Category: Interview Questions

1. 1. How Do Vaccines Work? Do They Work Against Viruses And Bacteria?

   • Vaccines work to prime your immune system against future “attacks” by a particular disease. There are vaccines against both viral and bacterial pathogens, and disease-causing agents.
   • When a pathogen enters your body, your immune system generates antibodies to try to fight it off. Depending on the strength of your immune response and how effectively the antibodies fight off the pathogen, you may or may not get sick.
   • If you do fall ill, however, some of the antibodies that are created will remain in your body playing watchdog after you’re no longer sick. If you’re exposed to the same pathogen in the future, the antibodies will”recognize” it and fight it off.
   • Vaccines work because of this function of the immune system. They’re made from a killed, weakened, or partial version of a pathogen. When you get a vaccine, whatever version of the pathogen it contains isn’t strong or plentiful enough to make you sick, but it’s enough for your immune system to generate antibodies against it. As a result, you gain future immunity against the disease without having gotten sick: if you’re exposed to the pathogen again, your immune system will recognize it and be able to fight it off.
   • Some vaccines against bacteria are made with a form of the bacteria itself. In other cases, they may be made with a modified form of a toxin generated by the bacteria. Tetanus, for example, is not directly caused by the Clostridium tetani bacteria. Instead, its symptoms are primarily caused by tetanospasmin, a toxin generated by that bacterium. Some bacterial vaccines are therefore made with a weakened or inactivated version of the toxin that actually produces symptoms of illness. This weakened or inactivated toxin is called a toxoid. A tetanus immunization, for example, is made with tetanospasmin toxoid.

2. 2. Why Aren’t All Vaccines 100% Effective?

   Vaccines are designed to generate an immune response that will protect the vaccinated individual during future exposures to the disease. Individual immune systems, however, are different enough that in some cases, a person’s immune system will not generate an adequate response. As a result, he or she will not be effectively protected after immunization.

   That said, the effectiveness of most vaccines is high. After receiving the second dose of the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps and rubella) or the standalone measles vaccine, 99.7% of vaccinated individuals are immune to measles. The inactivated polio vaccine offers 99% effectiveness after three doses. The vermicelli (chickenpox) vaccine is between 85% and 90% effective in preventing all vermicelli infections, but 100% effective in preventing moderate and severe chicken pox.


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3. 3. Why Are There So Many Vaccines?

   Currently, the U.S. childhood vaccination schedule for children between birth and six years of age recommends immunizations for 14 different diseases. Some parents worry that this number seems high, particularly since some of the diseases being vaccinated against are now extremely rare in the United States.

   Each disease for which vaccinations are recommended, however, can causes serious illness or death in unvaccinated populations, and might quickly begin to appear again if vaccination rates dropped. The United States has seen mumps outbreaks in recent years since vaccination rates have dropped, with severe complications and hospitalizations required for some patients. And before the introduction of the Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b) vaccine, Hib meningitis affected more than 12,000 American children annually, killing 600 and leaving many others with seizures, deafness, and developmental disabilities. After introduction of the vaccine, the number of deaths from Hib dropped to fewer than 10 per year.

   Each vaccine on the schedule continues to be recommended because of the risks posed by wild infection.

4. 4. Is Natural Immunity Better Than Vaccine-acquired Immunity?

   In some cases, natural immunity is longer-lasting than the immunity gained from vaccination. The risks of natural infection, however, outweigh the risks of immunization for every recommended vaccine. For example, wild measles infection causes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) for one in 1,000 infected individuals. Overall, measles infection kills two of every 1,000 infected individuals. In contrast, the combination MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine results in a severe allergic reaction only once in every million vaccinated individuals, while preventing measles infection. The benefits of vaccine-acquired immunity extraordinarily outweigh the serious risks of natural infection. (For more on this topic, see our Understanding Risks activity.)

   Additionally, the Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae type b) and tetanus vaccines actually provide more effective immunity than natural infection.


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5. 5. Why Do Some Vaccines Require Boosters?

   It’s not completely understood why the length of acquired immunity varies with different vaccines. Some offer lifelong immunity with only one dose, while others require boosters in order to maintain immunity. Recent research has suggested that the persistence of immunity against a particular disease may depend on the speed with which that disease typically progresses through the body. If a disease progresses very rapidly, the immune system’s memory response (that is, the “watchdog antibodies” generated after a previous infection or vaccination) may not be able to respond quickly enough to prevent infection—unless they’ve been “reminded” about the disease fairly recently and are already watching for it. Boosters serve as a “reminder” to your immune system.

   Research is continuing on the persistence of immunity generated by vaccines.


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6. 6. My Child Was Invited To A Chickenpox Party. Would It Be Better For My Child To Get The Chickenpox This Way? Why Do We Vaccinate Against A Mild Disease Like Chickenpox?

   The idea of “pox parties” is generally tied to the perception of chickenpox as a harmless illness. Before the vermicelli vaccine became available, however, chickenpox infections required 10,000 hospitalizations and caused more than 100 deaths each year in the United States. Exposing a child to wild chickenpox puts him at risk for a severe case of the disease.

   Even uncomplicated cases of chickenpox cause children to miss a week or more of school, with a caregiver missing work to care for the sick child.[1] Natural infection also means a risk of infecting others: while successful vaccination protects a child against chickenpox without this risk, children who are infected with chickenpox naturally are contagious. They can spread the disease to other people—not just other children, but also adults, who have a higher risk of complications from the disease.

   Meanwhile, vaccination for chickenpox typically prevents future infection with the disease. In the rare cases where individuals do not develop adequate protection from vaccination to prevent future infection, chickenpox infection is typically mild, results in fewer symptoms, and ends more quickly than natural infection. (People with this mild form are contagious, however, and should take care not to expose others to the virus.)

7. 7. Can You Get A Disease From The Vaccine That’s Supposed To Prevent It? And Why Do Some Vaccines Have Live Pathogens But Others Have Killed Pathogens?

   • Vaccines that are made with killed versions of pathogens—or with only a part of the pathogen—are not able to cause illness. When a person receives these vaccines, it is impossible for him or her to become ill with the disease.
   • Live, attenuated (or weakened) vaccines are theoretically capable of causing illness: because they can still replicate (though not well), mutation is possible, which can result in a virulent form of the pathogen. However, they are designed with this in mind, and attenuated to minimize this possibility. Reversion to virulent form is a problem with some forms of the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which is why only the inactivated form (IPV) is now used in the United States.
   • It is important to note that attenuated vaccines can cause serious problems for individuals with weakened immune systems, such as cancer patients. These individuals may receive a killed form of the vaccine if one is available. If not, their doctors may recommend against vaccination. In such cases, individuals rely on herd immunity for protection.
   • As to why some vaccines contain live pathogens and others contain killed pathogens, the reasons vary by illness. However, generally speaking, live, attenuated vaccines generate longer-lasting immunity than killed vaccines. Thus, killed vaccines are more likely to require boosters to maintain immunity. Killed vaccines, however, also tend to be more stable for storage purposes, and can’t cause illness. The medical community must weigh these trade-offs in deciding which approach to use against a particular disease.


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8. 8. Can Babies’ Immune Systems Handle So Many Vaccines?

   Yes. Studies demonstrate that infants’ immune systems can handle receiving many vaccines at once—more than the number currently recommended. The immunization schedule is based on infants’ ability to generate immune responses, as well as when they are at risk of certain illnesses. For example, the immunity passed from mother to child at birth is only temporary, and typically does not include immunity against polio, hepatitis B, Haemophilus Influenzae type b, and other diseases that can be prevented by vaccination.

9. 9. Why Is There A New Flu Vaccine Every Year?

   Unlike most vaccines, which contain the most common strains of a given pathogen (if more than one exists) and are rarely changed, the seasonal flu vaccine changes frequently, though one or more of the flu strains in the vaccine may be retained from one year to the next. This is because the strains of influenza viruses that circulate are constantly changing. Each year, researchers choose viruses for the vaccine based on which ones are likely to be circulating over the course of the coming flu season, thus providing protection against the most prevalent strains. So when you get a seasonal flu vaccine, you’re usually not getting another “dose” of the same flu vaccine you were given before. Instead, you’re usually getting protection against a whole new batch of flu viruses.


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10. 10. What Is Herd Immunity? Is It Real? Does It Work?

    Herd immunity, also known as community immunity, refers to the protection offered to everyone in a community by high vaccination rates. With enough people immunized against a given disease, it’s difficult for the disease to gain a foothold in the community. This offers some protection to those who are unable to receive vaccinations—including newborns and individuals with chronic illnesses—by reducing the likelihood of an outbreak that could expose them to the disease.

11. 11. Why Is Allergy To Eggs A Contraindication To Getting Some Vaccines?

    Some vaccines, including the majority of vaccines against influenza, are cultured in chicken eggs. During the process of creating the vaccine, the majority of the egg protein is removed, but there is some concern that these vaccines might generate an allergic reaction in individuals with an egg allergy.

    A recent report found that the majority of children with egg allergies who were given a flu shot had no adverse reactions; about 5% of children in the studied group developed relatively minor reactions such as hives, the majority of which resolved without treatment.[2] Additional research is underway to study this issue further.

    In most cases, only people with a severe (life-threatening) allergy to eggs are recommended against receiving egg-based vaccines.


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12. 12. Do Vaccines Cause Autism?

    No. Vaccines do not cause autism. This possibility was published after a 1998 paper by a British physician who claimed to have found evidence that the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine was linked to autism. The potential link has been thoroughly explored; study after study has found no such link, and the original 1998 study has been formally withdrawn by The Lancet, which had originally published it. Studies were also done regarding the possibility of a link between the preservative thimerosal, which is used in some vaccines, and autism; again, no such link was found.

    It’s likely that this misconception persists because of the coincidence of timing between early childhood vaccinations and the first appearance of symptoms of autism.


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13. 13. People Say That Vaccines Are Linked To Long-term Health Problems Such As Multiple Sclerosis, Diabetes, And Autism. Is That True?

    All vaccines have possible side effects. Most, however, are mild and temporary. Adverse effects from vaccines are monitored thoroughly via multiple reporting systems, and there is no evidence from these systems to support these claims.

14. 14. The Vaccine Information Sheet For My Child’s Recent Vaccination Listed Lots Of Potential Side Effects. Why Is Vaccination Recommended If It Can Cause All Of These Side Effects?

    Every vaccine has potential side effects. Typically they are very mild: soreness at the injection site (for a vaccine delivered via a shot), headaches, and low-grade fevers are examples of common vaccine side effects. Serious side effects are possible, however, including severe allergic reactions. However, the occurrence of these side effects is extremely rare. (Your doctor can explain the risks for individual vaccines in detail; more information is also available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

    When considering possible side effects from vaccination, it’s important to do so in context. While some possible side effects are serious, they are extremely rare. It’s important to remember is that choosing not to vaccinate also has serious risks. Vaccines protect against potentially fatal infectious diseases; avoiding vaccination raises the risk of contracting those diseases and spreading them to others.

15. 15. Do We Do Enough Safety Testing With Vaccines?

    Vaccines are tested repeatedly before being approved, and continue to be monitored for adverse reactions after their release. See our article on vaccine testing and safety for more information and details about this topic.


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16. 16. Do Vaccines Have Aborted Fetal Tissue?

    No. The rubella vaccine virus that is included in the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) shot is cultured using human cell lines. The vaccine material is carefully separated from the cells in which is was grown before being used.

    Some of these cell lines were generated from fetal tissue that was obtained in the 1960s from legal abortions. No new fetal issue is required to generate rubella vaccine.

17. 17. Isn’t It True That Better Hygiene And Nutrition Were Responsible For Decreases In Deaths And Disease Rates, Rather Than Vaccines?

