Category: Geography Notes PPT

Horst Meaning- A horst is a raised fault block bounded by natural faults in physical geography and geology. A horst is a raised block of the Earth’s crust that has lifted or stayed stationary while the land around it (graben) has sunk.

Horst and Graben are found together in an extensional environment. The graben is the block that has been downthrown, while the horst is the block that has been upthrown next to the graben.

What is the Meaning of Horst?

Horst meaning: Horst is a Dutch and German word that means heap and is similar to the English word “Hurst.”

What is the Meaning of Graben?

A graben is a fault block that has been lowered relative to the blocks on each side without significant interference or tilting. Bordering faults, or fault zones, are usually of near-parallel strike and steeply dipping, with nearly equal vertical displacement. The relative movement of the blocks that define a graben Both of the blocks may have rotated according to their initial positions, but the middle block may have subsided further than the outer two. As a result, a true graben in its original surface shape is a linear structural depression. The scale of grabens varies widely, but the superiority of a long fault trough is a distinguishing feature.

Geomorphology of Horst

The cross-sections of horsts may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The horst is likely to be symmetrical and approximately flat on top of the usual faults on either side have identical geometry and are moving at the same rate. The top of the horst would most likely be inclined and the entire profile would be asymmetrical if the faults on each side have different rates of vertical motion. In cross-section, erosion has a big influence on how symmetrical a horst looks.

Horst and Graben Formation

Horst and graben are formed when opposite-dip natural faults with parallel strike lines occur in pairs. They are inextricably linked. Horsts and grabens may be as small as a few centimetres wide or as large as tens of kilometres wide, with vertical movement of several thousand feet. They’re bordered on both sides by steeply dipping regular faults, which have virtually equivalent movement, resulting in blocks that are barely tilted. The faults that form horsts tend to dip away from each other, while those that form grabens tend to dip against each other. Two or more horsts and grabens can be found close together.

They’re thought to be caused by lateral stress, which could be caused by regional uplift or salt dome formation; they’re most common on dome crests or anticlines.

Hydrocarbon Exploration and Horsts

The vast majority of discovered hydrocarbons in many rift basins around the world are located in traditional traps associated with horsts.  Most of the petroleum discovered in Libya’s Sirte Basin (tens of billions of barrels of reserves) is located on large horst blocks like the Zelten Platform and the Dahra Platform, as well as smaller horsts like the Giallo High and the Bu-Attifel Ridge.

Examples of Horst and Graben Formation

Wallonia’s Condroz and Ardennes regions are strong examples of horst and graben succession.

The Satpura Range is a horst in India, flanked to the north by the Narmada Graben and to the south by the much smaller but parallel Tapi Graben.

The Vosges Mountains in France and the Black Forest in Germany are examples of horsts, as are the Table, Jura, Dole Mountains, and the Rila – Rhodope Massif, which includes the well-defined horsts of Belasitsa (linear horst), Rila mountain (vaulted domed shaped horst), and Pirin mountain (a horst forming a large anticline situated between the complex graben valleys of Struma and that of Mesta.

Indian Monsoon is one of the most prominent monsoon systems around the world. It is depicted from the variation and amount of India’s annual rainfall. Its effects are felt by India, the Indian subcontinent and the neighbouring water bodies of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. During the cold months, the direction of the monsoon is from the north-east, known as the north east monsoon in India, while during the time of warmest months of the year the monsoon wind blows from the southwest hence known as the south west monsoon in India. This entire process leads to rainfall in India received during June and July. 

The Beginning and Development of the Indian Monsoon.

Rainfall in India begins with the westerly winds that frequently occur throughout the year almost constantly, around the area near India at the Equator. On the other hand, the surface easterlies reach the latitudes near 20° N in February with a strong northerly component. Moving forward they retire north-side with serious changes in the upper-air circulation. During this time one season of monsoon ends and the next one begins. 

