Category: Interview Questions

1. 1. Define The Term ‘dimension’?

   The term ‘dimension’ is used to refer to the physical nature of a quantity and the type of unit used to specify it. Mathematically dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental quantities must be raised.

2. 2. What Are Dimensional Constants?

   Constants which possess dimensions are called dimensional constants.

   Example:
   Planck’ Constant.


Physics Interview Questions

3. 3. What Are Dimensional Variables?

   Those physical quantities which possess dimensions but do not have a fixed value are called dimensional variables.

   Example:
   Displacement, Force, velocity etc.

4. 4. What Are Dimensionless Quantities?

   Physical quantities which do not possess dimensions are called dimensionless quantities.

   Example:
   Angle, specific gravity, strain. In general, physical quantity which is a ratio of  two quantities of same dimension will be dimensionless.

5. 5. Define The Principle Of Homogeneity Of Dimensions. On What Principle Is It Based?

   The principle of homogeneity of dimensions states that an equation is dimensionally correct if the dimensions of the various terms on either side of the equation are the same.
   This principle is based on the fact that two quantities of the same dimension only can be added up, and the resulting quantity also possess the the same dimension.

   in equation X + Y = Z is valid if the dimensions of X, Y and Z are same.


Unit of Measurement Interview Questions

6. 6. List The Basic Dimensions?

   • Length – L
   • Time – T
   • Mass – M
   • Temperature – K or  θ
   • Current – A

7. 7. What Are The Uses (applications) Of Dimensional Analysis?

   The applications of dimensional analysis are:

   • To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another.
   • To check the dimensional correctness of a given equation.establish a relationship between different physical quantities in an equation.


Machine Dynamics Interview Questions

8. 8. What Are The Limitations Of Dimensional Analysis?

   Limitations of Dimensional Analysis are:

   • It cannot determine value of dimensionless constants.
   • We cannot use this method to equations involving exponential and trigonometric functions.
   • It cannot be applied to an equation involving more than three physical quantities.
   • It is a too not a solution i.e.  It can check only if the equation is dimensionally correct or not. But cannot say the equation is absolutely correct.

9. 9. What Do You Mean By “ Dimensions Of A Derived Unit ” ?

   We know that that the units that depend upon the fundamental units of mass, length and time are called derived units. The unit of mass, length and time are denoted by M, I and T. ( The dimensions of a derived unit may be defined as the powers to which the fundamental units of mass, length and time must be raised so as to completely represent it.


Gravitational Interview Questions

10. 10. What Id Dimensional Formula ?

    It is an compound expression, showing how and which of the fundamental units enter into the unit of a physical quantity.

11. 11. What Is Dimensional Equation?

    It is an expression which expresses the physical quantity in terms of a fundamental units of mass, length and time.


Light Interview Questions

12. 12. What Are Non- Dimensional Variable?

    Physical quantities which are variable but have no dimensions are called non – dimensional variable,

    Example:
    strain, specific gravity, angle etc.


Physics Interview Questions

13. 13. What Is Dimensional Lumber?

    It is a term used for lumber that is finished and cut to standerdized width and depth specified in inches.

14. 14. What Is The Principle Of Homogeneity Of Dimensons ?

    According to this principle, the dimensions of all the terms on the two sides of an equation must be same.Therefore in a given relation the terms on either side have same dimensions, If the relation is a correct one, but if it is not so, th erelation is not correct

15. 15. What Is Random Error?

    The error which creeps in during a measurement due to individual measuring person and the care taken by him in the measuring process is called random error. In order to minimise this error, measurements are repeated many times.


Photon Interview Questions

16. 16. What Is Meant By Instrumental Error?

    The error which creeps in during a measurement due to limit or resolution of the measuring instrument is called instrumental error. 

17. 17. What Is Meant By Absolute Error In A Measurement?

    The magnitude of the difference between the true value ( i.e. the mean )of the quantity and the individual measured value is called absolute error.


Matter Interview Questions

18. 18. What Is Meant By Significant Figures ?

    It indicates the extent to which the reading are reliable.


Unit of Measurement Interview Questions

19. 19. How Many Base Units Are There In The S.i System ?

    There are only seven base units and two supplementary units.

20. 20. What Is Kinematics?

    The word kinematics is derived from the greek word “ Knemia ” which means motion. Thus kinematics is the study of motion. We study the position, velocity, acceleration etc. of a body without specifyng the nature of the body and the nature of the forces which cause motion. In this branch we study ways to describe motion of object independent of causes of motion and independent of the nature of the body.


Earthquake Interview Questions

21. 21. What Is Dynamics?

    It is dervied from the greek word “ dynamics ” which means power. It deals with the study of motion taking into consideration the forces which cause motion.

22. 22. What Is Statics?

    It is the study of objects at rest i.e. when a large number of forces acting on a body are in equilibrium.

23. 23. What Is Mechanics?

    This deals with all the subjects namely, kinematics, dynamics and statics.


Bacteria Interview Questions

24. 24. What Is Motion?

    It is the change of position of an object in the course of time.

    The body in motion is treated as a particle.

    The motion has been classfied as :-

    1.  Motion in one dimension – i.e atrain running on a railway track.
    2.  Motion in two dimensions – i.e motion of a stone which is thrown in the horizontal direction from the top of a tower.
    3.  Motion in three dimensions – i.e the motion of the molecules of a gas. 


Machine Dynamics Interview Questions

25. 25. Which Type Of Motions Are The Following ?

    1. Motion along a circle.
    2. Motion along a curve

    Both are motions in two dimensions

26. 26. What Is Meant By Negative Time And Positive Time?

    If we assign a negative time to an event, it means that it occured before the event to which positive time was assigned.


Asia Interview Questions

27. 27. What Is Meant By Instanteous Position Of An Object?

    The position co – ordinate in a moving body describes te definite and exact position of the body at any time. The position of a body at any instant is called instantaneous position.


Gravitational Interview Questions

28. 28. What Is Uniform Motion?

    A motion is said to be uniform if the body moves equal distances in equal intervals of time and always in the same direction. For such a motion, the actual distance covered in time t is the magnitude of the displacement.

29. 29. What Is Uniform Velocity?

    If the body moves equal distances in equal intervals of time and always in the same direction, then it is said to possess uniform velocity.


Solar System Interview Questions

30. 30. What Is Non – Uniform Motion?

    When a body travels unequal distance in equal intervals of time, the motion is said to be non – uniform motion.

31. 31. What Is Variable Velocity?

    If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time along a straight line or if the body changes the direction of motion ( though it may be covering equal intervals of time ) , it is said to process variable velocity.

32. 32. What Is Average Velocity?

    It is the ratio of the total distance travelled to the total time taken by the body.

33. 33. What Is Instantaneous Velocity?

    The velocity of a body in a non – uniform motion at any instant is called instantaneous velocity. It is different from the average velocity over an interval of time.


Light Interview Questions

34. 34. What Is Acceleration?

    It is the rate of change of velocity with time.

35. 35. What Is Uniform Acceleration?

    A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration, if its velocity changes by equal values in equal intervals of time.

36. 36. What Is Instantaneous Acceleration?

    If the motion changes of a body is such that its velocity changes by unequal values in equal intervals of time, then the value of the accleration at any instant is called instantaneous acceleration.


Photon Interview Questions

37. 37. What Is Retardation?

    If the velocity increases, the acceleration is positive and if the velocity decreases, the acceleration is negative. The negative acceleration is called retardation.