    Improved hygiene and nutrition, among other factors, can certainly lower the incidence of some diseases. Data documenting the number of cases of a disease before and after the introduction of a vaccine, however, demonstrate that vaccines are overwhelmingly responsible for the largest drops in disease rates. Measles cases, for example, numbered anywhere from 300,000 to 800,000 a year in the United States between 1950 and 1963, when a newly licensed measles vaccine went into widespread use. By 1965, U.S. measles cases were beginning a dramatic drop. In 1968 about 22,000 cases were reported (a drop of 97.25% from the height of 800,000 cases in just three years); by 1998, the number of cases averaged about 100 per year or less. A similar post-vaccination drop occurred with most diseases for which vaccines are available.

    Perhaps the best evidence that vaccines, and not hygiene and nutrition, are responsible for the sharp drop in disease and death rates is chickenpox. If hygiene and nutrition alone were enough to prevent infectious diseases, chickenpox rates would have dropped long before the introduction of the vermicelli vaccine, which was not available until the mid-1990s. Instead, the number of chickenpox cases in the United States in the early 1990s, before the vaccine was introduced in 1995, was about four million a year. By 2004, the disease incidence had dropped by about 85%.


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18. 18. Why Can’t We Eradicate Other Diseases, As We Did With Smallpox?

    • In theory, nearly any infectious disease for which an effective vaccine exists should be eradicable. With sufficient vaccination levels and coordination between public health organizations, a disease can be prevented from gaining a foothold anywhere; eventually, without anyone to infect, it must die off. (A notable exception is tetanus, which is infectious but not contagious: it’s caused by a bacterium commonly found in animal feces, among other places. Thus, tetanus could not be eradicated without completely removing the Clostridium tetani bacterium from the planet.)
    • Smallpox is unusual, however, in the set of characteristics that made it susceptible to eradication. Unlike many other infectious diseases, smallpox has no animal reservoir. That is, it can’t “hide” in an animal population and re-emerge to infect humans, while some diseases can do just that (yellow fever, for example, can infect some primates; if a mosquito then bites an infected primate, it can transmit the virus back to humans).
    • Another obstacle to eradication for many infectious diseases is visibility. People with smallpox were highly visible: the smallpox rash was easily recognizable, so that new cases could be detected quickly. Vaccination efforts could be focused based on the location of the cases and potential exposure to other individuals. Polio, by contrast, causes no visible symptoms in about 90% of the people it infects. As a result, tracking the spread of the polio virus is extremely difficult, which makes it a difficult eradication target.
    • Perhaps most importantly, smallpox patients generally did not reach their highest level of infectivity (that is, their ability to infect others) until after the appearance of the smallpox rash. As a result, quick action to quarantine infected individuals upon the eruption of the rash usually left enough time to vaccinate anyone who had already been exposed, and prevent additional exposures. Many infectious diseases do not allow for this kind of reaction time. Measles patients, for example, can become infectious up to four days before the appearance of the measles rash. As a result, they can pass the virus on to many, many other people before anyone even knows that they are infected.
    • Many people still think eradication is possible for certain diseases. Efforts are ongoing to eradicate polio and Guinea worm disease (Dracunculiasis), with both having been eliminated in many regions, but remaining endemic in several countries. Meanwhile, the Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication has declared additional diseases as potentially eradicable: lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis), mumps, pork tapeworm, and yaws.


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19. 19. Is The Polio Vaccine Linked To Hiv?

    In the 1990s, certain critics began to blame the testing of a live, weakened polio vaccine in Africa in the 1950s for the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Those behind the accusation argued that chimpanzee cells were used to create the vaccine, and that those cells had been contaminated with a virus that sometimes affects chimps: simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV. When the vaccine was given to children in Africa, they argued, SIV mutated to become human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, which causes AIDS.

    The accusations, however, were demonstrably false for a variety of reasons. Most notably, the weakened polio vaccine was not made with chimpanzee cells, but with monkey cells. The vaccine was later tested using a technique that can detect viral DNA (the PCR technique, or polymerase chain reaction); it did not contain SIV or HIV.

    Researchers at the University of Birmingham in Alabama demonstrated in 2006 that while HIV was in fact a derivative of SIV, chimpanzees in Cameroon that had been infected with SIV in the 1930s were the most likely source of the AIDS epidemic—decades before the weakened polio vaccine was tested in Africa.

20. 20. Is The Polio Vaccine Linked With Cancer?

    The polio vaccines developed by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin in the mid-20th century were made with monkey cells. Years later, microbiologist Maurice Hilleman found a monkey virus in both vaccines—the 40th monkey virus to be discovered, which he called Simian Virus 40 (SV40). (Salk’s killed vaccine, which had been treated with formaldehyde, had very small amounts of the virus; Sabin’s live vaccine was heavily contaminated.) Worried about the potential effects the virus could have on humans, Hilleman injected it into hamsters, finding that nearly all of them developed massive cancerous tumors. But the initial panic this caused gave way in the face of future studies.

    First, hamsters that ingested SV40 instead of being injected with it didn’t get cancer. Sabin’s live vaccine (which contained more SV40 than Salk’s) was given orally. Additional studies showed that children who were given Sabin’s vaccine did not develop antibodies to SV40; it simply passed through their digestive system, never causing infection.

    That left only Salk’s vaccine, which contained very little SV40, but was given by injection. Studies performed eight years, fifteen years, and thirty years after SV40-contaminated vaccines had been given to children found that they had the same cancer incidence as unvaccinated groups. No credible evidence suggests that SV40 has ever caused cancer in humans.

21. 21. Will My Child Be Protected By Herd Immunity If I Don’t Get Them Vaccinated?

    See our page on herd immunity for an explanation of what herd immunity is.

    There are some problems with this idea:

    • Herd immunity will not definitely protect anyone who is not vaccinated. There are low vaccination rates in some parts of the UK and in some communities. This means that if your child is not vaccinated, it is quite likely that many of the people they come into contact with will not be vaccinated either. So if one person gets an infectious disease, it can spread quickly through all the unvaccinated people in the group (this happened during the 2013 measles outbreak in Wales).
    • For herd immunity to work properly, most people in the population need to be vaccinated. The exact rate depends on the disease; in the case of measles, 19 out of 20 people need to be vaccinated to protect the population. When measles vaccination levels drop below this level, outbreaks and epidemics become more common. So if you decide not to vaccinate because you think that herd immunity will protect you, you are making it less likely that you will be protected.
    • Herd immunity does not protect against all diseases. The best example of this is tetanus, which is caught from bacteria in the environment, not from other people who have the disease. It doesn’t matter how many people around you are vaccinated against tetanus – it will not protect you as an individual.

22. 22. ‘if There’s An Outbreak Of A Disease Like Measles I Can Always Get My Child Vaccinated Then, Can’t I?’

    Because of the way vaccines work, this can put a child at risk. For many diseases, one dose of vaccine does not give full protection. Some vaccines do work with a single dose, but it can take two or three weeks for the body to develop good levels of antibodies to protect against the disease.

    So if a vaccine is given at the start of an outbreak it may not act quickly enough to protect your child. The other problem is that many diseases are infectious before any symptoms show, so your child could catch a disease before you even realise there is an outbreak.

23. 23. Does Breastfeeding My Baby Protects Them From Infectious Diseases?

    Breast milk does contain some antibodies which are passed to the baby, especially in the first few days. However, this ‘passive immunity’ wears off after a few weeks, and after that breastfeeding offers very little protection from serious infectious diseases. It is therefore best to get your child vaccinated even if you are breastfeeding long-term.

24. 24. Will A Good Diet And Plenty Of Exercise Help To Prevent My Children From Getting Infectious Diseases?

    To some extent, it will. Children with severe malnutrition are more at risk of disease, and a good diet is an important part of keeping healthy.

    However, healthy children in wealthy countries are still at risk from conditions such as meningitis and septicemia (severe blood poisoning). There is also strong evidence that healthy, non-immunized children are more affected than adults during outbreaks of infectious disease because they have wider social networks and come into close contact with more people. There is no evidence that an organic diet offers any greater protection.


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25. 25. Can I Use Homeopathic Remedies To Protect My Child?

    There is no evidence that homeopathic medicine can protect against serious infectious diseases.

    Even the Faculty of Homeopathy, a UK organisation which aims to ensure high standards in homeopathic practice and training, states that ‘When there is no medical contraindication…immunization should be carried out according to the current protocol using approved vaccines.’

26. 26. Will Catching An Infectious Disease Make My Child’s Immune System Stronger?

    During any infection by bacteria or viruses, our immune system makes antibodies to fight that particular disease. For many diseases, an ‘immune memory’ is then created in special white blood cells called T lymphocytes. If we come into contact with the same disease, these white blood cells will ‘remember’ it and react quickly to fight it, so that we do not become ill. However, this process can only protect you against the specific disease that you have had. It does not make it easier for the body to respond to other kinds of infections.

    The measles virus actually seriously damages and suppresses the whole immune system. Measles infection destroys the white blood cells that hold the ‘immune memory’, wiping out our immunity to diseases we have already had. This makes it much more likely that people who have had measles will catch other infections, even ones they have had before. Research published in 2015  found that it can take the body up to three years to recover from this damage. Before a measles vaccine was available, it is estimated that measles was the direct or indirect cause of over half of all childhood deaths from infectious disease.

27. 27. I Thought That People Only Died Of Infectious Diseases In The Past Because Medical Treatment Wasn’t Very Good?

    This is not true. Today more people survive infection because of better medical care and medicines such as antibiotics, but infectious diseases are still dangerous.

    People sometimes think that if their child gets a disease like measles or tetanus nowadays, a visit to the doctor or hospital will easily sort it out. In fact many infectious diseases lead to complications that still cannot be treated, even with the best medical care available (for example meningitis, encephalitis – inflammation of the brain – and even pneumonia). Even in countries with good intensive care facilities, 3 in 10 of those who get tetanus will die.


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28. 28. Isn’t It True That Infectious Diseases Were Declining In Wealthy Countries Before Any Vaccinations Were Introduced?

    This is true to some extent. In the early part of the 20th century better hygiene and sanitation, clean water and better food all contributed to better health. Smaller families and less crowded living conditions meant that diseases were not passed on so easily. Medicine and supportive care were both improving, so that people who caught a disease were less likely to die, and those who ended up with serious disabilities could be kept alive.

    However, without vaccination it would have been impossible to reduce the levels of infectious diseases like measles to almost zero.

    For example, before the Hib vaccine was introduced in 1992, there were thousands of cases of Hib disease every year in the UK. Now there are almost none. Living conditions have not really changed since 1992, so the decline in Hib disease can only be down to the vaccine. Improved living conditions have also made almost no impact on chickenpox. This disease is just as common now as it ever was, with an estimated 600,000 cases a year in the UK.

29. 29. What Sort Of Protection Do Vaccines Really Offer?

    • No medicine in the world is 100% effective, but vaccines are more effective than many other medicines (up to 99.7% in the case of the measles vaccine). It is true that not all vaccines give lifelong protection, and that some individuals may be better protected than others, but there are several things to bear in mind:
    • Catching a disease doesn’t always give you 100% immunity either. It is possible to catch tetanus, rubella, Hib disease, pertussis (whooping cough) and meningococcal disease more than once.
    • If most of the population is vaccinated, this raises protection for everyone to almost 100%. See our page on herd immunity for more information.
    • If someone who has been vaccinated in the past catches a disease, the symptoms are often milder than they would be for an unvaccinated person.

30. 30. Is It Safe For Babies And Children To Have Several Vaccines At Once?

    Parents may worry that a child’s immune system will not be able to cope with several vaccines at once. In fact, even a tiny baby’s immune system can cope easily. Starting from birth, babies come into contact with millions of germs every day. It is estimated that the human body contains enough white blood cells to cope with thousands of vaccines at any one time. If a child was given 11 vaccines at once, it would only use about a thousandth of the immune system. It is not a good idea to delay vaccinations to ‘spread the load’, because it leaves the child unprotected against serious diseases for longer. See our page on Combination and Multiple Vaccinations.