The high-sun season comes in late March when it reaches the Equator as the wind further moves north. This move takes with it the atmospheric instability, rising and turbulent clouds and rain. Across northern India, the subtropical jet stream towards the west controls the air-flow with the surface winds flowing from the north-east. After March, during April, the high-sun moves northward. This is the time when the summer season is ongoing in the Northern hemisphere. This is also summer time in India and as gradually time progresses the country becomes prone to heating as the cool winds from the north (the central lands in the Asian continent) are obstructed by the Himalayan mountain ranges and other highlands. The three areas around which there is a relative increase in temperature of the troposphere are the southern Bay of Bengal, Plateau of Tibet, and the trunks of various other dry peninsular regions. All together form a very wide and large heat-source region. In the area over the southern Bay of Bengal, the atmospheric pressure is in-between 500-100 millibar pressure level because of the release of condensation heat from the cumulonimbus clouds along the intercontinental convergence zone. Opposite of this condition a heat sink is created over the southern Indian ocean as the cloud-free air cools down any radiation emitted from the surface. Because of the difference between the heat regions, the monsoon winds flow from the heat sink to the heat source. After April, the southwest monsoon gets well-established in May above Sri-Lanka.

In May, the drier surface of Tibet absorbs the heat from the radiation of sun-rays and it is transmitted to the air into the troposphere above it. Following this, an anticyclonic cell rises at 6000 feet above the surface which in turn causes a strong east wind flowing in the troposphere over north India. There is a sudden change of the subtropical jet stream of its course to the northern side of the anticyclonic ridge plus the highlands with brief intervals of southward wind flow. There is a change in the upper-tropospheric circulation above the northern region of India from the jet stream being westerly to easterly coinciding with the turnaround of the vertical temperature and pressure gradients with the range in-between 600-300 millibars. The inverted triangular peninsular region of India gets heated as the sun progresses towards the north. The accelerating heat in combination with the heat being transported by the winds provides the base for the initial monsoonal activity above the Arabian Sea. When the relative humidity of the coastal districts of India rises above 70% which leads to some rain. Although the air was within 1500 meters above the heated land it was kept down by the east wind. This is the period of late May when there are also thunderstorms in the area, even though the rainfall hasn’t started yet.

The Period of High Rainfall in India

The jet stream of the east with 150-100 millibars pressure reaches the highest speed to the southern side of an anticyclonic ridge with a deviation of 15° N from China through India. This position of the jet stream controls the situation of the monsoonal rains. An unstable and strong southwestern surface flow provides 80% of the humidity which is the major burst of the monsoon bringing the south-west monsoon. Even though the atmospheric pattern moves equally over the subcontinent, the amount of rainfall in India varies from place to place and year to year. 

When the early monsoon wind gets accumulated against the Western Ghats, it leads to most of the group of clouds providing major rainfall in the entire region beginning of summer monsoon in India. As the clouds are pushed against the hills some of the inland air absorbs some of the water. The complex pattern of rainfall in India is distributed variable from the region because of various factors such as topography. The oceanic air flowing below 6000 metres is deflected because of the Coriolis effect. The oncoming air stream gets unstable due to fast convection above the hot land. Because of the thunderstorms and release of the latent heat from the towering clouds, the upper-tropospheric warm air travels northwest from ocean to land. But the main component of air above the 9000 metres altitude is a strong eastward flow. 

The monsoon gets well-established in the later part of June-July around the 6000 metres altitude. Moist, cloudy and warm weather is spread all over India bringing varying degrees of rainfall in India due to topographical differences. There are huge differences in the average rainfall of India. Examples include 1300 metres of rainfall in Khasi Hills, an average of 2500 metres in Cherapunji, etc. In the months of July-August, low-pressure waves occur in the monsoonal air which is now travelling from east to west. The easterly jet streams provide bursts of speed strengthening the low-level monsoon airflow. This causes an increase in the rainfall and wider distribution than June. 

When the east wind moves north over the southern Himalayas heavy downpour occurs in those regions leaving the central and south region dry. If the wind blows along the south face of the Himalayas it brings dry weather in the north. On the other hand, the southwest monsoon air flowing over the Indus plain cannot hold moisture and hence the area beyond remains dry creating a new heat source. 

Retreating Indian Monsoon

As August proceeds the intensity and duration of the sunshine decrease causing the temperature to fall and this results in the decrease in India raining due to the south-west monsoon, starting at the end of the monsoon in north India. In September the dry air from the North circulates in the west of the highlands and above northwestern India. By October there are variable winds all over India covered with northern air. As the surface flow turns to the northeast it causes the winter monsoon in India or the northeast monsoon in October – December in the south and southeastern parts. With the retreat of the moist winds, the monsoon time in India comes to an end.

With most of India now in the sunny, dry, and dusty season, such weather spreads through Punjab in November, Central India, Bengal and Assam in December, Deccan in January and south Deccan in February. Following this, the cycle starts all over again.