38. 38. What Is The Direction Of The Velocity And Acceleration When It Is Thrown Upwards ?

    Velocity is vertically upward and acceleration is vertically downwards.

39. 39. What Is The Direction Of The Velocity And Acceleration When It Is Thrown Down Wards?

    Velocity is vertically downward and acceleration is also vertically downwards.

40. 40. How Is The Position Time Graph Helpful In Studying The Motion Of The Body?

    With the help of this graph, we can determine, distance travelled during any interval of time and also the velocity of the body at any instant of time.


Matter Interview Questions

41. 41. Why We Do Not Ever Consider Rate Of Change Of Acceleration?

    It is found that the basic laws of motion involve only acceleration and not the rate of change of acceleration, so we never consider the rate of change of acceleration.

42. 42. What Is Angle Of Departure Or Angle Of Projection?

    The angle that the of projection makes with the horizontal is called angle of departure or angle of projection. Clearly angle of projection for a horizontal projectile is zero.


Earthquake Interview Questions

43. 43. What Is Range Of Projectile?

    The distance between the point of projection and the point where the trajectory meets the horizontal plane through the point of projection is called its range ( horizontal ).

44. 44. What Is Horizontal Velocity Of Projectile ?

    The horizontal component of the velocity of the body remains same throughout because there is no acceleration ( due to gravity ) in the horizontal direction.

    The vertical component of the veocity initially ( i.e. at t = 0 ) is zero and the vertical component keeps on increasing till body touches the ground.

45. 45. What Is Velocity?

    Velocity is the rate of change of the position, equal to speed in a particular direction.

46. 46. Which Indian Physcist Worked With Albert Einstein ?

    Satyendranath Bose, who with Einstein developed a system of statical quantum mecahnics now known sa Bose Einstein Statistics.

47. 47. What Is Escape Velocity?

    The minimum speed that a space rocket must reach to escape the earth’s gravity.

48. 48. Which Are The Basic Forces?

    The basic forces are gravity, electricity, magnetism and two kinds of nuclear forces called weak and strong forces.

49. 49. Which Scientist Proved The Electro Weak Force They?

    Abdus Salam became the first person from pakistan who won a nobel prize for prove this theory.

50. 50. Which Are Called Non – Contact Forces?

    Some forces are only produced when the one object touches another. These force are called non – contact forces.

51. 51. What Is Metastable State?

    This is a state of a system in which it is apparently in a stable equilibrium, however if slightly distrubed the system changes to a new state of lower energy.

52. 52. What Is Dimensional Analysis?

    A method used to find a relation between various physical quantities. Also to calculate how a physical quantity will depend in terms of the powers of fundamental units on which it intuitively depends.

    The method is based on the prinicple that the dimensions of the fudamental quantities ( M, L and T ) must be the same on both sides of an equation.

53. 53. What Is Physical Quantity Of Dimesion?

    These are the powers to which the fundamental units must be raised, when the quantity is expressed interms of these units.

54. 54. What Are The Main Uses Of Dimensional Equations?

    1.  To test of correctness of equations.
    2.  To derive the equations
    3.  To convert one system of units into another.
    4.  To recapitulate important formulae.

55. 55. (ncert): A Book With Many Printing Errors Contains Four Different Formulas For The Displacement Y Of A Particle Undergoing A Certain Periodic Motion:
    (a) Y = A Sin 2π T/t
    (b) Y = A Sin Vt
    (c) Y = (a/t) Sin T/a
    (d) Y = (a 2) (sin 2πt / T + Cos 2πt / T )
    (a = Maximum Displacement Of The Particle, V = Speed Of The Particle. T = Time-period
    Of Motion). Rule Out The Wrong Formulas On Dimensional Grounds.

    Given,

    Dimension  of a = displacement = [M⁰L¹T⁰]

    Dimension of v (speed) =  distance/time = [M⁰L¹T^-1]

    Dimension of  t or T (time period) = [M⁰L⁰T^1]

    Trigonometric function sine is a ratio, hence it must be dimensionless.

    (a)  y = a sin 2π t/T (correct ✓ )

    Dimensions of RHS =  [L¹] sin([_^T].[T^-1] ) =  [M⁰L¹T⁰] = LHS  (eqation is correct).

    (b) y = a sin vt  (wrong ✗)

    RHS =  [L¹] sin([LT^-1] [T¹]) =  [L¹] sin([L]) = wrong, since trigonometric function must be dimension less.

    (c) y = (a/T) sin t/a (wrong ✗)

    RHS = [L¹] sin([T].[L^-1] ) = [L¹] sin([TL^-1] ) = wrong, sine function must be dimensionless.

    (d)  y = (a 2) (sin 2πt / T + cos 2πt / T )  (correct ✓ )

    RHS =  [L¹] ( sin([T].[T^-1] + cos([T].[T^-1] ) = [L¹] ( sin(M⁰L¹T⁰) + cos(M⁰L¹T⁰) )

    = [L¹]  = RHS  = equation is dimensionally correct.

56. 56. (ncert): A Famous Relation In Physics Relates ‘moving Mass’ M To The ‘rest Mass’ Mo Of A Particle In Terms Of Its Speed V And The Speed Of Light, C. (this Relation First Arose As A Consequence Of Special Relativity Due To Albert Einstein). A Boy Recalls The Relation Almost Correctly But Forgets Where To Put The Constant C. He Writes?

    Dimension of m (mass) = [M¹L⁰T⁰]

    Dimension of m0 (mass) = [M¹L⁰T⁰]

    Dimension of v (velocity) = [M⁰L¹T^-1]

    ∴ Dimension of v²= [M⁰L²T^-2]

    Dimension of c (velocity) = [M⁰L¹T^-1]

    Applying principle of homogeneity of dimensions,  [LHS] = [RHS] = [M¹L⁰T⁰]

    ⇒ The equation (1- v²)½  must be dimension less, which is possible if we have the expressions as:

    (1 –  v²/c²) The equation after placing ‘c’

57. 57. Check The Following Equation For Calculating Displacement Is Dimensionally Correct Or Not
    (a) X = X0 + Ut + (1/2) At2
    Where, X Is Displacement At Given Time T
    Xo Is The Displacement At T = 0
    U Is The Velocity At T = 0
    A Represents The Acceleration.
    (b) P = (ρgh)½
    Where P Is The Pressure,
    ρ Is The Density
    G Is Gravitational Acceleration
    H Is The Height.

    (a)  x = x0 + ut + (1/2) at2

    Applying principle of homogeneity, all the sub-expressions  of the equation must have the same dimension and be equal to [LHS]

    Dimension of  x = [M⁰L¹T⁰]

    Dimensions of  sub-expressions of [RHS] must be [M⁰L¹T⁰]

    ⇒ Dimension of  x0 (displacement) = [M⁰L¹T⁰] = [LHS]

    Dimension of ut  = velocity x time = [M⁰L¹T^-1][M⁰L⁰T¹] = [M⁰L¹T⁰] = [LHS]

    Dimension of  at² = acceleration x (time)2  = [M⁰L¹T^-2][M⁰L⁰T^-2] = [M⁰L¹T⁰] = [LHS]

    ∴ The equation is dimensionally correct.

