Category: Interview Questions

1. What Are The Three Services Offered By Gsm? Explain Each Of Them Briefly?

GSM services are categorized in three teleservices, bearer, and supplementary services.

• Teleservices (communicate with other subscribers).
• Bearer service (provides the underlying network capacity necessary for transmission to occur between two points in the same or different networks).The bearer services describe what the network can offer (e.g. speech, data and fax).
• Supplementary service is optional which subscriber can subscribe for free. 

Ex:
call forwarding, call waiting.

2. What Is Ciphering? Why Do We Need It? Name The Algorithm(s) Used In It?

The purpose of ciphering is to encode the burst so that it cannot be interpreted by any device other than the intended receiver. The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm. It does not add bits to the burst, meaning that the input and output to the ciphering process is the same as the input.

3. What Is Authentication? Why Do We Need It? Name The Algorithm(s) Used In It?

Authentication is the process to confirm that this user belong to the network. The Authentication algorithm in GSM is called the A8 algorithm.

4. What Is Equalization? Why Do We Need It?

Adaptive equalization is a solution specifically designed to counteract the problem of time dispersion.

It works as follows:

1. A set of predefined known bit patterns exist, known as training sequences. These are known to the BTS and the MS (programmed at manufacture). The BTS instructs the MS to include one of these in its transmissions to the BTS.
2. The MS includes the training sequence (shown in the figure as “S”) in its transmissions to the BTS. However, due to the problems over the radio path, some bits may be distorted.
3. The BTS receives the transmission from the MS and examines the training sequence within it. The BTS compares the received training sequence with the training sequence which it had instructed the MS to use. If there are differences between the two, it can be assumed that the problems in the radio path affected these bits must have had a similar affect on the non-training sequence bits.
4. The BTS begins a process in which it uses its knowledge of what happened the training sequence to correct the other bits of the transmission.

5. Explain Speech Coding?

Speech Coding:
Instead of using 13 bits per sample as in A/D conversion, GSM speech coding uses 260 bits. This calculates as 50 x 260 = 13 kbits/s. This provides a speech quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and comparable with wire line PSTN phones.

• The voice compression coding technique is widely used in the modern digital communication systems. In this technique, a voice coder is used to set up a model to simulate the voice and noise produced by human vocal organs. The parameters to form the model will be transmitted through the TCH channels.
• The voice coder is based on the residual excited linear prediction (REIP) coder. 
• Moreover, the long term predictor (LTP) is used to enhance the compression effect.
• LTP can make the coding of residual data more advantageous by removing the vowels from the voice. With 20ms as the unit, the voice coder outputs 260bits after compressed coding. Therefore, the code rate is 13kbps. According to the different classes of the importance of the information, the output bits can be classified into three categories: 50 very important bits, 132 important bits and 78 ordinary bits.
• Comparing with the traditional PCM line on which the voice is coded directly and transmitted (64kbps), the 13kbps voice rate of the GSM system is much lower. The more advanced voice coder in the future can further reduce the rate to 6.5kbps (half rate voice coding).
• The coding mode is called Regular Pulse Excited-Long Term Prediction (RPE-LTP).

It works as follow:
8KHZ of sampling is performed first, and then divided into frames with 20ms; every frame has 4 sub-frames; the duration of every sub-frame is 5ms; and the pure bit rate is 13kbit/s.

6. What Do You Mean By Frequency Re-use?

An operator purchases some frequency band. This band is divided into channels (200 KHz). To cover the whole country or city, the operator tend to reuse the channels after some distance “D” which at this distance the interference can be under control.

7. Name The Interfaces Between A) Bts And Ms B) Bts And Bsc C) Bss And Msc?

• Um interface.
• Abis interface.
• An interface.

8. What Is Ma?

Mobile Allocation (all frequency available for frequency hopping in the cell).

9. What Is Maio?

Mobile Allocation Index offset. (The offset from the initial point in an array of frequency).

10. What Is The Difference Between Synthesized Frequency Hopping And Base Band Frequency Hopping?

• In baseband hopping, the transmitter will change its frequency on frame basis.
• In synthesizer hopping, the transmitter will change its frequency on time slot basis. That is why they also said it is fast hopping.

11. What Is Cycling Frequency Hopping?

The hopping sequence occurs in a uniform manner. (Not random).

12. What Is Hsn? How Do We Apply It?

Hopping sequence number, if its value (0) cycle hopping. Otherwise it is random hopping.