    Vaccines also challenge the immune system less than a disease does. This is because they use only part of the bacteria or virus that causes the disease, or a weakened form of the bacteria or virus. This is enough to make the body produce antibodies, but not enough to cause illness.

31. 31. My Baby Was Born Prematurely. Is It Safe For Him/her To Be Vaccinated?

    Even premature babies can cope with vaccines. It is a good idea to vaccinate them because they have a higher risk of catching infectious diseases.

32. 32. How Do I Know That Vaccines Are Safe And Have Been Tested Properly?

    All vaccines go through a long and thorough process of development and testing before they are licensed for use. It can take as much as 20 years for a vaccine to go from first concept to being licensed. Vaccines have to be tested on adults and children separately before they can be used for different age groups; this is because vaccines that work in adults may not work so well in children. No vaccines are tested on children before they have been fully tested on adults. See our page on Testing and Monitoring for more information.

33. 33. What About The Long-term Negative Effects Of Vaccination That We Don’t Yet Know About?

    Nothing in life, including vaccination, can be completely risk-free, but so far all the evidence tells us that vaccinating is safer than not vaccinating.

    It is rare for people to have serious reactions to vaccines, and so it is difficult to research these reactions because it takes a long time to gather examples to study. All serious reactions that get reported are investigated by the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency). See our pages on Vaccine side effects and adverse events and Testing and Monitoring for more information.


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34. 34. Is There A Link Between Vaccination And Allergies?

    Allergies and auto-immune diseases are on the increase, and it is understandable that people want to know what is causing this. Many researchers have looked at this issue, but they have found no evidence that vaccination is the cause, or that vaccination will trigger allergies. Allergy UK  states that ‘All available information about immunization and allergy points to the fact that immunization in children who are at high risk of developing allergy is safe and not a factor in their future allergic conditions’ (see the Immunization Factsheet available to download on the Allergy UK website). See the abstract of the 2003 paper Addressing parents’ concerns: do vaccines cause allergic or autoimmune diseases.

    There is no evidence at all that catching a serious disease like measles will help a child to fight off other kinds of infectious diseases when they are older.

35. 35. What About The Possible Link Between Mmr And Autism?

    The original research which suggested a link has now been discredited. The National Autistic Society has issued a statement stating that the weight of evidence points to the fact that ‘there is no statistically significant link between the MMR vaccine and autism’. Watch this short film in which experts say why they believe there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and see more on our MMR vaccine page (‘Is the vaccine safe?’ towards the bottom of the page).

36. 36. How Can I Find Out About The Side Effects Of Vaccines?

    All side effects are listed in detail on the Summary of Product Characteristics sheet (SPCs) for each vaccine (see the list of SPECs on our Links page). SPCs are written for healthcare professionals, not the general public, and they can be quite hard to interpret. Side effects are listed in section 4.8 – Undesirable effects.

    When looking at the rates of side effects, you need to remember that any unwanted symptoms experienced by participants during clinical trials of vaccines are recorded as potential side effects, even if they may not be the result of the vaccine. You also need to be aware that very rare side effects may be listed with no indication of how common they are (or described as ‘frequency unknown’), because they have not been reported often enough to get a clear idea of their frequency. See our page on vaccine side effects and adverse reactions.

    It is a good idea to weigh up the risk of side effects against the risks involved in getting the disease itself (see our pages on Infectious Diseases for information about the risks of each disease).


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37. 37. How Can I Find Out What’s Actually In The Vaccine?

    The Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) and Summary of Product Characteristics sheets (SPCs) both give a full list of ingredients (usually called ‘excipients’). See the list of OILs and SPECs on our Links page. There is information about many of the ingredients found in vaccines on our Vaccine Ingredients page.

    Vaccine ingredients can often look unfamiliar. However, it is important to remember that many of the substances used in vaccines are found naturally in the body. All vaccine ingredients are present in extremely small quantities, and there is no evidence that any of them cause any harm in these amounts.

38. 38. Is It True That Vaccines Can Cause The Diseases They Are Supposed To Protect Against?

    This is true for some vaccines, but it happens very rarely. The live oral polio vaccine (not used in the UK since 2004) did cause polio in a handful of cases. In rare cases, attenuated (live but weakened) vaccines can cause mild forms of the diseases they protect against. For example, the MMR vaccine very occasionally causes measles, mumps or rubella, but the symptoms are almost always much milder than those caused by the diseases themselves.

    This means that these kind of vaccines are only really a risk to children with weak immune systems (e.g. those with cancer), who have to rely on protection from herd immunity.

39. 39. Why Do The Vaccines Offered On The Nhs Seem To Change So Often?

    Researchers are always looking for ways to improve the protection that vaccines give us. Sometimes they discover that it is better to give booster vaccines at different intervals. New or improved vaccines are being developed all the time, and once these are tested and approved they may be introduced into the UK schedule (for example, see information on the introduction of Preened and then Prevenar13 on our PCV page).

    Researchers also try to identify the best possible protection that can be given by the smallest possible number of vaccines. Sometimes this leads to a vaccine being dropped from the schedule. For example, the dose of MenC vaccine given at 3 months of age was removed on 1st July 2016. See our blog post on this change.

40. 40. Diseases Like Polio And Diphtheria Don’t Occur In The Uk Any More. Why Does My Child Need To Be Vaccinated Against Them?

    International travel means that any infectious disease is only a few hours’ flight away. Travelers to countries which still have diseases like polio and diphtheria can bring back these diseases to the UK, and this can put unvaccinated people at risk. For example, two unvaccinated children in Europe have died of diphtheria since the start of 2015. Once a disease is wiped out in every country in the world, vaccination is no longer necessary, but so far this has only happened in the case of smallpox.


Pharma Microbiologist Interview Questions

41. 41. What Happens If I Decide Not To Get My Child Vaccinated And Then Change My Mind?

    You can change your mind at any point. Even though it is better to get your child vaccinated at the ages recommended in the UK schedule, it is never too late to start vaccination. The majority of vaccines can be given at any point in childhood, so you can just go to your GP and ask them to give your child the vaccines they need.

42. 42. How Can I Get Hold Of Vaccines That Are Not In The Routine Uk Schedule?

    Sometimes people want to obtain vaccines that are not offered routinely in the UK (for example, chickenpox vaccine for children, or whooping cough vaccine for adults visiting newborn babies in other countries). Any vaccines that are not part of the NHS provided service are only accessible through private provision. This may be through a private hospital, travel clinic or another GP practice (where you are not a registered patient).

    Patients and parents who want to access vaccines privately are responsible for finding these services – unfortunately we don’t have a list of providers. Pricing may vary between different providers.

43. 43. Will The Injection Hurt My Child?

    Yes, at the time, it might. Not all babies and children react in the same way, and some may not seem to feel any pain, but we all know that injections can hurt. Occasionally people may develop a fear of injections, so it is not a good idea to say things like ‘don’t worry, it won’t hurt’. However, there are ways to help reduce the pain that your child might feel.

    For example:

    • Breastfeed while the injection is taking place, or as soon as it is finished
    • Sit your child upright – don’t lie them down
    • Rub or stroke the skin near the injection site (before, during and after the injection)
    • Deep breathing and blowing can help – get your child to blow bubbles or a pinwheel
    • Let your child play with a toy so they are distracted during the injection, or have something ready for them to play with afterwards.
    • See ‘Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination’ in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.

44. 44. Vaccination Just Isn’t A Very Nice Thing To Do A Child?

    Vaccines can seem quite aggressive because they are usually injected rather than given by mouth.

    The reason they are injected is simply that most vaccines are not absorbed well through the stomach. Vaccination is not designed to hurt anyone. Injection is just the best way of getting the vaccine into our bodies so that it can start to trigger the production of antibodies, which will then protect us against the disease.

45. 45. What Are The Real Risks Of Diseases Like Measles?

    In many cases diseases like measles and mumps cause a few days of feeling unwell with no lasting complications. However, 1 in 15 children who have measles develop complications such as ear infections and fits. In a small but significant number of cases, many infectious diseases can lead to very serious, life-threatening conditions, and can kill. Measles is highly infectious and spreads very easily among people who have not been vaccinated.

46. 46. It’s Really Difficult To Weigh Up The Risks. Why Isn’t There More Information On The Chances Of Getting A Reaction To The Vaccine Compared To The Chances Of Getting The Disease?

    This is not as straightforward as it sounds. It is fairly easy to find accurate information on some kinds of risk (for example, common side effects of vaccines). Some comparisons are also easy to understand (for example, 1 in 5000 children develop encephalitis as a complication of measles, but less than 1 in a million develop encephalitis as a complication of the MMR vaccine).

    However, the chance of getting a disease is more difficult to work out, because it depends on how well-protected people are in your local community. If lots of people around you are unvaccinated, there is more chance of diseases spreading quickly than if you live in an area where most people are vaccinated, and this increases the risks. See our pages on Infectious Diseases for information about the risks of each disease.

47. 47. ‘it All Seems So Risky, I Just Won’t Do Anything’?

    It can be difficult to weigh up the risks and decide what is best for your child. The problem is that the more scared you become about the possible risks on both sides, the more likely you are to do nothing. (You can see this on vaccination discussion forums where parents say they are so worried about the possible risks of both vaccinating and not vaccinating that they feel unable to make a decision at all.)

    ‘Doing nothing’ tends to make people feel less guilty if something goes wrong, because they can tell themselves that it’s just ‘bad luck’ or ‘an accident’ – they haven’t actually ‘done’ anything. It is important to bear in mind that ‘doing nothing’ is actually a decision which may have consequences, just as much as getting vaccinated. If you are aware of how you feel about the risks, and why, it may help you to come to a decision.

1. 1. What Is Training? What Are The Objectives Of Training Department?

   Training
   is defined as a continuous learning process in which the employees will acquire knowledge, enhance professional skills and improve attitudes and behaviors to excel well on the job.

   The objectives of the training department
   is to identify the required training needs of an organization and fill the gap with a host of training methods for the welfare of the organization and employees on a whole.

2. 2. Difference Between Training And Development?

   TRAINING
   means learning new things and refreshing old one.

   DEVELOPMENT
   means Implementing the learned session and Finiding new ones.

HR Management Interview Questions

3. 3. What Is On And Off The Job Training?

   On-the-job
   training
   is a type of learning process that usually occurs in an actual work environment i.e. an employee will be learning the new job roles and responsibilities while undergoing this training.

   Off-the-job training
   is a type of learning process that usually occurs out of an actual work environment. This involves case analysis, lectures, presentation, simulation games etc. to imbibe the concepts and brainstorm ideas in an effective manner.

4. 4. How Would You Ensure That The Training Is Effective For An Employee Within The Company?

   The training is effective in all means if it:

   • Imparts new skills.
   • Inculcates new ideas, knowledge and concepts.
   • Is practical oriented.
   • Not an information dump.
   • Aligns the training needs to fulfill the organizational short and long term goals.
   • Conducts the post evaluation to ensure the satisfaction levels to refine the future training needs.

HR Management Tutorial

5. 5. What Are The Different Methods You Could Use In Training Employees?

   There are different training methods like on-the-job techniques, off-the-job techniques, role playing, simulation, internship, apprentice ship, lectures, case analysis, laboratory training methods etc.

Recruitment Interview Questions

6. 6. What Are The Key Issues That Should Be Addressed In The Design, Conduct, And Evaluation Of Training Programs?

   The following are the key issues to be addressed for a successful training program:

   • Place (indoor/outdoor)
   • Audio visual aids
   • Relevant training materials
   • Facilities
   • Time schedule
   • Non – visual aids
   • Trainer.

7. 7. What Is The Role Of A Trainer In A Company?