The Indian meteorological department is the body responsible for weather forecasting and monitoring and predicts the monsoon periods. It collects data from different weather patterns across the world for more accuracy. For example, for the forecast of early June, a positive correlation of the South American pressure and Indian upper-wind data is accounted for in April. Other such agencies include Skymet India which is a private agency of weather forecasting and rainfall in India prediction.

Conclusion

Thus, Indian monsoon patterns are very complex and as it can be inferred from the article a contribution of many factors making a geographical convergence of moist wind belts to bring rain to the country. Although rainfall in India is continuous from June to December due to different types of monsoon in India, June – September/October are considered to be the major rainy months in India. The Indian meteorological department of the Government of India is the major agency that tries its best to follow, and understand the dynamics of wind patterns and predicts the forecast through a meticulous examination of various factors. 

There are a number of different geographical features found on Earth. Be it an island or be it a mountain region. The Earth is full of beautiful places to visit and wonder upon. Among these, lagoons are also beautiful places that we usually see in the coastal regions. These are generally small water body which comes in existence when being alienated by the main body of water. In this article, we will only be discussing these water bodies. We will cover the whole lagoon geography along with lagoon definition geography and its various features or types etc. This article will surely help you to understand one of the important and beautiful features of the Earth.

Lagoon Meaning

This word has been derived from the Italian term ” Laguna ” which means pond or lake. These are small inland water bodies that are separated by some barrier from the main water body. These small water bodies can be of different types such as coastal, atoll, river mouth, and artificial.

Lagoon Definition Geography

According to the Cambridge dictionary, ” lagoon means an area of seawater separated from the sea by a reef ie. a line of rocks and sand.”

According to the Oxford learner’s dictionary, lagoon means, “a lake of salt water that is separated from the ocean by a reef or an area of rock or sand” Or “a small area of freshwater near a lake or river” Or “an artificial area built to hold wastewater before it is treated at a sewage treatment plant”.

How are they Formed?

They are formed because of some barriers that separate them from the ocean. Their formation depends upon various factors such as sediment sources, waves, tides, storms, barriers bars, tsunamis, hurricanes, etc. When sand or sediments etc. continue to move and creates a bar and block the mouth of the bay which results in the separation of a small water body from its main body, then it is termed as a lagoon.

Types of Lagoons

It can be classified into the following categories:

Coastal Lagoons

• These are the most common type of lagoon that find in the coastal regions.

• These are the water bodies that are formed in the areas of small tides ranges. 

• They do not form in the areas of tides of more than than 4 meters or steep and rocky coastal areas.

• They have a short life because they are exposed to the shores.

• They have brackish water.

• They are a productive ecosystem that is dominated by saltwater because of having a connection with the oceans.

• These lagoons are shallow inland water bodies that act as a transitional zone between the land and the water.

• After the formation of lagoons, they are being modified through erosional and depositional activities.

• They can be further divided into various categories on the basis of their average salinity, tidal regime, and geomorphic types.

• For example, Lagoon of Venice in the Mediterranean Sea, and Curonian Lagoon in the Baltic sea.

Atoll Lagoons

• These are formed by the separation of coral reefs.

• The coral reefs divide a small water body from the main body of water.

• They form usually in areas that are suitable for coral reefs as well.

• These reefs act as a barrier here rather than any sand or land which are called atolls.

• These atoll formations may take a very long time such as 300,000 years.

• These types of lagoons can be seen in the South Pacific or the Indian Ocean.

River Mouth Lagoons

• They form at the mouths of the coastal rivers.

• These can also be considered coastal lagoons.

• They have brackish water which means partly fresh water and partly saltwater.

• These can be seen most commonly in Newzealand and South Pacific islands.

Artificial Lagoons

• These are man-made and not natural.

• These are increasing and becoming popular.

• These can be used for recreation or residential or other purposes.

• They are more controlled and safe as they can be made anywhere with suitable conditions and requirements.

• The only freshwater can also be found here rather than brackish water.

Did You Know?

Blue Lagoon of Iceland is one of the most famous lagoons of the world and it is man-made. The rich mineral content present here gives it a blue appearance.

Conclusion

Thus, in this article, we have covered one of the geographical features of the Earth i.e. Lagoons. We have seen the natural and beautiful features of the Earth. We have learned what is a lagoon, how is it formed, various types of lagoons, etc. This article will help you to increase your knowledge and will help you in learning Geography as well. You can check more interesting and Informative articles on our website. We feel that these articles will help you to learn more about our planet and its Geography.