13. What Is Dtx? Why It Is Used?

Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) is a mechanism which allows the radio transmitter to be switched off most of the time during speech pauses.

DTX may be applied independently to each direction, so that the control of DTX must take into account two components:

• The uplink mode
• The downlink mode

DTX can be enabled or disabled for the uplink and/or downlink mode on a per-cell basis.

Reasons for DTX When DTX is applied, actual transmission on the radio path is reduced. This will cause a decrease of the interference level in co-channel cells (using the same frequency). Another advantage will appear when using DTX in the uplink mode: it saves battery power for the mobile station. However, a disadvantage of the DTX mode is that it slightly deteriorates the quality of transmission. Note that transmitting in DTX mode does not save timeslots on the air-interface.

14. What Is Drx? Why Do We Need It?

Discontinuous reception is method used to conserve power at the MS. The paging channel, used by the BTS to signal an incoming call, is structured into sub channels. Each MS is assigned one of these sub-channels and needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time between successive paging sub-channels, the mobile can go into “sleep mode”, when almost no power is used.

15. What Is The Gross Data Rate Of Gsm?

270kbps.

16. What Is Erlangs? What Is Meant By Gos?

Traffic refers to the usage of channels and is usually thought of as the holding time per time unit (or the number of “call hours” per hour) for one or several circuits (trunks or channels). Traffic is measured in Erlangs (E), for example, if one subscriber is continuously on the telephone, this would generate one call hour per hour or 1 E of traffic. The traffic one cell can carry depends on the number of traffic channels available and the amount of congestion that is acceptable (to both the customer and the provider), the so-called Grade of Service (GoS).

17. We Use Two Different Bands For Gsm/dcs Communications; Gsm900 And Dcs-1800. Which One Is The Better Of The Two In Terms Of Coverage?

G900 is better. Due to path loss formula as frequency is increased, the losses which the signal will encounter will be more.

18. What Is Ta? Why Do We Need Ta?

Time advance (alignment) process The RF communication experiences a propagation delay over the distance between the BTS and the MS. In order to synchronize the MS to the BTS, a timing advance is used to align the time slots arriving at the BTS receiver:

1. The BTS measures the reception time of the incoming MS burst
2. The BTS requests the MS to advance its transmission to compensate for the delay over the distance. A 6-bit number indicates how many bits the MS must advance its transmission.
3. The time advance value TA can have a value between 0 and 63 bit lengths, which corresponds to a delay of between 0 and 233 ms.
4. This leads to a maximum mobile range of 35 km, which is rather determined by the TA than by the signal strength.

19. What Is Location Update? Why Do We Need Location Update?

A Location Area (LA) is defined as a group of cells. Within the network, a subscriber’s location is known by the LA which they are in. The identity of the LA in which an MS is currently located is stored in the VLR. When an MS crosses a boundary from a cell belonging to one LA into a cell belonging to another LA, it must report its new location to the network1. When an MS crosses a cell boundary within an LA, it does need to report its new location to the network. When there is call for an MS, a paging message is broadcast within all cells belonging to an LA.

20. What Is Meant By Imsi, Tmsi, Imei And Ms-isdn? Why They Are Needed?

IMSI = International Mobile Subscriber Identity

TMSI = Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity

MS-ISDN =Mobile Station ISDN Number

• The MSISDN is the directory number allocated to the mobile subscriber. It is dialed to make a telephone call to the mobile subscriber.
• A MS is identified by its IMSI. The IMSI is embodied in the SIM of the mobile equipment. It is provided by the MS anytime it accesses the network.
• The TMSI is an identity alias which is used instead of the IMSI when possible. The use of a TMSI ensures that the true identity of the mobile subscriber remains confidential by eliminating the need to transfer an IMSI code unciphered over a radio link.
• A VLR allocates a unique TMSI code to each mobile subscriber that is operating in its area. This code, which is only valid within the area supervised by the VLR, is used to identify the subscriber in messages to and from the MS.
• When a change of location area also involves a change of VLR area, a new TMSI code is allocated and communicated to the MS. The MS stores the TMSI on its SIM.
• IMEI codes that identify the mobile equipment deployed in the GSM system.

21. What Is Arfcn?

Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) is a code that specifies a pair of physical radio carriers and channels used for transmission and reception on the Um interface, one for the uplink signal and one for the downlink signal.