   The role of a trainer is to develop a competency and skill sets in an individual to perform his/her effectively and efficiently in the work place. The trainer should communicate to the trainees about what is expected out of training in a simple and professional way.

   The trainer plays a pivotal role from start to end of the training that includes the following:

   • Training plan
   • Timing of different training sessions
   • Choosing the relevant training methods
   • Preparing the training materials and aids
   • Conducting training sessions and
   • Evaluating the post training session.

Content Marketing Tutorial
Content Writer Interview Questions

8. 8. What Qualities Does A Company Expect In A Trainer?

   The qualities of a good trainer are as follows:

   • Methodical and well-planned
   • Highly knowledgeable and competent enough
   • Possess relevant industry experience
   • Good in communication/presentation and
   • Be practical enough to make the overall training session fruitful to the trainees.

9. 9. As A Trainer, What Are The Steps You Would Undertake To Make The Long Training Session Not Boring To The Employees?

   The following are the steps to be undertaken to make the long training session not boring to the trainees/employees:

   • Give appropriate breaks to refresh
   • Use both audio-visual aids as and when necessary
   • Keep avoiding mono dialogue session; make the session highly interactive
   • Include management games like ice breakers etc. to energize the whole team
   • Introduce different learning principles like showing live industry examples and case study analysis.

HR Interview Questions

10. 10. How Would You End Your Training Session?

    The well experienced trainer would end the training session with the summary of the whole session/story/real life business example/ feedback mechanism to evaluate the usefulness of both the training session and trainer as well.

Performance Management Tutorial

11. 11. What Specific Skills Do You Bring To The Trainer Position?

    Refer to the essential skills and behaviors that every successful trainer needs. These include technical skills such as knowledge of adult learning principles, business core competencies such as knowledge and understanding of basic business principles and organizational behavior and personal competencies such as planning and organizing skills, information gathering and analysis, communication and presentation skills, coaching skills, adaptability, creativity and resilience. Support your answer with work related examples.

Content Marketing Interview Questions

12. 12. Give Me An Example Of A Learning Intervention You Implemented Which Was Successful. Why Do You Think It Worked Well?

    Take the interviewer through each step of the training process from identifying the training needs to designing the right learning intervention, to presenting the training program and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention. Highlight the key skills you used from problem assessment to decision-making to presentation skills to evaluation skills.

HR Management Interview Questions

13. 13. What Has Been The Most Difficult Training Situation That You Have Had To Deal With And What Did You Do?

    Training employees can present many challenges. Some common difficulties include lack of manager or supervisor support, disinterest and lack of motivation from the employee, lack of engagement from participants and poor learning transfer to the job. The key to answering these trainer interview questions is to explain how you analyzed why the difficulty occurred and what actions you took to improve the situation from redesigning the training to conducting feedback workshops with participants and supervisors.

Business sales training Tutorial

14. 14. How Have You Gone About Identifying Employee Training Needs In The Organization?

    Finding out training needs includes communicating with managers and supervisors, conducting surveys, talking to the employees and observing on the job performance. Analyzing performance management feedback and organizational, departmental and operational needs. Give a specific example.

15. 15. Tell Me About A Recent Training Program That You Ran. How Did You Make Sure That The Skills Were Successfully Transferred To The Work Situation?

    Learning transfer is an ongoing process. Ways of assessing the degree of transfer include observation, talking to supervisors, customers, colleagues and getting feedback from the employee. Focus on key requirements for training transfer starting with a training program that is properly linked to real work life experience to manager and supervisor support and reinforcement back on the job.

Taleo Recruiting Interview Questions

16. 16. Describe A Recent On-the-job Training Activity You Facilitated?

    On the job training presents its own challenges including distractions, lack of structure and nervousness from the employee. Take a specific example and discuss how you managed the difficulties.

Recruitment and Selection Tutorial

17. 17. What Do You Consider The Key Criteria For Training To Be Effective?

    When answering trainer interview questions about effective training relate it to actual examples. Effective training means the employees are engaged in the training, learn new skills, ideas and knowledge. The process enhances employee self esteem and instills confidence and motivation. The participants are able to transfer effectively what has been learned into the work environment. The training meets the employee’s development and training needs and helps fulfill the organization’s goals and objectives.

Performance Management Interview Questions

18. 18. What Training Methods Have You Used And Which Have Proven The Most Effective In Your Experience?

    Professional trainers use a variety of methods including role playing, simulation, lectures, case studies. Assess the training needs of the employees, determine which skills and knowledge need to be learned and then decide on the most appropriate training method for imparting these specific skills, abilities and knowledge. The method must match the participants profile and needs and the learning material.

Recruitment Interview Questions

19. 19. How Do You Keep Current With The Latest Developments And Ideas About Business Training?

    Focus on your motivation for professional development and learning. Do you attend seminars, subscribe to relevant publications, do research on the internet etc.

20. 20. What Is The Difference Between Training And Development?

    The basic difference between training and development is:
    
    Training helps to make the employee of a company to be more effective and efficient in the present role and responsibilities of the job i.e. fulfill short term needs of any company but development helps to improve the overall personality dimensions of an employee to take up any future assignments if any and better equipped to handle any critical situations might occur i.e. fulfill long term needs of any company.

Hr Coordinator Interview Questions

21. 21. Which Tools Do You Propose Should Be Used For Communication During Crisis?

    Tools which you can use for communication during crisis are:
    i.) Internal/ External social media – depending on the issue
    ii.) Executive Blog
    iii.) Forums
    iv.) Addressing large groups of employees
    v.) Press Conference

22. 22. What Tools Do You Propose To Use For Communication With Virtual Work Force?

    Tools which you can use to communicate with virtual work force include:
    i.) E-mails
    ii.) Instant Messengers
    iii.) VOIPs
    iv.) Telephones
    v.) Blogs
    vi.) Forums
    vii.) Intranet
    viii.) Videos
    ix.) Online document management systems
    x.) Virtual Private Network

23. 23. What Makes Effective Internal Communication Difficult?

    The major difficulties faced by the organizations in implementation of an effective internal communication system are: 
    •Gap in receiving the information 
    •Geographically divided work force
    •Using ineffective and inefficient way of communication
    •Message falling on deaf ears and blind eyes

Performance Appraisal Interview Questions

24. 24. What Is The Importance Of Communication While Taking A Disciplinary Action?

    A disciplinary action can invoke a feeling of mistrust among not only the employee against whom the action is being taken but also his fellow employees. 

    In order to avoid this feeling of mistrust against the employer, it is important to: 
    •Document the disciplinary procedure and communicate it to all the employees
    •Provide a clear reference to the activities and the disciplinary action they call for according to the guidelines. 
    •Ensure that the employee against whom the action is being taken understands and accepts his behaviours against which the action is being taken. 

    And, all these can be achieved only if you have clear communication system in place.

Content Writer Interview Questions

25. 25. What Is The Role Of Communication In Implementing An Effective Disciplinary System?

    Every organization requires some work ethics and disciplinary system to be followed for efficient working and maintaining work culture. However it is a big challenge to ensure that the disciplinary system is properly implemented.

    Communication plays an effective role in efficient implementation of the system. Some of the activities that can be done to ensure the implementation of an effective disciplinary system are:
    i.) Putting up the notices on the notice boards
    ii.) Updating the guidelines and putting them on the intranet
    iii.) Communicating them through the e—mail.

26. 26. What Are The Various Tools That Can Be Used For An Effective Internal Communication?

    Various tools which can be used for an effective internal communication are:
    i.) Small Group meeting
    ii.) Big group meetings
    iii.) Open House
    iv.) Notice boards
    v.) E-mails
    vi.) Internal newsletters
    vii.) Intranet
    viii.) Blogs
    ix.) Videos
    x.) Targeted desktop messages
    xi.) Effective screen saver messages

Recruitment and Selection Interview Questions

27. 27. What Is The Role Of Hr Department In Internal Communication In An Organisation?

    In small to medium size organization usually it is the HR department which initiates and establishes the process of internal communication. HR department is the one that lays down various employee related policies and has the complete information about their implementation. So, HR department play a vital role in the implementation of internal communication system in an organization.

HR Interview Questions

28. 28. How Can Better Communication Help In Effectively Implementing The Change Management?

    Communication plays an extremely important role in the process of implementing change. Resistance to change occurs because of: 
    •Fear of change
    •Not being a part of the change process
    •People moving away from their comfort zones
    •Low level of trust In being able to manage change
    •Wrong information about the need for change

    However, all these problems can be better managed with open and clear communication.

29. 29. What Is The Importance Of Communication Within An Organisation?

    Communication within an organization is one of the key elements responsible for its success and congenial atmosphere. Better communication in an organization brings following results:
    1. Better employer – employee relationship
    2. Lesser confusions within the employees and with the management
    3. Better productivity as the goals are clearly stated and conveyed with a clear work path
    4. Better communication helps in implementing changes easily
    5. Its boosts up the confidence level of the employees
    6. The employees in an organization with clear communication are better motivated
    7. Employees will have lesser grievances in a clear communication environment

Hr Admin Interview Questions

30. 30. What Do You Know About Following Traditional Methods Of Training?

    a. Demonstration – The trainer demonstrates the way an employee can perform his regular chores at the work place while avoiding any complex situation. In case faced with any complex situation, the trainer also helps in dealing those complex situations.
    b. Discussions – In this, both the trainer as well as the trainee discusses the problems an employee faces on the job front and the trainer then provides a solution to deal with the problems. The discussion could be relating anything, problems while performing on job, interacting with colleagues, lack of confidence.
    c. Lectures – It is the oldest form of imparting training. In fact no training can be complete without a part of lecture in it. This form of training is usually imparted when there is no scope or very little scope of argument amongst the trainer and the trainee. Lecture system is used when the trainer just has to impart certain information to the trainee, i.e. may be about the vision, mission, and policies of the organization.
    d. Management Development – Management Development plays an imperative role in making the organization more competitive. In this the management align their employees with strategical planning in order to be more competitive. Especially this kind of a training is of high importance as competition os very high in all the sectors.

31. 31. What Do You Know About Following In Computer Based Training?

    a) Intelligent Tutorial System – This system makes use of artificial intelligence in training. In this, the system acquires through the rejoinders of the trainee.
    b) Programmed Instruction – Programmed instruction is the technique of guiding the accomplices deliberately through the information in a way that expedites the most operative and effective learning. It provides the participant with content, material, probes queries, and based on the response it goes to the next level of information.
    c) Virtual Reality – As the name suggests, this method puts the trainee into a 3-D environment, wherein the environment stimulates situations that an employee can face while on the job – front. With this kind of training the employee can learn about the potential dangers or situations that he could face on the job front.

32. 32. Explain Following Forms Of Training Done With Games And Simulation:

    a. Behaviour Modelling – In this kind of training the trainees are usually shown a video of a prospective person, in which the behaviour or any particular process is video – taped for the trainees to learn from that video and behave accordingly.
    b. Business Games – are based on the rules, procedures, plans, relationships and functions performed by the organization. This kind of training is usually imparted when any new employee joins the organization. In the business games, the trainees are provided with restricted data on a precise circumstance and are probed to make pronouncements in errand of the organization.
    c. Case Studies – In this the trainees are provided with certain case studies, which the top management either from the same organization or from any other organization in the same business must have dealt with. Based on the case studies, the trainees are supposed to give their solutions on the same problem. The main motive of this is to acquaint the trainees with the problem rather than the solution.
    d. Equipment Stimulator – Equipment simulators are the mechanical devices that compel the novices to use some actions, strategies, methods, trials, activities, or decision procedures they would use with apparatus back on in the organizations.
    e. In – basket technique – In this, some material in form of text or memos is given to the trainee. The text or memos include information about the responsibilities to be carried out by the trainee. And with the data available the trainee is supposed to respond to the questions posed by the trainer within a limited time frame. Following which the trainer provides a feedback with the suitable options.
    f. Role Plays – It is a technique in which the trainees are given certain roles to be enacted. This technique helps in developing interpersonal as well as communication skills, team building skills as well as group decision making skills amongst the employees.