We have learned about lagoon Geography. Let’s practice some FAQs related to this concept of Geography: 

A lopolith is a huge igneous intrusion that is saucer-shaped with depressed central regions that lie parallel to the strata of intruded country rock. Lopoliths are usually the concordant emplacements having an intruded stratum with a dike or funnel-shaped feeder bodies beneath the body.

Lopoliths are comparatively small plutons which customarily develop an upper surface that is concave downward. This dangling shape may be a cause of volume reduction when magmas crystallize. The weight of the blanketing strata would cause disintegration into the volume previously acquired by more voluminous liquid magma.

                   

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Erosion of volcanoes will instantly reveal shallow intrusive bodies such as volcanic necks and diatremes. A volcanic neck is said to be the “throat” of a volcano and contains a pipelike conduit immersed with hypabyssal rocks. Devil’s Tower in Wyoming and Ship Rock in New Mexico are remnants of volcanic necks that were revealed after the surrounding sedimentary rocks get weathered away. Many craterlike depressions can be filled with angular pieces/particles of country rock and juvenile pyroclastic remainder.

Upon erosion, such a depression reveals a vertical funnel-shaped pipe that depicts a volcanic neck having an exception of the brecciated filling. These pipes are known as the dubbed diatremes.

Pluton

Pluton is a body of intrusive igneous rock the size.  They include laccoliths, batholiths, dikes, sills, and other kinds of intrusions. Most plutons are thought to be a consequence of igneous activity which involves magma.

Formation of Lopolith

Lopolith, lenticular in shape, is igneous intrusion with a depressed central region. This mass of igneous rock developed as an attribute to magma do not find its way to the surface but spread laterally into a lenticular body forcing overlying strata to bulge upwards. They are usually lenticular in shape. They are made up of dense, mafic magma that allows depression by the overlying strata on cooling. 

Bushveld Lopolith

Bushveld complex of South Africa is the world’s largest and most important repository of Platinum Group Metals.

Bushveld Igneous Rock Geographics

It extends laterally over 65,000 square kilometres and is up to eight kilometres thick more than 2 billion years ago.

Formation of Bushveld Lopolith Complex

The bushveld complex was formed by volcanic eruptions that repeatedly injected molten basaltic rock known as magma or lava into some volcanic chamber inside the Earth the cooling and solidification of the molten magma resulted in the formation of igneous rock because the molten rock was beneath the surface of the Earth it cooled much more slowly than usual by slow cooling different minerals crystallized at different temperatures and accumulated as layers from the base upwards with time the weight of the cooled magma and the forces of the Earth cause the layers to Sag down in the middle giving them the shape of a pile of very thin sources time and weather combined eroding the landscape moulding the surface of the Earth the central part of the sorcerer was buried under younger rocks by the edges cropped out as two semicircular arcs of rocks.

Fun Facts

• Lopoliths formed by the same process as laccoliths, but they are made of dense, mafic magma which enables depression by the overlying strata on cooling.

• Many lopoliths consist of layered gabbroic rocks.

• Some lopoliths are quite huge, having thicknesses of many kilometres.

• The Bushveld lopolith in southern Africa is some hundred kilometres across and has the richest platinum deposits known.

In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 2013, Peter Chesson studied metapopulations. Metapopulation deals with the patchiness of populations in space. He also studied in the book the role of this patchiness in the population dynamics, the population stability, and coexistence of different species, and thus the maintenance of diversity. If we talk about strict metapopulation studies, it will only focus on the patchiness which is due to colonization and extinction of local populations in a region.

The Studies of metapopulations emphasize that patchiness which alters the population dynamics by which also changes the outcomes of the species interactions. Further, we will proceed on to studying more about ‘Metapopulation’.

Metapopulation Definition

Metapopulation or Metapopulation ecology is a regional group of populations that are connected with species. For a single species, each of the metapopulations is continually modified by the increase in births and immigrations and it gets continually decreased by deaths and emigrations of the present individuals in the group. These local populations of a given species quite fluctuate in their size, they become very much vulnerable to its extinction in the periods when their numbers are quite low. The Extinction of local populations is evident in some species. The elimination of the metapopulation of the structure of these species can increase the prosperity of regional extinction of these species.