    (b) P = (ρgh)½

    Dimensions of LHS i.e. Pressure [P] = [M¹L^-1T^-2]

    Dimensions of ρ = mass/volume =  [M¹L^-3T⁰]

    Dimensions of g (acceleration) = [M⁰L¹T^-2]

    Dimensions of h (height) = [M⁰L¹T⁰]

    Dimensions of RHS = [(ρgh)½] = ([M¹L^-3T⁰]. [M⁰L¹T^-2].[M⁰L¹T⁰])½ = ([M¹L^-1T^-2])½

    = [M^½L^-½T^-1]  ≠ [LHS]

58. 58. Ncert): A Man Walking Briskly In Rain With Speed V Must Slant His Umbrella Forward Making An Angle θ With The Vertical. A Student Derives The Following Relation Between θ And V : Tan θ = V And Checks That The Relation Has A Correct Limit: As V → 0, θ →0, As Expected. (we Are Assuming There Is No Strong Wind And That The Rain Falls Vertically For A Stationary Man). Do You Think This Relation Can Be Correct ? If Not, Guess The Correct Relation?

    Given, v = tanθ

    Dimensions of  LHS = [v] = [M⁰L¹T^-1]

    Dimension of  RHS = [tanθ] = [M⁰L⁰T⁰]      (trigonometric ratios are dimensionless)

    Since [LHS] ≠ [RHS]. Equation is dimensionally incorrect.

    To make the equation dimensionally correct, LHS should also be dimension less. It may be possible if consider speed of rainfall (Vr) and the equation will become:

    tan θ = v/Vr

59. 59. Hooke’s Law States That The Force, F, In A Spring Extended By A Length X Is Given By F = −kx.
    According To Newton’s Second Law F = Ma, Where M Is The Mass And A Is The Acceleration.
    Calculate The Dimension Of The Spring Constant K?

    Given, F = -kx

    ⇒ k = – F/x

    F = ma,

    the dimensions of force is:

    [F] = ma = [M¹L⁰T⁰].[M⁰L¹T^-2] = [M¹L¹T^-2]

    Therefore, dimension of spring constant (k) is:

    [k] = [F]/[x] = [M¹L¹T^-2].[M⁰L^-1T⁰] = [M¹L⁰T^-2] or [MT^-2] …..

60. 60. Compute The Dimensional Formula Of Electrical Resistance (r)?

    According to Ohm’s law

    V = IR or R = V/I

    Since Work done (W) = QV  where Q is the charge

    ⇒ R = W/QI = W/I²t         (I = Q/t)

    Dimensions of Work [W] = [M¹L²T^-2]

    ∴Dimension of R =  [R] = [M¹L²T^-2][A^-2T^-1] = [M¹L²T^-3A^-2]

61. 61. A Calorie Is A Unit Of Heat Or Energy And It Equals About 4.2 J Where 1j = 1 Kg M2 S–2. Suppose We Employ A System Of Units In Which The Unit Of Mass Equals α Kg, The Unit Of Length Equals β M, The Unit Of Time Is γ S. Show That A Calorie Has A Magnitude 4.2 α–1 β–2 γ2 In Terms Of The New Units?

    Considering the unit conversion formula,

    n1U1 = n1U2

    n1[M1^aL1^bT1^c] = n2[M2^aL2^bT2^c]

    Given here,  1 Cal = 4.2 J = 4.2  kg m² s^–2.

    n1 = 4.2,  M1 = 1kg,  L1 = 1m,  T1 = 1 sec

    and

    n2 = ?,  M2 = α kg,  L2 = βm,  T2 = γ sec

    The dimensional formula of energy is =  [M¹L²T^-2]

    ⇒ a = 1, b =1 and c = -2  Putting these values in above equation,

    n2= n1[M1/M2]^a[L1/L2]^b[T1/T2]^c

        = n1[M1/M2]¹[L1/L2]²[T1/T2]^-2

        = 4.2[1Kg/α kg]¹[1m/βm]²[1sec/γ sec]^-2 = 4.2 α^–1 β^–2 γ²  

62. 62. The Kinetic Energy K Of A Rotating Body Depends On Its Moment Of Inertia I And Its Angular Speed ω. Considering The Relation To Be K = Kiaωb Where K Is Dimensionless Constant.
    Find A And B. Moment Of Inertia Of A Spehere About Its Diameter Is (2/5)mr2?

    Dimensions of Kinetic energy K = [M¹L²T^-2]

    Dimensions of Moment of Inertia (I) = [ (2/5)Mr²] = [ML²T⁰]

    Dimensions of angular speed ω = [θ/t] = [M⁰L⁰T^-1]

    Applying principle of homogeneity in dimensions in the equation K = kI^aω^b

    [M¹L²T^-2] = k ( [ML²T⁰])a([M⁰L⁰T^-1])b

    [M¹L²T^-2] = k [M^aL^2aT^-b]

    ⇒ a = 1 and b = 2

    ⇒ K = kIω²  

63. 63. Convert 1 Newton Into Dyne Using Method Of Dimensions?

    Dimensions of Force = [M¹L¹T^-2]

    Considering dimensional unit conversion formula i.e.  n1[M1^aL1^bT1^c] = n2[M2^aL2^bT2^c]

    ⇒ a = 1, b = 1 and c = -2

    In SI system,  M1 = 1kg,        L1 = 1m   and T1 = 1s

    In cgs system, M2 = 1g,         L2 = 1cm  and T2 = 1s

    Putting the values in the conversion formula,

    n2 = n1(1Kg/1g)¹.(1m/1cm)¹(1s/1s)^-2= 1.(10³/1g)(10²cm) = 10⁵dyne

64. 64. The Centripetal Force (f) Acting On A Particle (moving Uniformly In A Circle) Depends On The Mass (m) Of The Particle, Its Velocity (v) And Radius (r) Of The Circle. Derive Dimensionally Formula For Force (f)?

    Given,   F ∝ m^a.v^b.r^c

    ∴ F = km^a.v^b.r^c     (where k is constant)

    Putting dimensions of each quantity in the equation,

     [M¹L¹T^-2] = [M¹L⁰T⁰]^a.[M⁰L¹T^-1]^b. [M⁰L¹T⁰]^c = [M^aL^b+cT+cT^-b]

    ⇒  a =1, b +c = 1, -b = -2

    ⇒  a= 1, b = 2, c = -1

    ∴ F = km¹.v².r^-1= kmv²/r

65. 65. If The Velocity Of Light C, Gravitational Constant G And Planks Constant H Be Chosen As Fundamental Units, Find The Value Of A Gram, A Cm And A Sec In Term Of New Unit Of Mass, Length And Time Respectively.
    (take C = 3 X 1010 Cm/sec, G = 6.67 X 108 Dyn Cm2/gram2 And H = 6.6 X 10-27 Erg Sec)?

    Given,

    c = 3 x 10¹⁰ cm/sec

    G = 6.67 x 10⁸ dyn cm²/gm²

    h = 6.6 x 10^-27 erg sec

    Putting respective dimensions,

    Dimension formula for c = [M⁰L¹T^-1] = 3 x 10¹⁰ cm/sec                             …. (I)

    Dimensions of G             =  [M^-1L³T^-2] = 6.67 x 10⁸dyn cm²/gm²                …(II)

    Dimensions of h             = [M¹L²T^-1] =  6.6 x 10^-27erg sec                         …(III)

    (Note: Applying newton’s law of gravitation, you can find dimensions of G i.e. G = Fr2/(mM)

    Similarly, Planck’s Constant (h) = Energy / frequency)

    To get M, multiply eqn-I and III and divide by eqn.-II,

    ⇒ [M⁰L¹T^-1].[M¹L²T^-1].[M¹L^-3T²]

    = ( 3 x 10¹⁰ cm/sec).( 6.6 x 10^{-27 erg sec)/ 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2}

    ⇒[M2] = 2.968 x 10^-9

    ⇒[M] =  0.5448 x 10^-4 gm

    or 1gm = [M]/0.5448 x 10^-4 = 1.835 x 10^-4 unit of mass

    To obtain length [L],  eqn.-II x eqn-III / cube of eqn.-I i.e.