33. 33. Explain Following Job Training Methods:

    a. Coaching – The goal of coaching is to improve the performance of the employee. Coaching focuses on the individual needs of an employee and is considered to be less formal than any other type of training.
    b. Mentoring – There is a very thin line to differentiate between coaching and mentoring. Where coaching is done online, mentoring is done offline and is just a help offered by one person to another in carrying out the work without any hurdles.
    c. Job rotation – Job rotation is usually done to give an enlarged perspective of the business or to give global opportunities to the employee. It is mostly used for junior employees who can prospectively replace senior level employees.
    d. Job Instruction Technique – This training method focuses on knowledge, skills and attitude development. It consists of 4 steps,
        i. Plan – Making the trainer aware of the kind of work you carry.
        ii. Present – the trainer presents the synopsis as well as the different aspects of the work
        iii. Trial – You actually step into the shoes of the other person and perform the chores to gain practical experience before taking over completely

        iv. Follow up – the trainer follows up with the employee so as to avoid any kind of mistakes made by the trainee.

Content Marketing Interview Questions

34. 34. How Would You Evaluate The Results Of Training?

    Evaluating training is a continuous process. You need to keep evaluating the process right from analysing the training need to the completion of training.

    i. Participant satisfaction as well as reaction: This is the basic way of evaluating the results of training. Often this is the starting and ending way to evaluate the results of training. How satisfied the participants are from the training is the main criteria of evaluation and the positive results of the training are based on the satisfaction of the employees.
    ii. How much knowledge has been acquired from the training: The second stage of evaluating result is how much knowledge has been imparted to the participants from the training. This is usually measured through a questionnaire as well as how they are performing post the training.
    iii. Behavioural Application: If the subject of the training is based on behavioural aspect, then post the training the behaviour of the employee is tested to see how effective the training has been. The behaviour of the employee could be based on the job front or basis on the relations with his contemporaries.
    iv. Business improvement: From the training, how much has the business been profited? In other terms, it is calculating the Return on Investment. Not only is the Return on Investment calculated but also has the performance of the employee improved?

35. 35. How Are Performance Appraisal And Training Need Assessment Related?

    One of the ways to identify the need for training is through performance appraisal. The motive of performance appraisal is to not only judge the performance of the employee but also on the skills of the employee. While conducting a performance appraisal you not only check whether the employee has been able to achieve his targets but also a 360 degree feedback is taken from his colleagues, clients as well as other business delegates with whom he is interacting with on a daily basis. Based on the evaluation of the performance appraisal as well as the feedback forms his colleagues and other people involved for businesses purposes you can identify the area on which the employee needs training.

36. 36. How Are Training Needs Identified?

    The training needs can be identified in a number of ways, they are:
    •During interviews
    •By taking feedback from the employees colleagues, business partners or through clients
    •By conducting competency or knowledge tests
    •While conducting performance appraisals
    •If the employees have demanded for training from the management
    •Based on industry specific research, for example, due to new additions in the industry.

Taleo Recruiting Interview Questions

37. 37. What Is The Difference Between Training And Learning?

    Training: The emphasis of training is on the development of skills. Training is about divulging new information and making us cognizant on how to make use of the information. Training is also hooked on to the awareness of the trainer.

    Learning: Learning is focused on how an individual smears to the new information that he has received from training. Learning is the course of altering people’s understanding and slant to organizational as well as personal vagaries. Learning is an elongated process that often integrates training, evolving and preparing individuals with the tools to be competent enough to handle both known as well as unknown challenges.

38. 38. What Is Training?

    Training an erudition process that embroils the procurement of knowledge, honing of skills, rubrics, or change in insolences and components to enhance the employees performance.

    List out steps to make Training Effective for Employees.
    i.Training Need Analysis: The first step to make training effective for your employees is to make an analysis on the skills that need to be trained on. Comprehensive need and skills analyses will help you define the needs of your employees, which will assist you in knowing what kind of training program you need to define for them.
    ii.Why do they need training: You need to make your employees aware on the reasons as to why they require that particular training? Once they will be convinced for the reasons they require training, they will take more interest in the training.
    iii.Contents of the training program: Once you have determined the needs and defined the training program as per the needs analysis; you need to introduce the content of the training to the employees.
    iv.Relevance of the training: There is enough workload on an employee, we all agree to that. So, if an employee feels during the training session that it will not be advantageous for him in anyway, he will feel frustrated to attend the training.
    v.Meticulous training: The training provided to the employee should be exhaustive so that it trains the employee to deal with every small and big situation in an effective manner.
    vi.Evaluating the training: Once the training is over, you need to evaluate the effects of training on the employees, i.e., you need to see whether the training improved the job performance of the employee or not.

1. 1. What Is A Tn Visa?

   A TN Visa, also referred to as TN Status or TN-1, is U.S. work authorization available to both Canadian and Mexican citizens to obtain entry, reside and work temporarily in the United States under specific non-immigrant NAFTA professions. The TN Visa may only be granted to an applicant whose profession is listed in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

2. 2. Who Is Eligible For Tn Visa?

   You are eligible for this visa if you are a citizen of Mexico or Canada who works in a professional occupation and:

   1. Your profession is on the NAFTA list
   2. You possess the specific criteria for that profession
   3. Your prospective position requires someone in that professional capacity
   4. You are going to work for a U.S. employer

Visa Application Process Interview Questions

3. 3. How Do I Qualify For A Tn Visa?

   To qualify as a TN non-immigrant you must have a valid offer of employment to fill a position in a TN NAFTA profession and provide (at a minimum): Proof of your Canadian citizenship, a detailed offer/support letter from your prospective employer, evidence of your education, credentials, qualifying experience and proof of your intent to return to your foreign permanent residence at the end of your temporary employment.

4. 4. How Do I Apply For A Tn Visa?

   Applications for a TN visa classification can be done by mail with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) through Form I-129, by person at a U.S. port of entry, or at a U.S. consulate.

5. 5. How Can I Obtain A Tn Visa As A Mexican?

   As of January 1, 2004 the procedures were simplified for Mexicans by removing the requirement for petition approval and for filing of a labor condition application. Mexicans are no longer subject to numerical limitation for these professionals. Mexican citizens still require a visa to request admission to the U.S. To receive a TN visa, you must submit the following forms and documentation:

   1. Form DS-156, Nonimmigrant Visa Application completed and signed
   2. Form DS-157, Supplemental Nonimmigrant Visa Application by male applicants between 16 – 45 years of age
   3. A passport valid for travel to the U.S. and with a validity date at least six months beyond your intended period of stay in the U.S.
   4. One 2×2 photograph. (A photograph is not required if you are applying in Mexico.)
   5. Your employer in the U.S. must provide a Letter of Employment in the U.S. The letter must indicate that the position in question in the U.S. requires the employment of a person in a professional capacity, consistent with the NAFTA

B1 Visa Interview Questions

6. 6. What Are The Documents Required To Apply For Tn Status As A Canadian?

   Your application for TN status as a Canadian must include:

   • Proof of Canadian citizenship. This could be your passport, birth certificate, or certificate of naturalization
   • A letter from your employer offering the employment. This letter must be written on the employer’s letterhead and bear an original signature of the person with hiring authority. The letter must affirm:
   1. The title of the position offered as it appears in the appendix to the NAFTA treaty
   2. A description of your professional activities, including a brief summary of job duties and the minimum requirements for the position
   3. A description of your professional qualifications and appropriate credentials which demonstrate that you have the educational background and qualifications necessary for the position
   4. The anticipated length of the position. This may not exceed one year
   5. The specific arrangements for remuneration during the time period requested
   6. If required by state or local law, that you comply with all applicable laws and/or licensing requirements for the activity in which you will be engaged
   • Evidence of the appropriate degree awarded in the form of a copy of a diploma, or official transcripts indicating the degree which has been awarded
   • A copy of a recent resume
   • The processing fee

7. 7. Do I Need A Tn Visa To Look For Employment In The U.s.?

   No. Under NAFTA you are able to enter the United States as a visitor to apply for positions, interview for positions and seek employment in the United States without a visa. Once you obtain employment you will need to obtain proper work authorization prior to working. The quickest and most cost effective work permit available to Canadian citizens is the TN non-immigrant visa.

B2 Visitor visa Interview Questions

8. 8. How Long Does It Take To Get A Tn Visa?

   Initial applications for TN visa status are reviewed at participating U.S. Ports of Entry and if properly presented can be approved within minutes. Petitions for TN status by mail with USCIS can take from 15 days up to a few months depending on the processing method used.

9. 9. Do I Need A Job Offer Before Applying For Tn Visa Status?

   Yes, you must have a valid job offer to apply for a TN visa. One requirement for TN visa application is the supporting evidence that the applicant is engaged in an employee-employer relationship. In the case concerning a TN visa, the offer letter from the potential employer is the supporting evidence. The applicant’s offered position, TN profession, salary, start date, and other details should be included in the letter of support.

C1/D Visa Interview Questions

10. 10. Can I Travel Outside The U.s. On Tn Status?

    Yes, you may leave the U.S. and be re-admitted for the remainder of the period of authorized stay as indicated on Form I-94, Arrival Departure record as long as the original, intended professional activities and employer have not changed.

11. 11. Can I Bring My Dependents Into The U.s. On Tn Visa?

    Yes, your spouse and unmarried, minor children are entitled to enter the U.S. on derivative TD status.

F1 Visa Interview Questions

12. 12. Can My Dependents Work In The U.s. On Derivative Td Status?

    No, your spouse and unmarried, minor children are unable to accept employment in the U.S. on derivative TD status.

Visa Application Process Interview Questions

13. 13. How Can I Apply For Extension Of Temporary Stay On Tn Visa As A Canadian?

    If you are a Canadian citizen, admitted as a NAFTA professional you may seek an extension of stay, which may be granted up to one year

    1. If you are in the U.S., your employer may file Form I-129 Petition for Non-immigrant Worker with the USCIS Nebraska Service Center.
    2. You may return to Canada to re-apply at the port-of-entry with the same documentation that is required for an original application.

14. 14. How Can I Apply For Extension Of Temporary Stay On Tn Visa As A Mexican?

    If you are a Mexican citizen, admitted as a NAFTA professional you may seek an extension of stay, which may be granted up to one year.

    1. If you are in the U.S., your employer may file Form I-129 Petition for Non-immigrant Worker with the USCIS Nebraska Service Center; or
    2. If you are applying at a port-of-entry, use the same application and documentation as required for an original application

15. 15. Can I Work For Multiple Employers In The U.s. While On A Tn Visa?

    Yes. You can work for multiple employers in the United States provided that you obtain a separate TN visa  status for every employer. Working for an employer other than the one your TN visa is approved for violates U.S. immigration laws.

German Student Visa Interview Questions

16. 16. Can I Change My Tn Visa Employer?

    Yes. You can change your TN visa employer at any time. This can be done at a U.S. port of entry or through a USCIS service center.

17. 17. Can An Independent Contractor Have A Tn Visa?

    Yes. You are able to work as an employee or independent contractor. As long as the employer can establish control, you can work as an independent contractor.

H1B Visa Interview Questions

18. 18. What Do I Do When If My Tn Visa Application Is Denied?

    It’s not uncommon for a TN visa application to be denied during the applicant’s first attempt. If you’re denied for TN visa status, the best option is to seek the advice of an experienced TN visa attorney before re-applying. Potential for denial is a strong reason to consider the advice of an experience U.S. immigration lawyer before applying for a TN visa.

B1 Visa Interview Questions

19. 19. Should I Hire A Lawyer For A Tn Visa Application?