This structure of metapopulations quite varies among the species. Particularly in some species, this is quite stable over time and they act as the source of recruits into the other, they are the less stable populations. 

Metapopulation Dynamics 

Metapopulation Dynamics definition, as previously defined by Levin’s includes the extinction and colonization of the local populations. His theory suggested that the process can be affected by demographic persistence, its existence of interacting species, its genetic variation, and evolution.  

Metapopulation biology is very much concerned with its dynamic consequences of the migration among the local people and the conditions of its regional persistence of the species with the unstable local population growth. This is a well-established habitat patch area and the isolation on migration, colonization and population extinction became integrated with classic metapopulation dynamics. Metapopulation Dynamics has led the models which have been used to predict the movement patterns of the individuals, the dynamics of the species, and also the distributional patterns in the multispecies of communities in the real fragmented landscapes.

Mainland Island Metapopulation 

We adapt to different ecological environments, through divergent selection and generate phenotypic and genetic differences between these populations. The changes eventually give rise to these new species. The speciation process is generally quantitative in nature. This is being represented by a lot of studies that show that divergence during the speciation quite varies continuously, and this sequence of genetically-based changes occur as two lineages on the pathway to reproductive isolation diverge from each other. Divergent evolution and reproductive isolation are the two primary elements of speciation which many have recognized that reproductive isolation is generally a signature effect that is rather than a primary cause of speciation.

Further detailing about the Levin’s’ metapopulation study, we get to know the generalization majorly consists of the introduction of immigration, which is generally from a mainland and the assumption of the dynamics is stochastic, rather than deterministic. 

We will derive an equation for this probability is – n of the patches that are occupied, is derived and Ps(n) is the stationary probability, which together means and higher moments in the stationary state, determined. 

The time dependence of this probability distribution is also studied: through the Gaussian approximation which is generally n when the boundary is at n = 0 and has little effect, thus, by calculating P (0, t), the probability got no patches. They are occupied at a time which is denoted by t, and by using the linearization procedure. These analytic calculations are then supplemented by calculating the numerical solutions of the master equation and simulations of the stochastic process. All these various approaches are quite consistent with each other. 

We can use the forms for Ps and P (0, t) which are in the linearization and approximation which are the bases for calculating the meantime for a metapopulation to get extinct. We also give an analytical expression which is for the meantime to extinct the derived that is within the mean-field approach. We chalk out a simple method in order to apply our mean-field approach which is even complex patch networks in the realistic model metapopulations. Also, after studying a lattice metapopulation model and also a spatially realistic model, we can thereby conclude the analytical formula required for the mean extinction time is normally applicable to those metapopulations that are really endangered. 

India is a country with diverse vegetation and wildlife. Due to its exclusive diversity in topography, the existential differences in the flora are witnessed. The natural vegetation of India is an example of how rich our natural resources can be to the entire world. In this section, you will learn what is natural vegetation and how it is segmented considering the topography and other features. Keep on reading and find out how the vegetation of India is classified into different types.

India and it’s Natural Vegetation

The first thing that we will do is to describe natural vegetation. This term refers to the community of plants growing naturally in a particular area without any human intervention. The naturally-growing plants also show a set of features that match the environment of that place. Apart from all the crops, humans grow in fields and other places, every species of flora growing naturally can be considered as natural vegetation. It all depends on the average climate of a region that determines the type of vegetation. In fact, a pattern is observed in the vegetation growing in a particular climate in different regions. The climatic condition depends on the altitude of the area, seasons, duration of sunlight received, and latitude. It also depends on the soil of that region. Hence, by looking at the factors, you can understand that the duration and intensity of the photoperiod decide the type of vegetation. Apart from these factors, rainfall, humidity, etc also influence the types of vegetation in India.

Types of Natural Vegetation in India

Now that you have understood the natural vegetation meaning, you can easily classify the features of vegetation of a particular zone. The different types of vegetation in India are mentioned below.

1. Tropical Rainforest

This is one of the widest segments of forests found in India. India is a Subtropical country and it witnesses bigger summers and a vast range of rainfalls across the map. Due to the shielding of the Himalayas, the cold Arctic wind is restricted on the other side. As the name suggests, the rain forests occur in the areas witnessing heavy rainfall during the season or across the year. It is found in the Western Ghats, Lakshadweep, Assam, Andaman & Nicobar, Tamil Nadu, etc. The trees can grow up to a height of 60 meters. The noteworthy species found in these forests are mahogany, ebony, rubber, rosewood, and cinchona.