    [M^-1L³T^-2].[M¹L²T^-1].[M0L-3T3]

    = (6.67 x 10⁸ dyn cm²/gm² ).( 6.6 x 10^-27erg sec)/(3 x 10¹⁰ cm/sec)³

    ⇒ [L²] =  1.6304 x 10^-65cm²

    ⇒ [L]  =  0.4038 x 10^-32 cm

    or  1cm = [L]/ 0.4038 x 10^-32 = 2.47 x 10^-32unit of length

    In eqn-I,  [M⁰L¹T^-1] = 3 x 10¹⁰cm/sec

    ⇒  [T] = [L] ÷ 3 x 10¹⁰cm/s

    ⇒  [T] =  0.4038 x 10^-32 cm  ÷ 3 x 10¹⁰cm/s = 0.1345 x 10^-42 s

    or 1s = [T]/0.1345 x 10^-42s = 7.42 x 10⁴²unit of time 

66. 66. A Student While Doing An Experiment Finds That The Velocity Of An Object Varies With Time And It Can Be Expressed As Equation: V = Xt2 + Yt +z . If Units Of V And T Are Expressed In Terms Of Si Units, Determine The Units Of Constants X, Y And Z In The Given Equation?

    Given,  v = Xt² + Yt +Z

    Dimensions of velocity v =  [M⁰L¹T^-1]

    Applying applying principle of homogeneity in dimensions, terms must have same dimension.

    [v] = [Xt²] + [Yt] + [Z]

    ∴ [v] = [Xt²]

    ⇒ [X] = [v] /[t²]  =  [M⁰L¹T^-1] / [M⁰L⁰T²] = [M⁰L¹T^-3]              ….(i)

    Similarly, [v] = [Yt]

    ⇒  [Y] = [v] / [t] = [M⁰L¹T^-1]/ [M⁰L⁰T^-1] = [M⁰L¹T^-2]             …(ii)

    Similarly, [v]= [Z]

    [Z] =  [M⁰L¹T^-1]      …(iii)

    ⇒ Unit of X = m-s^-3

    ⇒ Unit of Y = m-s^-2

    ⇒ Unit of Z = m-s^-1

67. 67. Express Capacitance In Terms Of Dimensions Of Fundamental Quantities I.e. Mass (m), Length(l), Time(t) And Ampere(a)?

    Capacitance(C) is defined as the ability of a electric body to store electric charge.

    ∴ Capacitance (C) = Total Charge(q) / potential difference between two plates (V)

    = Coulomb/ Volt

    ∵  Volt = Work done (W)/ Charge(q) = Joule/Coulomb

    ⇒  Capacitance (C) = Charge(q)²/ Work(W)

    ∵ Charge (q) = Current (I) × Time(t)

    Dimension of [q] = [AT]                                                 ———– (I)

    Dimension of Work = Force × distance = [MLT^-2][L] = [ML²T^-2]            ——— (II)

    Putting values of I and II,

    [C] = ([AT])²/ [ML²T^-2] = [M^-1L^-2T²⁺²A²] = [M^-1L^-2T⁴A²]

    Physical Quantities having the same dimensional formula:

    a. impulse and momentum.

    b. force, thrust.

    c. work, energy, torque, moment of force, energy

    d. angular momentum, Planck’s constant, rotational impulse

    e. force constant, surface tension, surface energy.

    f. stress, pressure, modulus of elasticity.

    g. angular velocity, frequency, velocity gradient

    h. latent heat, gravitational potential.

    i. thermal capacity, entropy, universal gas constant and Boltzmann’s constant.

    j. power, luminous flux.

68. 68. If Force (f), Velocity (v) And Acceleration (a) Are Taken As The Fundamental Units Instead Of Mass, Length And Time, Express Pressure And Impulse In Terms Of F, V And A?

    We know that Force = mass ✕ acceleration

    ⇒ mass = FA^-1

    and  length = velocity ✕ time = velocity ✕  velocity ÷  acceleration = V2A-1

    and time = VA^-1

    ∵ Pressure = Force  ÷ Area = F ÷ (V2A^-1)2 = FV-4A²

    Impulse = Force ✕ time = FVA^-1 

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1. 1. What Are The Three Types Of Germ Layers That Form Tissues And Organs In Animals?

   The three germ layers are the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

2. 2. How Is The Mesoderm (third Germ Layer) Of Triploblastic Animals Formed?

   The mesoderm appears from differentiation of endodermal cells that cover the dorsal region of the archenteron.

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3. 3. What Are The Archenteron And The Blastopore? What Is The Stage Of The Embryonic Development In Which These Structures Are Formed? What Are The Destinations Of The Archenteron And Of The Blastopore?

   Archenteron is the tube formed during gastrulation by means of invagination of the blastula wall inside the blatocele. It is the origin of the gastrointestinal tract. Blastopore is the opening of the archenteron to the exterior. The blastopore gives birth to one of the extremities of the digestive tube: the mouth in protostome beings, or the anus in deuterostome beings.

4. 4. What Is Gastrulation? How During Gastrulation Are The &rst Two Germ Layers Formed? Which Are These Germ Layers?

   Gastrulation is the process through which a portion of the blastula wall undergoes invagination inside the blastocele forming a tube called archenteron (primitive intestine). The cells of the inner side of the tube form the endoderm (germ layer) and the cells of the outer side form the ectoderm (another germ layer). It is the beginning of the tissue differentiation in the embryonic development.

5. 5. After The Blastula Stage What Is The Following Stage Of The Embryonic Development? How Is The Passage From Blastula To The Next Stage Called?

   The blastula turns into gastrula in a process known as gastrulation.

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6. 6. After The Morula Stage What Is The Next Stage? What Is The Morphological Feature That Defines That Stage?

   After passing the morula stage in which the embryo was a compact mass of cells, the next stage is the blastula stage. In the blastula stage, the compactness is lost and an internal cavity filled with fluid appears inside, the blastocele.

7. 7. What Are The Cells Produced In The First Stage Of The Embryonic Development Called?

   The cells that resulted from the cleavage (the first stage of the embryonic development) are called blastomeres. In this stage the embryo is called morula (similar to a “morus”, mulberry).

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8. 8. What Is The Cell Division During The First Stage Of The Embryonic Development Called? How Is This Stage Characterized?

   The cell division in the first stage of the embryonic developments is called cleavage, or segmentation. In this stage, mitosis occurs from the zygote forming the new embryo.

9. 9. What Are The Four Initial Stages Of The Embryonic Development?

   The four initial stages of the embryonic development are the morula stage, the blastula stage, the gastrula stage, and the neurula stage.

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10. 10. What Are The Animal Pole And The Vegetal Pole Of The Vertebrate Egg?

    The animal pole of a telolecithal egg is the portion of the egg with little vitellus, it is opposite to the vegetal pole that is the region where the yolk is concentrated.

11. 11. What Is The Function Of The Vitellus In The Vertebrate Egg? How Are These Eggs Classified According To The Amount Of Vitellus Within Them?

    Vitellus (yolk) is the nutritive material that accumulates in the cytoplasm of the egg (zygote) with the function of nourishing the embryo. According to the amount of vitellus in them, the vertebrate eggs are classified as oligolecithal (little yolk), centrolecithal, or heterolecithal (more yolk diffusely distributed) and telolecithal (more yolk concentrated in one end of the egg).