    Yes. Whether an initial request for TN visa status, reapplication after a denial,  or renewal, seeking the legal advice of an experienced U.S. immigration attorney is advised. Hiring a lawyer from the beginning of the application makes the process easier and reduces the risk of denial.

20. 20. Is There A Limit As To How Many Times A Tn Visa Is Renewed?

    There’s no limit to the times a TN visa is renewed, but if the TN employee has been on a TN status longer, the scrutiny on the renewal is higher.

H4 Visa Interview Questions

21. 21. Can I Change From A Tn Status To A Green Card?

    Yes. You can go from TN visa status to a green card if your application for a green card is properly handled. It’s best to seek legal advice from an experienced U.S. immigration attorney before you start with the green card process.

22. 22. What Is Acceptable Proof Of Education For A Tn Visa?

    Original copies of diplomas, certificates or degrees serve as evidence of education. Some other proofs are supporting academic transcripts and foreign credentials evaluation.

23. 23. What Is The Tn Visa Interview Process?

    The TN visa interview process may differ depending on the applicant and the interviewing officer. The questioning process varies from brief to very intense. It is the officer’s duty to ensure lawful entry of the foreign nationals into the United States. The interview can be smooth for an applicant qualified for TN status with properly presented application. This is one of the many advantages to using the assistance of a U.S. immigration lawyer.

J-1 visa Interview Questions

24. 24. What Is A U.s. Port Of Entry?

    A U.S. port of entry is an inspection point where individuals of foreign nationality can seek lawful entry into the United States. It is where applicants process their TN visa applications.

B2 Visitor visa Interview Questions

1. 1. 1. What Is Pure?
      Pure is a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) developed by YAHOO. It helps in creating faster, beautiful, and responsive websites.
      Some of its salient features are as follows:
      • In-built responsive designing
      • Standard CSS with minimal footprint
      • Set of small, responsive CSS modules
      • Free to use

 

1. 1. 2. What Is Responsive Design?
      • Pure has in-built responsive designing so that the website created using Pure will redesign itself as per the device size.
      • Pure has a 12 column mobile-first fluid grid that supports responsive classes for small, large, and medium screen sizes.
      • Pure classes are created in such a way that the website can fit any screen size.
      • The websites created using Pure are fully compatible with PC, tablets, and mobile devices.

 
XML Interview Questions

1. 1. 3. What Is Standard Css?
      • Pure uses standard CSS only and it is very easy to learn.
      • There is no dependency on any external JavaScript library such as jQuery.

 
 

1. 1. 4. What Is Extensible?
      • Pure is by design very minimal and flat.
      • It is designed considering the fact that it is much easier to add new CSS rules than to overwrite existing CSS rules.
      • By adding a few lines of CSS, Pure’s appearance can be customized to work with an existing web project.
      • It supports shadows and bold colors.
      • The colors and shades remain uniform across various platforms and devices.
      • And most important of all, it is absolutely free to use.

 
XML Tutorial

1. 1. 5. How To Use Pure.css?
      There are two ways to use Pure:
      • Local Installation – You can download the pure.css file on your local machine and include it in your HTML code.
      • CDN Based Version – You can include the pure.css file into your HTML code directly from the Content Delivery Network (CDN).

 
CSS3 Interview Questions

1. 1. 6. What Is Local Installation?
      downloaded pure-min.css file in a directory of your website, e.g. /css.
      Example: Now you can include the css file in your HTML file as follows −
       

       

       

       

      First Column

       

      Second Column

       

      Third Column

       

       

       

 
 

1. 1. 7. What Is Cdn Based Version?
      You can include the pure.css file into your HTML code directly from the Content Delivery Network (CDN). yui.yahooapis.com provides content for the latest version.
      We are using yui.yahooapis.com CDN version of the library throughout this tutorial.
      Example: Now let us rewrite the above example using pure.css from PureCSS.io CDN.
       

       

       

       

      First Column

       

      Second Column

       

      Third Column

       

       

       
       

 
CSS3 Tutorial
HTML Interview Questions

1. 1. 8. What Is Pure.css Responsive Design?
      PURE.CSS has several special classes to create a responsive design.
      1. .pure-u-*: Sets the container to occupy required space on any device.
      2. .pure-u-sm-*: Sets the container to occupy required space on a devices with width ≥ 568px.
      3. .pure-u-md-*: Sets the container to occupy required space on a devices with width ≥ 768px.
      4. .pure-u-lg-*: Sets the container to occupy required space on a devices with width ≥ 1024px.
      5. .pure-u-xl-*: Sets the container to occupy required space on a devices with width ≥ 1280px.

 
 

1. 1. 9. What Is Pure.css Grids?
      PURE.CSS provides concept of Pure Grid with two types of classes, pure-g, a grid class and unit classes, pure-u-*. Following are the rules to use Pure Grids.
      • Widths of Units are in fractions. For example, pure-u-1-2 represents 1/2 or 50% width, pure-u-2-5 represents 2/5 or 40% width and so on.
      • Children of Pure Grid (element with pure-g class) must be using pure-u or pure-u-* classnames.
      • All content should to be a part of a grid unit to be rendered properly.

 
Dreamweaver Interview Questions

1. 1. 10. What Are Grid Unit Sizes?
      Pure Grid comes with 5th and 24th unit sizes. Following illustrations shows the examples of some of the available units which can be appended to pure-ui-. For example, to create a cell of 50% width, you can use a css style pure-ui-1-2.

 
HTML Tutorial

1. 1. 11. What Is Pure.css Forms?
      PURE.CSS has a very beautiful and responsive CSS for form designing. The following CSS are used:
      1. pure-form: Represents a compact inline form.
      2. pure-form-stacked: Represents a stacked form with input elements below the labels. To be used with pure-form.
      3. pure-form-aligned: Represents an aligned form with input elements below the labels. To be used with pure-form.
      4. pure-input-rounded: Displays a form control with rounded corners
      5. pure-button: Beautifies a button.
      6. pure-checkbox: Beautifies a checkbox.
      7. pure-radio: Beautifies a radio.

 
UI Developer Interview Questions

1. 1. 12. What Is Pure.css Buttons?
      PURE.CSS has a very beautiful and responsive CSS for customizing the look of a button. The following CSS are used:
      1. pure-button: Represents a standard button. Can be used to style a link and button as well.
      2. pure-button-disabled: Represents a disabled button. To be used along with pure-button.
      3. pure-button-active: Represents a pressed button. To be used along with pure-button.

 
 
XML Interview Questions

1. 1. 13. What Is Pure.css Tables?
      PURE.CSS can be used to display different types of tables using various styles over pure-table.
      1. pure-table: Represents a basic table with any a default padding, border and an emphasized header.
      2. pure-table-bordered: Draws a table with a border across rows.
      3. pure-table-horizontal: Draws a table with horizontal lines.
      4. pure-table-striped: Displays a stripped table.
      5. pure-table-odd: If applied on every other tr,changes the background of the row and creates a zebra-styled effect.

 
CSS Tutorial

1. 1. 14. What Is Pure.css Images?
      Pure.CSS provides options to display images in responsive way using pure-image as the main class.
      pure-img:
      Represents a basic styled image without any border. Image grows and shrinks with the content maintaining the correct ratio

 
 

1. 1. 15. What Is Pure.css Icons?
      PURE.CSS supports the following popular icon libraries:
      • Font Awesome Icons
      • Google Material Icons
      • Bootstrap Icons

      Usage: To use an icon, put the name of the icon in the class of an HTML element.

 
CSS Interview Questions

1. 1. 16. What Is Vertical Menu?
      Menus are vertical by default. Minimal default styling and low-specificity selectors make them easy to customize. By default, menu items take up 100% of the width of their container, so you may want to limit the menu width or set the menu to display:inline-block.
      eg:
      YAHOO SITES
      Flickr
      Messenger
      Sports
      Finance
      MORE SITES
      Games
      News
      OMG!
      Yahoo Sites

       

      Yahoo Sites
   2. Flickr
   4. Messenger
   6. Sports
   8. Finance
   10. More Sites
   12. Games
   14. News
   16. OMG!
   17.  

 
 
CSS Advanced Tutorial

1. 1. 17. What Is Horizontal Menu?
      To create a horizontal menu, add the pure-menu-horizontal class name.
      eg: BRAND |News |Sports | Finance
      BRAND
   2. News
   4. Sports
   6. Finance
   7.  

 
CSS Advanced Interview Questions

1. 1. 18. What Is Dropdowns?
      We recommend enabling submenus via JavaScript to enable accessibility. To help get you started, an example script written in vanilla JS provides ARIA support, limited submenu arrow-key navigation, and the ability to dismiss menus with an outside event or the ESC key. But you may wish to go further by adding edge detection, comprehensive arrow-key navigation, and polyfills for compatibility with old browsers.
      Even with JavaScript in place, you still might want to display submenus on hover. Just add pure-menu-allow-hover to the pure-menu-has-children list item. This can be nice for desktop users and provides a fallback for users with no JavaScript.

 
 
CSS3 Interview Questions

1. 1. 19. What Is Vertical Menu With Submenus?
      The same construct used to create dropdowns works in vertical menus as well. You may nest submenus, but keep in mind that complex menus can present usability challenges on small screens.

 
WordPress Tutorial

1. 1. 20. What Is Scrollable Horizontal Menu?
      To create a scrollable horizontal menu, add the pure-menu-scrollable class name. When there isn’t enough room, the menu items can be scrolled or flicked. Dropdown menus are not supported.

 
 
WordPress Interview Questions

1. 1. 21. What Is Scrollable Vertical Menu?
      To create a scrollable vertical menu, limit the height of your menu, and then add the pure-menu-scrollable class name. The menu items can be scrolled or flicked. Submenus are not supported.

 

1. What Is Meant By Vibrations?

Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road.

Vibration is occasionally desirable. For example the motion of a tuning fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the cone of a loudspeaker is desirable vibration, necessary for the correct functioning of the various devices.

2. Define Force Vibration?

Forced vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include a shaking washing machining due to an imbalance, transportation vibration (caused by truck engine, springs, road, etc), or the vibration of a building an earthquake.

In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is dependent on the frequency content of the force or motion applied, but the magnitude of the vibration is strongly dependent on the behaviour of the mechanical system.

3. What Is Meant By Logarithmic Decrement?

Logarithmic decrement method is used to measure damping in time domain. In this method, the free vibration displacement amplitude history of a system to an impulse is measured and recorded. Logarithmic decrement is the natural logarithmic value of the ratio of two adjacent peak values of displacement in free decay vibration.

4. Define Transmissibility?

Transmissibility is a term that is a term that is used to describe the response of a vibration isolation system. Literally, transmissibility is the ratio of displacement of an isolated system to the input displacement. It is used to describe the effectiveness of a vibration isolation system. Transmissibility varies with frequency.

5. What Is Dry Friction Damper?

The dry-friction damper consists of a shock-absorbing mass with a flexible link with the frame, dry friction shoes coupled to the mass, and an expansion spring to provide the necessary amount of dry friction. The damper is designed to reduce normal pressure on the contact surfaces when there is a change in direction of the absorbing mass by incorporating an inertia mass which has a flexible link with the shoes.

During oscillation in a system, inertia mass undergoes various accelerations and the greater the acceleration on the inertia mass the smaller is the effort with which shoes are pressed against the friction surfaces. With a sufficiently rigid link the acceleration of the inertia mass is virtually equal to the acceleration of the absorbing mass which means that with maximum acceleration of the absorbing mass the dry friction force will be the least.

6. Mention The Uses Of Vibration?

In the branch of engineering vibration is useful in the analysis, design, construction, operation and maintenance of complex structures.

7. What Is Rayleigh’s Method, Write Its Applications?

It is a method used for calculating approximate natural frequencies for a vibrating system assuming a deflected shape and balancing kinetic and strain energies.

