetation condition is more associated with the monsoon season. So, you got more curious to know about the ins and outs of the Indian climate! has detailed these seasons in the next paragraphs. So keep scrolling to know more about the Indian climate. 

Climate of India

The climate of any region is the average weather condition measure over a period of many years. Thus, over a wide area, the weather is the local changes and variations taking place in the state of the atmosphere over a particular region. And overall the climate is the weather in a given region over long periods of time. Hence, there cannot be different types of climate of a particular place but the climate differs over vast geographical distances. 

The climate of India is described as the Monsoon type climate. The word monsoon has arabic roots and is derived from the word ‘mausim’. This is because most of the weather is controlled by the monsoon winds. Also, there are two types of monsoon in India, the south-west monsoon and north-east monsoon or the retreating monsoon spreading from the months of May to December. Hence, the climate of India is essentially a Monsoon climate. Another impact of the monsoon Monsoon climate is that agriculture which is the main economic activity of India in terms of number of people employed, is highly dependent on the Monsoon climate. Therefore there are different types of vegetation in India, not different types of climate in India. There are no different types of climate in India rather only one climate which is the Monsoon climate. 

The vegetation of India is also affected by the four seasons: Cold Weather Season or Winter, Hot Weather Season or Summer, South West Monsoon Season or Rainy Season, Season of Retreating Monsoons or Autumn.

The Fours Seasons

This is the time when the sun rays do not fall directly in the region causing low temperatures.

This is the time when the sun rays fall directly in the region leading to higher temperatures.

This is the season when rains are caused all over the country and mostly in the Northern, Eastern and Western regions due to the monsoon winds of the south-west winds.

The north east monsoon winds bring the monsoon rain in the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh during October to December.

From the given definition of climate and the concept of seasons in India, it is clear that the climate of India is Tropical Monsoon type and there are no different types of climate in India such as the temperate, desert/dry, polar, mediterranean, etc. 

Prime Factors Affecting the Indian Climate Conditions

The factors that contribute to affecting the Indian climate are: 

Latitude: The extent of latitude mainland India is somewhere between 8⁰4ꞌN to 37⁰6ꞌN. it is divided by two latitude halves by cancer tropic. In the south direction of Cancer tropic, the region has the experience of higher temperature due to tropic climate and being near to tropic regions, high precipitation is also received. On the other hand, the region situated on the northern side of the cancer tropic bears extreme climate conditions with annual and daily temperature ranges. 

Altitude: We all are aware of the fact that temperature starts decreasing with the increase in height. This is why the place situated in the mountains are always cooler as compared to plain regions. So, altitude plays a key role in climatic conditions. 

Distance from the sea: The climate in the coastal regions is measured in moderation. And, the regions located farther from Sea, experience extreme climate. For example, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Punjab. 

Vegetation of India and Wildlife of India

The vegetation of India includes a very diverse plant life. There are season specific plants in India and there are also all season plants in India. The variety of plants include small plants called bushes, shrubs like cactus, and many types of flowering plants, etc. There are tall trees as well showing diversity such as the neem and the mango being trees with many branches and leaves while there are trees like the palm trees with few leaves. Indian climate has a huge effect on the natural vegetation of India.

The vegetation of India can be divided into five kinds. They are: Tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorny bushes, mountain vegetation and mangrove forests. These different types of vegetation in India exhibit different ecosystems and in turn a varied wildlife of the country. As mentioned above India climate vegetation and wildlife are all interconnected. Considering the example of altitude effect. So out of curiosity when asked how does altitude affects vegetation and wildlife, the answer is that the altitude affects the climate and temperature, which in turn affects the vegetation and hence, wildlife of the region. At very high altitudes temperatures are low and also the relief features are close to the clouds, causing a high degree of rain and that too sometimes throughout the year. Hence, the region has evergreen vegetation causing a distinct wildlife. Another example of wildlife being influenced by the climate is the wildlife of the tropical monsoon region of India. This wildlife includes monkeys, parrots,, lemurs, ocelots, hummingbirds, etc. 

Conclusion

From the given information about the climate in India and the vegetation in India, it is clear how diverse and interconnected the three of them are. One can appreciate the diversity which is also represented by the six different biogeographical zones in India, the most any country usually has in the world. 