12. 12. What Is The Cell Division Process Directly Related To The Embryonic Growth?

    The embryonic growth depends directly on mitosis. Through this type of cell division, the zygote divides itself giving birth to a series of cells that by mitosis too compose differentiated tissues and organs until the formation of a complete individual.

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13. 13. How Are Animals Classified According To The Germ Layers Present In Their Embryonic Development?

    Cnidarians are diploblastic, i.e., they present only endoderm and ectoderm. With the exception of poriferans, all remaining animals are triploblastic. Poriferans do not present differentiated tissue organization and so they do not classify regarding germ layers (although sometimes they are mentioned as diploblastic).

14. 14. How Does The Embryo Turn From Gastrula Into Neurula? How Is The Neural Tube Formed? What Is The Embryonic Origin Of The Nervous System In Vertebrates?

    The neurula stage is characterized by the appearing of the neural tube along the dorsal region of the embryo. The growing of mesoderm in that region induces the differentiation of ectodermal cells just above. These cells then differentiate forming the neural tube. Therefore, the origin of the nervous system is the ectoderm (the same germ layer that gives birth to the skin).

15. 15. What Is Notochord? How Is This Structure Formed?

    Notochord is a rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the embryo and gives birth to the vertebral column in vertebrates. It is formed by differentiation of mesodermal cells.

16. 16. What Is Coelom? To Which Structures Do Coeloms Give Birth? Are All Animals Coelomate?

    Coeloms are cavities delimited by mesoderm. Coeloms originate the cavities where the internal organs of the body are located, like the pericardial cavity, the peritoneal cavity, and the pleural cavity. Besides coelomate animals, there are acoelomate animals, like platyhelminthes, and pseudocoelomate animals, like nematodes.

17. 17. What Is The Germ Layer From Which The Coeloms Originate?

    The coeloms are originated from mesoderm.

18. 18. What Are Pleura, Pericardium, And Peritoneum?

    Pleura are the membrane that covers the lungs and the inner wall of the chest; pericardium is the membrane that covers the heart; peritoneum is the membrane that covers most organs of the gastrointestinal tract and part of the abdominal cavity. All these membranes delimit coeloms (internal cavities).

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19. 19. After The Neurula Stage And From Its Ventral Portion To The Dorsal How Can The Morphology Of The Embryo Be Described?

    In a schematic longitudinal section of the embryo after the neurula stage, the outermost layer of cells is the ectoderm. In the ventral region comes the archenteron tube formed of endodermal cells. In both sides of the embryo, coeloms delimited by mesoderm are present. In the central region above the archenteron and in the middle of the coeloms there is the notochord. In the dorsal region just above the notochord lies the neural tube.

20. 20. What Are Somites?

    Somites are differentiated portions of mesodermal tissue longitudinally distributed along the embryo. The somites originate the muscle tissue and portions of the connective tissues.

21. 21. What Are Histogenesis And Organogenesis?

    Histogenesis is the process of tissue formation in the embryonic development. Organogenesis is the process of organ formation. Before histogenesis and organogenesis the primitive embryonic structures have been already formed: germ layers, neural tube, notochord, coeloms, somites.

22. 22. From Which Germ Layer Do The Epidermis And The Nervous System Originate? What Are Other Organs And Tissues Made From That Germ Layer?

    Epidermis and nervous system have the same embryonic origin: the ectoderm. The epidermal appendages (like nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands), the mammary glands, the adenohypophysys, the cornea, the crystalline lens and the retina are also derived from ectoderm.

23. 23. From Which Germ Layer Do Blood Cells Originate? What Are Other Organs And Tissues Made From That Germ Layer?

    Blood cells have mesodermal embryonic origin. Other organs made from mesoderm are covering serous membranes like the pericardium, the peritoneum and the pleura, muscles, cartilages, dermis, adipose tissue, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads, blood and lymph vessels, bones.

24. 24. From Which Germ Layer Do The Liver And The Pancreas Originate? What Are Other Organs And Tissues Made From That Germ Layer?

    The liver and the pancreas are originated from the endoderm. Also from endodermal origin are the epithelia of the airway, the epithelia of the bladder, of the urethra and of the GI tube (excepted of the mouth and anus), the alveolar cells of the lungs and the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

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25. 25. What Is Polyembryony?

    Polyembryony is the phenomenon in which a single embryo in its initial embryonic stage divides itself forming many new individuals of the same sex and genetically identical. This is the way, for example, in which reproduction takes place in armadillos of the genus Dasypus. Polyembryony is an example of natural “cloning”.

26. 26. What Are Extra Embryonic Membranes?

    Extra embryonic membranes are membranous structures that appear paralleling the embryo and play important roles in the embryonic development. They form from the embryo but do not become part of the individual organism after its birth.

27. 27. What Are The Extra Embryonic Membranes Present In Vertebrates?

    The extra embryonic membranes that may be present in vertebrates are the yolk sac, the amnion, the chorion, the allantois and the placenta.

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28. 28. Are The Extra Embryonic Membranes The Same In All Vertebrates?

    The presence of each extra embryonic membrane varies according to the vertebrate class.

    In fishes and amphibians, only the yolk sac is present. In reptiles and aves besides the yolk sac, there are also the amnion, the chorion and the allantois. In placental mammals besides all these membranes, the placenta is present too.

29. 29. How Is The Yolk Sac Formed? What Is The Function Of The Yolk Sac?

    The yolk sac is formed from the covering of the vitellus by some cells originated from the primitive gut.

    The yolk sac stores vitellus, the main nourishment source of nonplacental embryos.

30. 30. Which Is The Extra Embryonic Membrane Whose Function Is To Store Nitrogen Wastes Of The Embryo? Is This Function Present In Placental Mammalian Embryos?

    The allantois is the extra embryonic membrane whose function is to store excretes of the embryo.

    In placental mammals, the allantois is present but it does not exert that function since the embryonic wastes are collected by the mother’s body through the placenta.

31. 31. Why Can The Allantois Be Considered An Adaptation To Terrestrial Life?

    The allantois is an adaptation to dry land because in embryos of oviparous terrestrial beings, like reptiles and birds, the metabolic residuals cannot be immediately excreted to the aquatic surrounds (as fishes and amphibian larvae do). It was necessary then the appearing of a structure capable of storing the embryonic excretes until hatching.

32. 32. What Is The Difference Between Amnion And Chorion?

    Amnion is the membrane that covers the embryo. Chorion is the membrane that covers the amnion, the yolk sac, and the allantois. The space delimited by the chorion and the amnion is called amniotic cavity and it is filled with aminiotic fluid. The amniotic cavity has the functions of preventing desiccation of the embryo and of protecting it against mechanical shocks.

33. 33. Why Can The Amnion Also Be Considered An Adaptation To Terrestrial Life?

    The amnion is also an adaptation to dry land since one of its functions is to prevent desiccation of the embryo.

34. 34. What Is The Chorioallantois Membrane Present In The Embryonic Development Of Reptiles And Birds? How Does This Membrane Participate In The Energetic Metabolism Of The Embryo?

    The chorioallantois membrane is formed by juxtaposition of some regions of the chorion and the allantois. Since it is porous, the chorioallantois membrane allows the passage of gases between the embryo and the exterior thus making aerobic cellular respiration possible.

35. 35. In Which Type Of Animals Does The Placenta Exist? What Is Its Main Function?