8. What Is The Critical Speed Of Shaft?

The angular speed at which a rotating shaft becomes dynamically unstable with large lateral amplitudes, due to resonance with the natural frequencies of lateral vibration of the shaft is called as the critical speed of shaft.

9. Define Continuous Beam?

A beam having more than two supports is called as continuous beam.

10. What Is Meant By Natural Vibration?

Natural vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road.

11. Define Resonance?

Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at a certain frequency. This frequency is known as the system’s natural frequency of vibration, resonant frequency, or eigenfrequency.

12. Mention Important Types Of Free Vibrations?

Type of free vibration are, pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring.

13. What Is Meant By Viscous Damping?

A method of converting mechanical vibrational energy of a body into heat energy, in which a piston is attached to a support, is called viscous damping.

14. Define Vibration Isolation?

Vibration isolation, in structures, of those vibrations or motions that are classified as mechanical vibration; involves the control of the supporting structure, the placement and arrangement of isolators, and control of the internal construction of the equipment to be protected.

15. What Is An Accelerometer And What Is Its Use?

An accelerometer is a device for measuring acceleration. An accelerometer inherently measures its own motion (locomotion), in contrast to a device based on remote sensing. One application for accelerometer is specifically configured for use in gravimetry.

16. Define Influence Coefficients?

It is defined as action required for or due to unit acceleration. It is used for deriving the equations of motion for a vibrating system. There are two types of influence coefficient; stiffness influence coefficient and the flexibility influence coefficient.

17. What Is Continuous System?

A continuous system has infinite degree of freedom hence infinite number of natural frequencies. These systems have their inertia and stiffness properties distributed in a continuous way.

18. What Are Three Elementary Part Of A Vibrating System?

1. 1. 1. Mass of the body
      2. Elasticity of available spring.
      3. Dashpot which is for dumping.

19. What Is Logarithmic Decrement?

Logarithmic decrement is the “logarithmic ratio of any two consecutive amplitudes on the same side of the main position” it is a measure of decay of amplitude of the vibrating system it is denoted.

20. Define The Term Magnification Factor?

Magnification factor or magnifier is defined as the ratio of amplitude of vibration to the amplitude of zero frequency deflection.

21. How Can We Make A System To Vibrate In One Of Its Natural Made?

The motion where every point the system executes harmonic motion with one of is natural frequencies of the system, is called the principal mode of vibration, the amplitude for one of the masses is taken as unity the principal mode is said to be normal mode of vibration.

22. What Is Basic Assumption Is Deriving Dunker Lay’s Formula?

1. 1. 1. Dunker lay’s formula is applicable to a uniform diameter shaft carrying several loads.
      2. This method can also account for self weight of the shift.

23. How Does A Continuous System Differ From A Discrete System In The Nature Of Its Equation Of Motion?

Continuous system is equivalent to an infinite elements of masses concentrated at different points. The equation of the continuous systems is derived on the assumption that the bodies are homogeneous and isotropic & that they obey Hooke’s law within the elastic limit.

24. What Ate Various Methods Available For Vibration Control?

1. 1. 1. Removing the Causes of vibration.
      2. Putting the screen if noise is the objection.
      3. Placing the machinery on proper type of isolators.
      4. Shock absorbers.
      5. Dynamic vibration absorbers.

25. What Are Vibrometer?

A vibrometer is an instrument to measure the displacement of a vibrating machine part generally; the instrument natural frequency is designed twice as slow as the slowest vibration recorded.

26. What Is Common Type Of Damping?

1. 1. 1. Viscous damping.
      2. Dry friction damping.
      3. Structural damping.
      4. Slip or interfacial damping.

27. Why Is It Important To Find The Natural Frequency Of A Vibrating System?

When the frequency of externally excited system equal to natural frequency of vibration system it get failure due to resonance. So to avoid the resonance at vibrating system natural frequency must be known.

28. What Happens To The Response Of An Undamped System At Resonance?

In damped vibrating system; the system get vibrate till it’s frequency reaches to the natural frequency. So it likely cause to failure of body. So if system is having undamped vibration it leads to failure of body or system.

29. What Are Principal Coordinates?

Principal coordinates: The three directions in space i.e. x, y, z direction are known as the basic or principal coordinates these are very important in designing of robots as it decide the degree of freedom for every action.

30. Define The Flexibility And Stiffness Influence Coefficients?

Flexibility:
It is defines as the design that can adapt any change when any external change occurs.

Stiffness influence coefficients:
It is defined as when the system is unconstrained the stiffness matrix is positive semi definite hence a constant is used to show the stiffness of system is knows as stiffness influence coefficient denoted as ‘K’.

31. What Is Rayleigh’s Principle?

Rayleigh principle: It is stated that the distribution of the potential and kinetic energies of conservation, elastic system in the fundamental mode of vibration is such that the frequency is minimum.

32. How Many Natural Frequencies Does A Continuous System Have?

A continuous system which is under a vibration has only one natural frequency which creates the resonance if the frequency of system matches with natural frequency.

33. What Is The Difference Between A Vibration Absorber And A Vibration Isolator?

Difference between a vibration absorber and a vibration isolator:

A vibration absorber is a device that can absorb the vibration and make its intensity low while an isolator is device that can keep apart the vibration between two surface or system in contact in which one is vibrate continuously.

34. What Is An Accelerometer?

A accelerometer is device or a transducer that sense the acceleration of system and convert in into a useful signal are known as accelerometer.

35. What Are The Causes Of Vibration?

Unbalanced centrifugal forces in the system.

• • • Elastic nature of the system.
    • External excitation applied on the system.
    • Winds may cause vibrations of certain systems such as electricity lines, telephones lines etc.

36. Give Two Examples Each Of The Bad And Good Effects Of Vibration?

Bad effects:

1. Proper readings of the instrument cannot be taken.
2. Many building, structures and bridges may fall.

Good effects:

1. 1. 1. Useful for the propagation of sound.
      2. Vibratory conveyors.
      3. Musical instruments.

37. Define Degree Of Freedom Of A Vibrating System?

The minimum number of independent coordinates required to specify the motion of a system at any instant is known as degrees of freedom of the system.

38. In Vibration Analysis, Can We Always Disregard Damping?

No.

39. Can We Identify A Nonlinear Vibration Problem By Looking At Its Governing Differential Equation?

Yes.

40. What Is The Difference Between Deterministic And Random Vibration?

In deterministic the magnitude of excitation force is know but in random magnitude of excitation is not known.

41. What Methods Are Available For Solving The Governing Equations Of A Vibration Problem?

Rayleigh method, energy method, equilibrium method.

42. How Do You Connect Several Springs To Increase The Overall Stiffness?

By connect springs in parallel.

43. What Is The Difference Between Harmonic Motion And Periodic Motion?

The motion which repeat itself after an equal interval of time while harmonic motion is one form of the periodic motion. All the harmonic motions are periodic in nature while the vice-versa is not always true.

44. Define Vibration?

When a particle goes on one side from mean position and returns back and then it goes to other side and again returns back, then it is known as one vibration. In other words, to and fro motion of a particle about a fixed point is known as vibration.

45. Name Different Types Of Vibrations?

There are three important types of vibrations from subject point of view:

• • • Free or natural vibrations.
    • Damped vibrations.
    • Forced vibrations.

46. Define Free Vibrations?

If the vibrations of a particle after giving it an initial displacement remain continued, then the vibrations are called free or natural vibrations. No external force acts on the particle. In other words, the vibrations of the particle with fundamental frequency under the influence of the restoring force are called free vibrations.

47. Define Damped Vibrations?

The vibrations of a body whose amplitude goes on reducing over every cycle of vibrations are known as damped vibrations. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of energy possessed by the vibrating body is always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistance to the motion.

48. Define Forced Vibrations?

When the body vibrates under the influence of external periodic force, then the vibrations are known as forced vibrations.

The body does not vibrate with its natural frequency, but it vibrates with the frequency of the driver.

49. Define Time Period Related To Vibratory Motion?

The time interval after which the motion is repeated itself is called time period. It is usually expressed in seconds.

50. Define Time Cycle Related To Vibratory Motion?

The motion completed during one time period is called cycle.

51. Define Frequency Related To Vibratory Motion?

The number of cycles executed in one second is called frequency. It is usually expressed in hertz (Hz).

52. Name Different Types Of Free Vibrations?

There are three types of free vibrations:

• • • Longitudinal vibrations.
    • Transverse vibrations.
    • Torsional vibrations.

1. 1. What Is Vsat?

   VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) is a satellite communications system that serves home and business users. A VSAT end user needs a box that interfaces between the user’s computer and an outside antenna with a transceiver. The tranceiver receives or sends a signal to a satellite transponder in the sky.

2. 2. What Is Vsat Stand For?

   A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m.


Field Hygiene and Sanitation Interview Questions

3. 3. How Does A Satellite Internet Connection Work?

   Satellite internet equipment is made up of three main components: a geostationary satellite in space, a satellite dish mounted on your home and a modem that transmits internet signals from the dish to your computer. You obtain satellite internet through a satellite broadband provider.

4. 4. What Does The Orbital Vsat Do?

   Orbital VSAT is a Scorestreak Reward in Multiplayer available for unlock at level 42. It requires 1200 points in a match before using. Similar to the UAV, the Orbital VSAT shows both enemy position and direction on the team’s mini-map in real time for 45 seconds.


Field Hygiene and Sanitation Tutorial

5. 5. What Is A Satellite Terminal?

   A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates range from 4 kbit/s up to 16 Mbit/s.


CCNA Interview Questions

6. 6. What Are Vsat Applications?

   VSATs are used to transmit narrowband data (e.g., point-of-sale transactions using credit cards, polling or RFID data, or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video).

7. 7. What Are The Advantages Or Benefits Of Vsat?

   Advantages / Benefits of VSAT Satellite Networks: 
   

   Access in Remote Locations:
   This has been the traditional strength of Satellite Networks. A Satellite in the Geo Synchronous orbit can cover around 33% of the earth’s surface and can provide connectivity to any region covered by it. A satellite can also focus on a particular high density region and multiple satellites can work together to provide global coverage. This is very useful for remote locations (rural areas, ships and coastal regions, hills, etc) where there is limited or no terrestrial connectivity.

   Internet Access:
   A VSAT Network can provide Internet access in addition to the point to point WAN links. Its all set to create a next major wave in the consumer broadband industry with the launch of satellites operating in the Ka band offering very high throughput, especially in the non metro regions. ‘Always ON’ broadband Internet services are possible with VSAT networks.

   Rapid deployment:
   Once the Satellite is put in to its orbit, the deployment at the customer premises can be done (usually in hours) if the equipment is available, with minimum training. And the deployment can be done in any region, irrespective of where it is located.

   VPN:
   Satellites support encryption of all data transmitted between two sites or multiple sites, which make the creation of Virtual Private Networks (VPN) possible. This is one reason why the VSAT networks could find more acceptance in the corporate and Government/ Defense connectivity requirements.

   QoS:
   VSAT Networks support QoS (Quality of Service) and Layer 2 prioritization policies to be applied across the WAN link which enables real time applications to be deployed across the network.

   Mobile Access:
   Mobile access has been another traditional strength of a satellite network. This makes TV broadcasters (for example) make broadcasts from anywhere – even when they are on the move. Another possible application could be mobile Internet access, while on the move.

   Bandwidth Allocation:
   It is possible to allocate/ restrict bandwidth based on individual applications – this could be a very useful feature for business communications, ensuring that critical business applications like ERP always have a certain dedicated bandwidth across the VSAT networks.

   Scalable:
   VSAT networks can be easily and cost effectively be scaled to accommodate multiple locations across the globe. In fact, some of the largest customers of VSAT networks have as many as 10,000 sites on a single network!

   Cost:
   Though the initial investment (service provider perspective) might be high in terms of the cost of satellites and putting them in the orbit, the running cost (end point terminals and on going subscription) is coming down rapidly – That’s why applications like Direct To Home (Cable TV) are broadcasted directly from satellites to homes at a reasonable cost to the subscriber.