In Geology, laccolith is a sheet-like intrusion that has been inserted between the two layers of sedimentary rocks. Due to the intense pressure of the magma, the overlying strata are forced upward and folded, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form (or feasibly conically or wedge shape) with a substantially planar base. As time goes on, erosion can form small mountains or hills around a central peak as magma rock is likely more susceptible to weathering than the host rock. 

The laccolith growth can take as little or a few months when related to the injection of a single magma event or up to a hundred or thousands of years by multiple magnetic pulses, assembling sills on top of each other and impairing the host rock steadily. 

Laccolith Definition

A laccolith is defined as the body of igneous rock which has forced itself by the intrusion, in molten conditions between strata of sedimentary rock in such a way as to have raised the overlying strata in a dome shape arc above it. 

Laccolith Formation

Laccolith manages to form at relatively shallow depth and in few cases are formed by relatively viscous magma, such as those that crystallize to granite, diorite, and granodiorite. In such cases, underground may take steadily, giving time for larger crystals to form in cooling magma.  In other cases, less sticky magma (For example, shonkinite) may form phenocrysts of augite at the bottom, then inserted through a vertical feeder dike that ends in laccolith. The rock surface above a laccolith destroys completely, leaving the core mound of igneous rock.

The laccolith is the attribute of the region where the crust is being flattened and the direction of the least stress is vertical, whereas the region where the crust is in pressure is more likely to form dikes as the direction of the least stress is parallel. For example, in Mexico, the laccoliths of the Ortiz porphyry belt was formed during Laramide compression of the region 33 to 36 million years ago.

Laccolith Examples

A renowned example of laccolith is found in Henry Mountain, Utah. 

The largest laccolith in the United States is Pine Valley Mountain in the Pine Valley Mountain Wilderness area near St. George Utah.

Batholith and Laccolith

Batholith (also known as a plutonic rock) is a large mass of igneous rock. It is larger than 100 square kilometres (40 sq mi) in area. The batholith forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth’s crust. The rock is mainly made up of felsic or intermediate rock types such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite.

Laccolith

A laccolith is a rock that appears as a sheet-like intrusion and is intruded between the layers of sedimentary rock. The intrusion takes place when the pressure of magma is high enough to move the strata of sedimentary rock in an upward position or to make them fold. This pressure gives the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like appearance Generally, the base of the laccolith is planar.    

The following table shows the difference between Batholith and Laccolith

Batholith and Laccolith Differences

Did You Know?

• Laccoliths are generally formed at a relatively shallow depth and in few cases are formed by relatively viscous magma such as those crystallized to granite, diorite, and granodiorite.

• The surface rock above laccolith often completely erodes, leaving the core mound of igneous rock.

• The laccolith of the Ortiz Porphyry Belt in New Mexico has probably formed during Laramide compression of the region 33 to 36 million years ago.

• Henry Mountain in Utah is a classic example of a laccolith.

• The geology of the Henry Mountain, Utah was first studied by Grove Karl Gilbert in 1875-1876.

The Loo is a strong, dusty, gusty, hot, and dry summer wind from the west that blows over North India and Pakistan’s western Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is especially strong in May and June. Exposure to it often results in fatal heat strokes due to its extremely high temperatures which are usually around 45 °C–50 °C (115 °F–120 °F).

Because of the extremely low humidity and high temperatures, the Loo has a severe drying effect on vegetation, causing widespread browning in the areas affected during the months of May and June.

Origins of the Wind Loo

The Loo is thought to have originated in the large desert regions of the northwestern Indian subcontinent, specifically the Great Indian Desert, the Cholistan Desert, and the desert areas of Southern Balochistan.

The wind Loo comes to an end with the arrival of the Indian monsoon in late summer. This usually happens in the month of June. Before the monsoon, there are brief but violent dust storms known as Kali Andhi (or Black Storm) in some parts of North India and Pakistan.

The presence of monsoon clouds in any location is usually accompanied by cloudbursts, and the sudden transformation of the landscape from brown to green as a result of the ongoing deluge and the abrupt cessation of the Loo can appear “astonishing”.

Adaptations

Water evaporates quickly during this season because the plains of North India and Pakistan are both extremely hot and extremely dry. Although this causes many ponds and lakes to dry out, the extreme dryness of the air can also be used to create evaporation-based cooling systems. Windows shielded with fragrant Khas (/ or vetiver) dry-grass fiber-screens that are kept damp with a simple water-pumping mechanism are quite effective as an inexpensive form of air conditioning and have been in common use throughout the plains of the northern Indian subcontinent for centuries.