    True placenta is present in placental mammals.

    The placenta is formed from the chorion of the embryo and from the mother’s endometrium. Its main function is to allow the exchange of substances between the fetus and the mother’s body.

36. 36. What Are The Main Substances Transferred From The Mother To The Fetus Through The Placenta And From The Fetus To The Mother?

    From the mother to the fetus the main transferred substances through the placenta are water, oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies. From the fetus to the mother, metabolic wastes including urea (nitrogen waste), and carbon dioxide are transferred.

37. 37. Is There Exchange Of Cells Between The Mother And The Fetus Through The Placenta?

    Under normal conditions, there is no passage of cells across the placenta during gestation. The placenta has a smooth mucosa separating the richly vascularized region in contact with the mother’s endometrium from the umbilical cord in contact with the fetal blood. This barrier is known as placental barrier. Although permeable to some substances (selective permeability), the placental barrier forbids the passage of cells.

38. 38. What Are The Endocrine Functions Of The Placenta?

    The placenta has endocrine function since it secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogens that maintain the endometrium (internal covering of the uterus) and prevent menses during pregnancy. The placenta also secretes other important hormones for pregnancy regulation.

39. 39. What Is The Function Of The Umbilical Cord?

    The umbilical cord is a set of blood vessels that connect the fetus with the placenta. In the fetus, one extremity of the cord inserts into the center of the abdominal wall (the later scar of this insertion is the umbilicus).

    The function of the umbilical cord is to allow the transport of substances, nutrients, gases, and residuals, between the fetus and the mother’s body.

1. 1. What Is Edi?

   Electronic Data Interchange is the exchange of business documents, such as purchase orders and invoices, between business partners in a common format directly from one computer to another.

2. 2. Who Typically Uses Edi?

   EDI is used in nearly all the major industries such as automotive, aerospace, retail, finance and CPG sectors. EDI is regarded as the standard for the electronic exchange of documents from one company to another.


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3. 3. What Is A Business Partner?

   An EDI business partner is simply another company that you exchange documents with. Most OEMs will have a large network of business partners which are sometimes referred to as ‘Trading Communities’.

4. 4. An Edi Partner That I Am Working With Has Asked Me To Use A Specific Edi Solution, Do I
   Need To Use Exactly This Method To Send Documents?

   EDI solutions are regarded as universal in nature and there are a number of functioning standards in existence which govern how companies should send EDI documents to one another. Your exact choice of which EDI solution to use should be aligned with those which suit your business requirements the best.


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5. 5. Is Edi Difficult To Implement?

   EDI can be implemented almost immediately, depending on the type of EDI solution chosen. If it is a web-based solution hosted by your customer or client, then all you will need to do is log into their web portal and simply fill in the necessary online forms before sending the required documents. More complex systems will require software to be installed on your company’s network that will then allow integration with your back-office systems. An EDI system can be considered as an evolving solution. As your business grows and you begin trading with more partners, the complexity of your EDI system will grow as well.


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6. 6. What Is The Difference Between Edi Provided By A Van And Edi Delivered Over The Internet?

   VAN stands for ‘Value Added Network’, which is private network where EDI traffic is exchanged securely. Business partners will typically require an account with an EDI VAN such as GXS and this account simply acts as an electronic mailbox to both send and receive electronic documents. In addition to sending EDI documents to your business partner via a VAN it is also possible to send EDI documents between VANs, these are known as ‘interconnects’. Interconnects are beneficial in so much as they will give you access to a much broader range of business partners distributed across the world.

   Whilst EDI VANs have been around for nearly 30 years now, the Internet does provide an alternative method of transferring EDI documents. Even though the business benefits of using both are similar, the deciding factor of which to use will depend upon the partner agreement that has been prepared. Ideally, both EDI business partners need to use the same method of transport, either a VAN or direct exchange through the Internet. Many of the larger companies will insist that all their suppliers should use the same method of sending documents.

7. 7. What Types Of Edi Solutions Are Available For Me?

   Essentially there are three types of EDI solutions: EDI software, web-based EDI and EDI service bureaus. EDI software resides directly on a computer that your company owns and offers the highest level of flexibility and control. EDI software also allows you to possibly integrate with back office systems, thus improving business process efficiency. EDI documents are exchanged directly between your EDI software and your business partner’s EDI software. This ‘point to point’ method of communication allows for minimal delays and reduced errors and a secure method of interacting with business partners. Since the software for web-EDI resides on the Internet, using it requires some type of internet connection. Web based EDI is an interactive process and requires manual entry of your EDI information.

   This method provides little opportunity for integration and lessens the control you have over the day to day operations. Since data with a web-based EDI system is interactive, customization of the EDI process is very limited. EDI service bureaus act as EDI contractors performing your EDI operations, they will typically use some form of pay as you go method. An EDI service bureau provides the least control over your day to day operations and the smallest opportunity for data integration with your business systems.


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8. 8. Why Would I Choose An Edi Software Solution Over A Web-based Or Service Bureau Solution?

   The first consideration is to understand the impact that EDI will have on your business processes. Since web-based and service bureau solutions will have a ‘manual’ element embedded in the process, there is scope for introducing errors to the business process. EDI software allows you to exchange data directly with back office systems, thus eliminating manual errors in the process. The time saved entering data and eliminating errors allows your company to spend more time improving order fulfillment and more importantly improves customer satisfaction levels. The important thing to remember is that whatever EDI solution is chosen it will impact your company’s operation moving forwards.

9. 9. Do I Need Specific Experience To Be Able To Do Edi?

   In most cases you will not need specific experience; it is directly related to the type of EDI solution you end up choosing for your business. Internet based EDI solutions are normally ‘hosted’ by a company and you merely access this through a web browser. This is therefore the simplest method of interacting with an EDI system. If you decide to implement EDI software then it would be advisable to ask your chosen EDI vendor to undertake some simple training for your employees.


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10. 10. I Have Heard Of Outsourcing It Services. Is It Possible To Outsource Edi?

    Yes, as with any other form of IT technology, EDI can be outsourced to a company with the necessary resources to manage your total EDI requirements. GXS Managed Services provides an EDI outsourcing capability and this service will look after your complete EDI requirements — from developing maps to link documents together to recruiting partners to form trading communities. GXS has successfully worked with 135 companies around the world to undertake the management of their EDI infrastructures. GXS Managed Services will allow you to enable your entire supply chain, on a global basis, if required to do so.

11. 11. I Don’t Have The Resources To Be Able To Recruit Business Partners And Explain My Edi
    Strategy To Them. Is There A Way Of Achieving This Efficiently?

    Yes, GXS Community Link allows a company to quickly recruit business partners to your EDI program. GXS will undertake the necessary marketing of your EDI service to your potential business partners and will work with them to ensure they are able to trade documents with your company as quickly and seamlessly as possible.


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12. 12. I Currently Use A Number Of Automotive Suppliers Based In China. Is It Possible To Trade Electronically With These Companies, If So, How Is It Achieved?

    Yes, it is possible to trade electronically with automotive suppliers in China. GXS recently announced a partnership with China Enterprise Online Data Exchange Services Ltd (CEDEX). This partnership has developed one of the only trading hubs dedicated to China’s growing automotive industry. The hub allows automotive companies in China to trade documents with both their domestic and international customers. China e-AutoHub is directly connected to GXS Trading Grid which allows a seamless connection to any business partner around the world.


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13. 13. I Have Heard About Various Edi Related Industry Associations And Data Standards. Are These Important?