   Standards based:
   VSAT networks are standards based and support IP (Internet Protocol) and its variants through a protocol called IPoS (Internet Protocol over Satellite – TIA 1008). Since the developments are standards based, it enables the creation of a healthy ecosystem of terminal, hub and ancillary equipment manufacturers and hence new innovations and improvements are faster.

   Reliable:
   Satellite Networks are very reliable (having up-times in the magnitude of 99.5% and above) and have been field tested for many years now. Mission critical applications like Bank ATM’s, Navy and Point of Sale appliances use VSAT!

   Single Hop:
   Satellite transmissions are single hop (mostly) when compared to the multiple hops that the communications based on terrestrial networks need to take to reach to their destination. Some factors like router performance etc, depends on multiple service providers and hence end to end QoS may not be possible with terrestrial public networks.


Power Electronics Tutorial
Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

8. 8. How To Acquire Vsat?

   One of the largest VSAT networks consist of more than 12,000 sites which are administered by Spacenet and the United States Postal Service. Some of the companies that utilize large VSAT networks include Walgreens Pharmacy, Wal-Mart, Taco Bell, Ford, General Motors, and many others. VSAT is used to transmit data such as sales orders and figures, service bulletins, international communications, and other types of data and communications.

   Satellite providers that provide two way communications sometimes offer VSAT services. These are companies such as Bluestream, TM, Wild Blue, SatLynx, StarBand, and many others. Additionally, satellite providers that offer high speed broadband Internet to rural areas typically use VSAT technology as well.

9. 9. How To Create A Wireless Vsat Connection?

   Regardless if you are an individual using a VSAT system or an organization, most users desire to make their connection wireless. So the first question that always comes up is how to create a wireless connection with VSAT and whether or not you can use a conventional wireless router.

   For example, some VSAT service providers offer connections that have a higher capacity or throughput and, in this case, it is necessary to choose a wireless router which is capable of handling a higher capacity connection. This is especially true for larger organizations that deploy VSAT communications systems.

   On the other hand, if you are a residential user, the chances are that the VSAT service delivers a normal capacity connection. In this case, you can configure your home network with a typical router which is designed for residential use.


Power Electronics Interview Questions

10. 10. What Are The Features Of 3m Vsat Antenna?

    Highlighted Features :

    • 3m VSAT antenna can meet the INTELSAT Requirements.
    • 3m VSAT antenna has  High radiofrequency (RF) performance, the antenna has high gain and excellent sidelobe performance.
    • 3m VSAT antenna with Stainless hardware 
    • 3m VSAT antenna does not need on-site precision adjustment.
    • Feed source system and some components are pre-assembled before leaving factory.

11. 11. What Are The Limitations Of Vsat?

    Like any other technology, VSAT has its limitations too. Some of them include the extremely high initial cost needed for building and launching satellites in the Geo-Synchronous orbit, higher initial cost and recurring monthly costs for terminal equipments needed for providing Internet over broadband when compared to terrestrial DSL networks, Bit Error Rate is common for satellite based technologies, Rain Attenuation might affect the performance of VSAT communications under rainy conditions, latencies (>200 ms) are still higher than their terrestrial equivalent technologies (<100 ms), careful direction of subscriber side terminals and dish antennas are critical for proper working, trained man power is required for installation and maintenance, other competitive technologies (Internet Leased Lines, 3G/HSDPA/4G Cellular technologies etc) offer much higher bandwidth at a lower cost than what is possible by VSAT based networks, the antennas need to be fixed outside the offices or homes hence making them susceptible to damage or theft, the cost of VSAT modules for Network Routers/ Video Conferencing systems are quite high, etc.


Electronics Interview Questions

12. 12. What Are Vsat System Characteristics?

    VSAT system has the following characteristics:

    1. It possesses the ability of digital treatment and transmission for multiple signals including voice, data and television conference. When transmitting voice, data and television conference, data compression technology has been widely adopted.  

     2. Flexible multi-access mode. The transmission line from primary station to remote small station is called outbound or outroute while the transmission link from small station to primary station is called inbound or inroute. The outbound information flow is discontinuous and the inbound information flow is intermittent, both of business volumes are asymmetric. Therefore, VSAT system adopts different multi-access continuation mode respectively in two transmission directions to realize asymmetric bidirectional transmission, which is the main difference between VSAT and other satellite communication system. 

    3. Network management system is more and more perfect. Because the information of small station is burst information, VSAT system must configure high intelligent network management system to monitor, control and manage operation status, channel allocation, business volume statistics of the overall network, which is one of the differences between VSAT and other satellite communication system.

    4. Abundant network topological structure. Network topological structure of VSAT has three kinds which are star-shaped, meshed and composite. Star-shaped structure mainly applied in data communication must have primary station. Meshed structure mainly applied in voice communication doesn’t have primary station. And composite structure with more complex network management and channel control is available for large website comprehensively transferring multiple sets of information. The selection of network topological structure is mainly based on business demand.

    5. VSAT device becomes gradually miniaturization and integration and the device price continues to drop, which makes VSAT system possess characteristics of easy installation, cheap price and convenient maintenance, etc.. The initial investment is quite large but the maintenance cost is cheaper. 

    6. Compared with other communication ways, VAST system possess the characteristic that communication link cost is not relevant to the distance, thus it is particularly applied to remote areas.

    7. VSAT system expansion is easier. Use scope and transmission ability of VSAT can be expanded as long as the number of small station is increased and the bandwidth of uplink carrier and downlink carrier is adjusted according to the demand. The system’s expansion ability has much to do with equipment’s model selection; therefore, it should have certain predictability for development prospect of the system when designing the system. 


Field Hygiene and Sanitation Interview Questions

13. 13. What Is Vsat System Designing?

    We need to do the overall design firstly when setting up VSAT system. Then optimize system structure on the basis of user’s requirements. After that, provide exact content for each section which consists of system so as to calculate and demonstrate overall. Therefore, we can make VSAT system meet the preset quality requirements and network performance.

    Application requirements analysis, technology overall design and project setup are included in overall system design. Application requirements analyses mainly study demonstration application, do conceptual design, and develop suitable technical overall design. Technology overall design includes the following aspects which are space satellite selection, earth station system demonstration, satellite link calculation, various of data optimization, network design. Project setup mainly make the regulations, and implement plans, methods, steps, open programs and appropriation budget.

14. 14. What Is Vsat Antenna?

    A VSAT earth terminal is characterized by a much smaller antenna, typically less than 2m in diameter. Consequently, the unit cost is appreciably lower than that of the hub. The VSAT has both lower antenna gain and lower transmit power than a hub, with the power normally generated by semi-conductor devices of the type.

15. 15. In How Many Categories Vsat Network Is Classified? What Are They?

    VSAT network is classified into three categories :

    The first network is mainly based on data communication, beside this, this network can also offer fax and little voice operation.

    The second network is mainly based on voice communication, this network mainly offer transition and exchange for public and special network, while it can offer interactive data services

    The third network is mainly based on TV receiving, the receiving image and sound signal can be considered as the signal source of cable television, which is transmitted to user’s home by cable distribution network.


Hardware and Networking Interview Questions

16. 16. How To Select Vsat Antenna System Band And Aperture?

    Band selection : 
     At present, band used by VSAT system have three categories which are 4/6 GHz at C-band, 12/14GHz at Ku-band, 20/30GHz at Ka-band. C-band has the advantage of mature technology and stable space transmission and the disadvantage that it can easily interfere with ground microwave of the same band and its location is limited greatly when used in cities. Ku-band has the advantage that it doesn’t have interference with ground microwave of the same band and it has smaller aperture and easy location, the disadvantage of unstable space transmission. Therefore, there is a need to keep enough link margin for Ku-band when designing the system. Ka-band is not applied broadly at present because of limited channel resource and complicated technology. C-band is generally available for voice transmission while Ku-band is generally available for data transmission. However, this is not absolute. Ku-band will become the main band in the later period of the 90s because of continuous increase of Ku-band repeater.

    Selection of antenna aperture : 
    Satellite antenna aperture is closely related to quality factor（G/T value）of earth station. G/T value and satellite power demand, i.e. equivalent rent bandwidth, show logarithmic linear relationship. In other words, the value of equivalent rent bandwidth increases with the narrowing of antenna aperture. Therefore, when selecting earth station aperture, it is not the smaller, the better. And earth station aperture should make a compromise between space overhead (equivalent rent bandwidth) and ground overhead (antenna aperture) to make system achieve optimum allocation.

17. 17. What Vsat System Consists?

    VSAT system consists of satellite, hub and small earth stations. Hub is built near to the headquarters, has the function of main control. The antenna diameter and power is bigger than small station.


Electronic Communications Interview Questions

18. 18. What Are The Features Of Vsat?

    VSAT has the features of small antenna, compact structure, fully solid, low power consumption, low cost, low environment requirements, easy installation, wide cover range, flexible networking and independence. These features are suitable for requirements for many big enterprises and communication departments.


CCNA Interview Questions

19. 19. Explain Vsat Structure?

    VSAT Structure :

    Typical VSAT mainly consists of hub, satellite and remote VSATs. In general, VSAT adopts the structure of star network.

    Hub : 
    Main station which is also what we call center station or hub, is main part of VSAT network. And it is the same to normal earth station. Large antennas will be used in the hub, and the diameter is often Ku-band 3.5m to 3.8m or C-band 7m to 13m with HPA, LNA, Up/Down Converter, Modem, data interface equipment…etc. Hub and main computers are often placed together, or hub is connected with the main computer by other ways, like earth or satellite.

    Typically, a network control center is set in the hub or other places so as to monitor, manage, control and maintain the full network. The network control center is used to monitor and manage the operational status of the full network, like real-time monitoring, diagnosis the working status, testing channel quality, responsible channel assignment, statistics and billing for each small station and hub. The failure of main station will affect the normal work of the overall network as the main station involves the whole VSAT operation. Thus, the backup is set for all the devices, hub often adopts modular structure, and the device adopts the way of high-speed interconnect in order to be easy in reorganization.

    (VSAT）Small Station : 
    VSAT small station consists of small diameter antennas, outdoor unit and indoor unit. VSAT antennas have two types, one is prime focus antenna and the other is off-set antenna. Prime focus antenna has large diameter. However, off-set antenna has characteristics of small diameter, good performance (high gain, low sidelobe), for its structure it’s not easy to collect snow, so off-set antennas are often be adopted. Outdoor unit is mainly composed of CaAsFET solid amplifier, low-noise FET amplifier, upper/down converter and corresponding monitoring circuit…etc.

    The whole unit can be placed in a metal box and hang on the back of the reflector. Indoor unit is mainly composed of modem, encoder and data interface equipment. Indoor and outdoor unit are connected by coaxial cable, send low-IF signal and power supply. The whole equipment has characteristics of compact structure, low-cost, full solid, easy installation, low environment requirements, which can be connected with data terminals(computer, data communication equipment, fax, Telex…etc), without ground relay lines.

20. 20. What Are The Features Of 2.4m Vsat Antenna?

    • Superior electrical performance
    • Hot-dip Galvanized structural steel
    • Guaranteed high-qualified antenna structure
    • Specialized feed systems
    • Stainless Steel Hardware
    • Faster and cheaper system implementation
    • Penetrating or Non-penetrating Mount
    • Compact packaging design for ease and low-cost shipping
    • Responsive customer service support


Broadcast Interview Questions

21. 21. Explain Antesky?

    Antesky Science Technology Inc. is specially engaged in designing, manufacturing and installing satellite communication antennas and relevant servo equipments. We can offer a complete line of earth station antenna products and systems, such as Satellite communication antennas, Earth Station Antenna, Vsat antenna,TV receive only antennas, satellite news gathering Antennas, Flyaway antenna, control system and tracking system.