Because evaporation occurs at such a rapid rate in extreme dryness, the cooling effect can be quite dramatic, resulting in homes with chilly interiors. However, because the water in the screens evaporates so quickly, it must be constantly replenished from raised tanks or with pumps (that can sometimes be driven by the Loo itself). Any water reservoir that is used must also be protected from the Loo and the sun, or it will quickly deplete.

Effects of Loo Wind 

During the summer months, many birds and animals are killed by the Loo, especially in deforested areas where the Loo blows unhindered and shelter is unavailable. Certain insect-borne diseases, such as malaria, have historically seen a drop during the Loo season, as insect populations plummet. 

Even before the 1897 discovery that mosquitoes transmitted malaria, officials in Asia noticed that the strong winds in Northernmost India’s plains naturally kept the region relatively free of the disease. The loo is often referred to as an evil wind in traditional Indo-Pakistani culture because of its destructive and potentially lethal effects on trees, humans, and animals.

It disturbs the natural living state of animals, affects the crops and trees in forests which in turn has an effect on farmers. In certain cases, if the loo is very strong and hot, it can even add fires to the trees in a forest.

Plants and vegetation don’t get the desired climate necessary for their growth. Maintaining the crops in such weather becomes a costly affair, especially in rural regions.

For children and the sick, as well as pets, avoiding proximity to the toilet is highly advised. During the Loo-affected months, most people want to spend as much time indoors as possible in the afternoons. Heatstroke is often referred to as “loo Lagna” which translates to being “afflicted by the loo”.

Overexposure to the loo or environmental heat can cause heatstrokes, increase the body temperatures which maybe lead to fever, rough skin on the face making it dull, and a consistent feeling of heat in the head. It can also severely dehydrate the body making one feel thirsty more than usual.

Precautions to take in Loo wind

During the Loo season, sharbat is usually sold, since they are widely believed to have a cooling impact on the body and have some defence against Loo-caused heatstrokes. Rose sherbets, khus-khus, shahtoot, bel, and phalsa are among them. Consumption of such sharbat and juices keeps the body hydrated and maintains body temperatures at normal.

Also, regularly consuming lemon water or even water can help to keep the body hydrated for long periods of time and prevent sunstroke in presence of loo winds. One should refrain from going out into the hot weather of Loo. However, if it is very necessary to go out for travel purposes, then cover your hands and face very well and carry plenty of water with you.

Take breaks when traveling for long distances in the loo. Traveling constantly without any breaks in the hot air can lead to excessive loss of water from the body and can severely harm the skin. Sunscreen lotions and umbrellas can also be used while stepping out to avoid tanning and negative effects on the skin because of the loo. 

Choose the outfit with care. It is recommended to wear light fabrics in a loose fit which allows the skin to breathe easily. Tight heat-absorbing clothes should be avoided at all costs. They capture the heat and trap them underneath the skin which causes irritation and rashes on the skin, making it red.

Protecting the vegetation in Loo wind

1. Early morning watering
   It is said that drinking water right after getting out of bed has numerous health benefits for humans. The same is true for plants. The high heat during Loo winds can quickly take the moisture out of the soil and dehydrate shallow roots. Watering the plants early in the morning ensures that plants and crops are sufficiently hydrated before the onset of extreme heat. Apart from this, watering multiple times a day is also a beneficial way to protect the plants from destruction in the hot climate.

2. Plant the Seeds Deeper
   Planting the seeds deeper than normal ensures the roots don’t get dried out due to excessive oppressive heat during loo. The topsoil gets dehydrated quickly due to direct sunlight and high temperatures. If the seeds are planted deeper, dehydration would take more time and the plants would remain protected.

3. Shade Cloth and row Covers
   Using a shade cloth or covering the entire row of vegetation with cloths can help to protect the crops from direct sunlight and hot winds. However, it is recommended to put the covers at some distance from the vegetation to avoid trapping heat.

4. Water Deeply
   Deep watering at the base of the plant is one of the most powerful ways to protect and revive the plants because it forces the roots to go deeper into the ground. Combine this with planting the seeds deep in the soil. Together, these two practices can help protect the vegetation from the harsh effects of loo wind.