    Yes, the industry associations are very important as they will allow you to implement industry best practices and get a better understanding of what other companies, in terms of EDI usage, are doing in your particular industry. They also work closely to develop industry standards for document exchange. These are important to understand if you want to implement EDI correctly and hence obtain a competitive advantage in the market place. Please take a look in the ‘Resources’ area of this microsite to find out further information about the numerous industry associations and EDI document types.

14. 14. I Have Heard That Edi Is A Relatively Old Technology. Is This True?

    EDI has been around for over thirty years now and is regarded as a very mature IT technology. As EDI is so entrenched within many companies it is very difficult to replace with another technology overnight. As new technology, such as the Internet, has emerged, EDI has had to embrace these new technologies to remain an efficient business tool for communicating documents between companies. EDI will be around for many years to come.

15. 15. What Is The Difference Between Electronic Data Interchange Provided By An Edi Van And Internet Edi?

    VAN a Value Added Network, often referred to as an EDI VAN, is a private network dedicated to the secure exchange of EDI data. Trading partners obtain an account with an EDI VAN such as GXS VAN, Sterling, EDS/ELIT, COVISINT INTERCONNECT etc. This account serves as an electronic mailbox for sending and receiving electronic documents.

    Internet EDI is another way of communication, it’s similar to OFTP2. You r partner can send you the data to your server via Internet or vice versa.


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16. 16. What Are Different Edi Standards And Application Standards Formats?

    EDI Standard : ANSI X12, UCS, EDIFACT, VDA, TREDACOM etc. Application Format Standard : IDoc, Delimited Files, CSV etc.

17. 17. How Do I Know What Type Of File I Received?

    The ST segment is the transaction set header. The ST purpose is to indicate the start of a transaction set. The ST01 is the Transaction Set Identifier Code. The ST01 uniquely identifies a transaction set. The ST01 will identify if a file is a 997, 835 or 277.


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18. 18. What Do I Do If My File Is Rejected (ak501 Not = A Or E And Ak901 Not = A Or E)?

    Contact the trading partner to resend the file.


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19. 19. What Is As1, As2 And As3?

    AS1 : AS2 (Applicability Statement 2) is a specification about how to transport data securely and reliably over the Internet

    AS2 : AS2 (Applicability Statement 2) is a specification about how to transport data securely and reliably over the Internet. Security is achieved by using digital certificates and encryption.

    Files are sent as “attachments” in a specially coded SMIME message (an AS2 message)

    AS2 messages are always sent using the HTTP or HTTPS protocol (Secure Sockets Layer — also known as SSL — is implied by HTTPS) and usually use the “POST” method (use of “GET” is rare).

    AS3 : AS3 (Applicability Statement 3) is the draft specification standard by which vendor applications communicate EDI (or other data such as XML) over the Internet using File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

20. 20. What Is Difference Between 855 And 997 Ts?

    855 : Used to provide for customary and established business and industry practice relative to a seller’s acknowledgment of a buyer’s purchase order. 855 is acknowledge for 850.

    997 : Used to define the control structures for a set of acknowledgments to indicate the results of the syntactical analysis of the electronically encoded documents. 997 generally indicates EDI standard problems rather than business rule errors 997 is Acknowledge for all transaction.

21. 21. What Is 824 Ts?

    It result of error checking by the trading partner’s business application program.

22. 22. Can A 997 Ts Is Used To Acknowledge 997 Ts?

    No, it will cause an infinite loop.

23. 23. What Is Ddf? Can We Created Ddf For Edi Side?

    Map Editor enables you to create (save as a DDF) a DDF  file (Data Definition Format File) so that you can use it as a starting place in other maps or as a means to update existing maps.

24. 24. What Is Isa? Isa 6,8,14,15?

    ISA 6 is sender id, 8 is date, 14 is the file indicator(P/T) and 15 is sub element separator.


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25. 25. What Is Gs Control Number?

    GS*6 is the group control number which is unique for one GS in side one ISA segment.

26. 26. What Is Auto Trim Function?

    Auto trim is the way to activate the EDI segment base on input file.

    Instead of activating map components manually, you can use the Auto Trim function to modify the EDI side of the map according to a sample EDI file that you select.

    The sample EDI file must be of the same standard, version, and transaction set (message) as the map for Auto Trim to match map components.

    Delimiters for the EDI side of the map must be set to match the delimiters used in the sample EDI file.

27. 27. What Is Writeblock(), Readblock(), Unreadblock() Function?

    Writeblock() : The writeblock function writes the data contained in the argument of a string variable to the output file. The readblock and writeblock functions are used together to pass a block of data from the input file to the output file without compliance checking or testing for proper EDI syntax.

    Readblock(): The readblock function reads a block of data (segment or record) from the input file and places it into the argument of a string variable. The readblock and writeblock functions are used in conjunction with each other to pass a block of data from the input file to the output file without compliance checking or testing for proper EDI syntax. Together, these functions provide a more efficient alternative of using wildcard segments, which are typically implemented in build and break maps.

    Unreadblock() : The unreadblock function provides a method of moving the input file-pointer back one block (a block of data is equivalent to one EDI segment or one positional record). This function “unreads” the block of data that was just processed by the readblock function.


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28. 28. What Is Pre And Post Session Rules?

    Pre-session rules define variables that have global scope (can be accessed from any other extended rule in the map). Pre-session extended rules are processed before the translation object is processed, and apply to every extended rule defined in the map.

    Post-session rules are run after the translation object is processed and thus have no permanent scope.

29. 29. What Are Indexes?

    To write valid extended rules, you must understand how to use indexes. Without indexes, it is possible that a rule which moves data from one field to another may result in lost data.

    An index is a number that is used within an extended rule only when referencing a field contained by a repeating record or group. This number is used to specify the exact occurrence (iteration) of the repeating group or record that you want the translator to access.

30. 30. What Is Basic Flow Of Map Editor?

    First Input file will read, then it will apply for standard rule on source side then check for extended rule then linking, then it will go to target side and apply standard rule, then extended rule.

    Pre and Post rule will applicable according.

31. 31. What Do You Understand By Promotion In Map Editor?

    The Promote function extracts one iteration (instance) of one of the following map components:

    • Group
    • Repeating record
    • Repeating element
    • repeating composite

    Promote is a specialized version of the Split function. For example, if you have a group with 50 iterations and you select Promote, you then have two groups: one group with an iteration of 1 and a group that iterates 49 times.

    This function enables you to map unique data from a document and to type a specialized definition. The translator specifies that only one-to-one (no loop) or many-to-many (loop) mapping relationships are valid. The Promote function is available only if a group or repeating record, element, or composite is selected.

32. 32. Different Type Of Delimiters?

    Tag Delimiter:

    • Segment Delimiter*
    • Element Delimiter*
    • Sub Element Delimiter  
    • Repeating Element Delimiter  

33. 33. What Are Edi Drivers?

    • Ability to strengthen partnerships
    • Improve business processes
    • A communication tool to allow new ways to do business
    • A preferred way of doing business among Fortune 500 companies
    • A business basic for the industry


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34. 34. How Is Edi Used?

    EDI is used as a strategic tool to reduce expenses, streamline business procedures, and create a competitive advantage.

     

35. 35. How Is Edi Started?

    Usually Reactive or Proactive.