2. Tropical Deciduous Forest

As the name suggests, this natural vegetation comprises deciduous trees that shed their leaves once in a year during the dry summer season. This forest can be seen in the Himalayan foothills, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, etc. In fact, this type of vegetation is also seen on the eastern side of the Western Ghats. The prime species found in this forest are sandalwood, sal, bamboo, teak, shisham, Kusum, mulberry, Khair, Arjun, etc. These species of the natural vegetation of India are also commercially very important for different industries. These forests are generally found in regions that receive rainfall ranging from 70 cm to 200 cm annually.

3. Scrubs and Thorny Vegetations

These particular types of trees explain natural vegetation and a lot about the places where they grow. It is clear that these places get a scanty rainfall of 70 cm annually. This is the reason these plantations have adapted to this arid climate and started growing thorns to preserve water. The trees are generally bushy and thorny in nature. The arid climate and natural vegetation of India signify the features of these plants. You will find these plants in Rajasthan and the upper part of Gujarat where the climate is quite dry. In fact, arid areas of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh with less rainfall also grow such vegetation.

4. Montane forests

Among the different types of vegetation in India, this is a unique type where the species grow bigger leaves and are found at a height of 1000-3000 meters above sea level. The temperature is low and the climate is humid at the height of 1000 – 2000 meters. Here, you will find broad-leaved evergreen trees of chestnuts, oaks, etc. Above 1500 meters to 3000 meters, the natural vegetation has a temperate set of features. Here, the temperature drops and the climate is dryer. Trees like silver fir, deodar, spruce, pine, etc grow.

5. Mangrove Forests

If we talk about the natural vegetation of the deltas and estuaries, we will find exceptional features of the entire group of species. These trees and plants grow in tidal regions. The roots are submerged in tidal water. The common trees are Sundari plants found in the deltas of the Ganga, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Godavari. These forests are quite dense. Some of the plants also have roots that grow upwards.

Indian Medicinal Plants 

The medicinal plants in India tell the stories of the rich history of Ayurveda. The spices and medicinal plants are listed by the World Conservation Union. The Red List contains 352 medicinal plants grown in India. 52 out of this list are threatened with extinction. The common medicinal plants are tulsi, sarpagandha, babool, neem, Jamun, Arjun, etc. Study about these types of the natural vegetation of India and understand how the features depend on the climatic conditions.

The natural vegetation of India is a part of geography that is taught in grade 7 and grade 9 of the schools which followed the CBSE curriculum. Natural vegetation of India and wildlife is mainly discussed in detail in class nine, in chapter 5 called natural vegetation and wildlife.

Study notes on the topic of the natural vegetation of India provided by are an extremely important resource for students. These notes are tailored according to the student’s needs as they are prepared by ’s expert geography teachers who have years of experience and are well-versed in the study of geography, they have done a critical analysis of the previous year question papers and the study notes are based on the latest curriculum set by the Central board of secondary education. 

Natural vegetation can be defined as the endowments of nature; this vegetation is grown naturally under favorable climatic conditions. Different types of vegetation are grown in different areas depending upon various factors such as climate, topography, precipitation, soil, etc. vegetation is nearly the fruits orchards and crops that are cultivated and therefore do not come under natural vegetation

Having 47000 plant species, India ranks 10th in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity, it is considered as one of the 12 mega biodiversity nations of the world. India has about 15,000 flowering plants, which accounts for 6% in the world’s total number of flowering plants.

In other words, natural vegetation mainly refers to communities of plants that have grown naturally without any sort of humanitarian aid and that have been left dormant by humans for a long time. This type of vegetation is called virgin vegetation, therefore, crops, fruits, and orchards that are cultivated come under vegetation but not natural vegetation.

Key Topics Covered in Chapter 5 of Class 9 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

• Relief,

•  land,

• soil,

• climate,

• temperature,

• photoperiod,

• precipitation,

• tropical evergreen forest,

• tropical diseases forest,

• the thorn Forest and scrubs,

• Montaigne forest,

• mangrove forest,

• Wildlife

Conclusion

Taking a quick glance at notes available from will help students get better equipped with the concept and therefore will enable them to answer the questions in the best possible way in the examinations that are held at the end of the term. These study notes provide students with a much-needed boost for the preparation of the examination.