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  //CREATE EXEC PGM=IKJEFT01,DYNAMNBR=20  //SYSTSPRT DD SYSOUT=*  //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*  //SYSTSIN DD *  DSN SYSTEM(DB2T)  RUN PROGRAM(DSNTEP2) PLAN(DSNTEP2) LIB('DB2T.RUNLIB.LOAD')  END  /*  //SYSIN DD *  SELECT COUNT(USER_UPDATED)  FROM CGDEV4.TWC39  WHERE USER_UPDATED='DPPLSPP'  GROUP BY USER_UPDATED  /*  

  DELETE FROM TZCHC TD1  WHERE HOLIDAY_DATE<> (SELECT MIN (HOLIDAY_DATE)  FROM TZCHC TD2  WHERE TD1.LONG_DESC = TD2.LONG_DESC  AND TD2.LONG_DESC = 'CHRISTMAS DAY’);

  SELECT USER_UPDATED, COUNT (USER_UPDATED) AS COUNT1  FROM CGDEV4.TWC39  GROUP BY USER_UPDATED  HAVING COUNT (USER_UPDATED) >= ALL  (SELECT COUNT (USER_UPDATED)  FROM CGDEV4.TWC39  GROUP BY USER_UPDATED);  

Facets Testing Interview Questions

1. What about Facets.
The Facets tool is the core administrative processing system built by Cognizant in 1993. It is used to process medical and hospital transactions or facility claims. It helps in billing, claims processing, care management, and network management workflow. It is currently processing millions of transactions per week for more than 80 health plans. It integrates consumers, claims, care, and revenue management into a single platform.

2. List the modules of Facets.
The Facets tool offers a lot of modules. Some of them include subscribers/ members, providers, medical, billing, NetworX, etc.

3. What are the advantages of Facets?
Here are some of the advantages of the Facets tool.

1. It provides increased stability.
2. It has increased resilience to disturbances.
3. The performance of the Facets tool is very reliable.
4. It generates and consumes a huge amount of data.
5. It offers real-time processing.
6. It comes with security incorporated at each stage of the life cycle.

4. Where can we use Facets?
The Facets tool is widely used in the following places.

• Enrollment – When a new member has to be enrolled, ID card requests, update demographic details, etc.
• Customer Service – Manage customer service operations in real-time.
• Billing – It can perform comprehensive billing summary, billing requests, payments, etc.
• Interoperability – Provides an integrated view and access to consumer demands.
• Claim Processing – Helps with real-time claim submission and processing.
• Customer Transparency – It can be used where transparency is required for eligibility, benefits, and cost estimates.

5. How do Facets achieve real-time processing?
The architecture that leverages a data streaming platform is the event-driven ‘Facets Data Publishing’. The system can publish data generated by claims, providers, and subscribers in real-time. The clients can publish or consume data through batch or real-time processes.

6. Give the differences between medical claims and hospital claims?
Medical claims, also known as professional claims, are the claims that can be submitted by an individual provider or clinic. It is for the treatment received by an individual while in a hospital. Hospital claims, also known as facility claims, are the claims submitted by the hospitals.

7. What are the fields in a claims screen?
The claims screen contains the following fields.

• Provider id
• Subscriber id
• Date of service
• Diagnosis code
• Procedure code
• Revenue code
• Unit price
• Number of units

8. What is the difference between revenue code and procedure code?
Revenue code can only be used in hospital claims. The revenue codes are priced by the revenue codes.
Procedure code can only be used in medical claims. The medical claims are priced by the procedure codes.

9. List the common errors faced while processing claims in Facets.
Here are the common errors faced during claims processing in the Facets tool.

• Provider record not found
• Procedure code invalid
• Service definition error

10. How can you adjudicate a claim?
The F3 button is used in the Facets tool to adjudicate a claim.

11. How can you save a claim?
We can save a claim in the Facets tool using the F4 button.

12. Why do we need to pend a claim?
We can pend a claim when it is not paying as expected.

13. What are the stylistic properties?
It is an optional property which controls the elements with stylistic aspects of FacetDive.

14. Name two stylistic properties used by Facet?
itemPositioningVerticalLabelColor – It is used in labeling the color for item positioning in the vertical direction.
itemPositioningHorizontalLabelColor – It is used in labeling the color for item positioning in the horizontal direction.

15. What is Facets Atlasmaker?
The Facets Atlasmaker is a command-line utility and library used to create the sprite atlases.

16. What are the functionalities of Atlasmaker?
The functionalities of Atlasmaker are

1. To read the input image files from URL and local file.
2. Using default image file during unsuccessful conversion or retrieval of images in atlas.
3. Image resizing and conversion.
4. Parallelization of image fetch/conversion.

17. What are the four Facet Dive controls?
The four Dive controls are

• Faceting controls – which lays the records out in a grid information.
• Positioning controls – arranges the items in each cell grid by stacking them to place it in a scatter plot.
• Color controls – enables to specify the color for individual items.
• Display controls – lets you specify the dive to render on each point.

18. Name the data properties of FacetsDive polymer.
The FacetsDive visualizations has two properties

data – Array<{}> – An array of data objects to visualize.
filteredDataIndicies – number[] – An array of indices into data object array.

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19. What are the interactive properties?
The properties that drive the interactivity of FacetDive are the interactive properties controlled by the user.

20. Name any four interactive properties in FacetDive.

• vertical Facet – Name of the field of the data to facet vertically.
• vertical bucket – Number of buckets to use when faceting vertically.
• horizontalFacet – Name of the area of the data to facet horizontally.
• horizontal bucket – Number of buckets to use when faceting horizontally.

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21. Which attribute is used to position the items in grid cells?
The interactive “position mode” attribute used in positioning items within a grid cell with stacked and scatter choices.

22. Which attribute is used to generate the data-specific color palette?
The “palette choice” attribute is used to generate the data-specific color palette with the four values standard, warm, cool and assist.

23. How can you position the items along the axis with Facet interactions?
The “vertical position” and “horizontal position” are the two attributes.

• vertical position – is used to position the items along the vertical axis.
• horizontal position – is used to position the items along the horizontal axis.

24. What are the things that an overview tool displays after uploading the data?
The overview tool displays the following four things:

• Statistics of data – This includes statistics of Min, Max, Median, and Standard Deviation.
• Missing values – The number of rows which has no data.
• Zero values – what percentage of data is zero.
• Train/test split – A plot which displays the dataset split between training and testing data.

25. What is a Seaborn FacetGrid?
The Seaborn FacetGrid is a class that helps in visualizing the distribution of one variable and the relationship between multiple variables separately. FacetGrid object considers the data frame as input and names the variables that form a row, column, and hue dimensions.

26. Name any two methods that are used by Seaborn FacetGrid.
facet_axis (self,row_i,col_j) – Make the axis identified by these indices active and return it.
facet_data (self) – Generator for name indices and data subsets for each Facet.

27. What Seaborn FacetGrid map method does?
The Seaborn FacetGrid.map() method applies the plotting function to each Facet’s subset of data.

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28. Name the parameters of Seaborn FacetGrid map method.
The parameters include

• func – A plotting function which takes data and arguments.
• args – The column names in self.data which identifies variable with data to plot.
• Kwargs – The keyword arguments which are passed to the plotting function.

Syntax: FacetGrid.map(self, func, *args, **kwargs)

29. What are Facets in Health Care systems?
The Facets is mainly developed for Health Care systems for providing advanced care management capabilities. The Facets platform automates data points in training the healthcare datasets to produce better outcomes through visualizations.

30. What are the Trizetto Facets?
Trizetto Facets are the number of functionalities that assist in managing an application group’s business operations. The Trizetto Facets includes the business rules which process the client/server systems.

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