22. Explain Power Control?

• Power Control enables the mobile station and/or the BTS to increase or decrease the transmission power on a per-radio link basis.
• Power Control is separately performed for the uplink and downlink. In both cases the BSC is responsible for initiating Power Control; the mobile station and the BTS adopt transmit power according to the BSC Power Control commands.
• Measurements while a mobile station is active on a call, it has the responsibility of providing measurement data about the performance of the air-interface to its serving BTS so that the serving BSC can decide if a power control should be performed. Also the serving BTS measures the performance of the air-interface. Whereas the mobile station measures the performance of the downlink, the BTS measures the performance of the uplink.

Downlink measurements The mobile station measures and reports the following measurements to the BSC regarding the performance of the downlink:

• Strength of the signal being received from its serving BTS (in dBm).
• Quality of the signal being received from its serving BTS (in bit error rate).

Uplink measurements The BTS measures and reports the following measurements to the BSC regarding the performance of the uplink:

• Strength of the signal being received from the mobile station.
• Quality of the signal being received from the mobile station.

Periodically measuring the mobile station measures periodically the performance of the downlink, and sends the measurements in the SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) via the serving BTS to the BSC every SACCH multi-frame. This corresponds to the transmission of data every 104 TDMA frames or 480 Ms. The base station measures the quality of the uplink. Also, it transfers the measurements in the SACCH to the BSC every 480 ms.

Signal strength when the BSC notices that the signal strength of a particular radio link measured on the uplink becomes below the lower pre-defined threshold because the mobile station moves away from the BTS, it sends a Power Control command to the mobile station to increase its transmit power (MS_TXPWR) by a pre-defined step (typically 2 dB).

23. What Is The Difference Between Fdd And Tdd?

• FDD = frequency division duplexing (transmitter and receiver operates on different frequencies)
• TDD = Time division Duplexing (transmitter and receiver operates on same frequency).

24. What Is An Extended Cell? How Does It Impact The System? Channels And Tdma Structure?

The current limitation on the range of a GSM cell site to 35km is mandated by the duration of the standard timeslots defined in the GSM specification. The maximum distance is given by the maximum time that the signal from the mobile/BTS needs to reach the receiver of the mobile/BTS on time to be successfully heard. At the air interface the delay between the transmission of the downlink (BTS) and the uplink (mobile) has an offset of 3 timeslots. Until now the mobile station has used timing advance to compensate for the propagation delay as the distance to the BTS changes.

This timing advance is defined in the GSM specification as 64 bits, which gives the theoretical maximum BTS/mobile separation as 35km.

With Extended Range Cell Feature, the BTS is able to receive the uplink signal in two adjacent timeslots instead of one. When the mobile station reaches its maximum timing advance, i.e. maximum range, the BTS expands its hearing window with an internal timing advance that gives the necessary time for the mobile to be heard by the BTS even from the extended distance. This extra advance is the duration of a single timeslot, a 156 bit period.

25. Why Do We Use Multiple Access Schemes? What Is The Difference Between Fdma, Tdma And Cdma?

Multiple Access schemes allow for many users to access the network.

• FDMA= Users access the network through frequency division (separation between users is made through frequency). (1G cellular systems).
• TDMA= Users access the network through time division (separation between users is made through time). (2G cellular systems).
• CDMA= Users access the network through code division (separation between users is made through code). (3G cellular systems).

26. Which Channel(s) Is Used For Sms?

Either SDCCH or SACCH.

27. Which Channel Is Used By Ms To Request Access To The Network?

RACH = random access channel.

28. What Is Agch?

AGCH (Access Grant Channel) assigns a signaling channel (SDCCH) to the MS.

29. Why Do We Need Sdcch?

The BTS switches to the assigned SDCCH. The call set-up procedure is performed in idle mode. The BSC assigns a TCH. (SDCCH is also used to transmit text messages).

30. What Is A Physical Channel? How Do We Differentiate Between Physical And Logical Channels?

Each time slot on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel. Therefore, there are 8 physical channels per carrier frequency in GSM.

Physical channels can be used to transmit speech, data or signaling information. A physical channel may carry different messages, depending on the information which is to be sent. These messages are called logical channels. For example, on one of the physical channels used for traffic, the traffic itself is transmitted using a Traffic Channel (TCH) message, while a handover instruction is transmitted using a Fast Associated Control Channel (SACCH) message.

31. Why Do We Need Fcch, Sch And Bcch?

FCCH:
Identifies BCCH carrier by the carrier frequency and synchronizes with the frequency.

Synchronization Channel (SCH):
Transmits information about the TDMA frame structure in a cell (e.g. frame number) and the BTS identity (Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)).

BCCH:
Broadcasts some general cell information such as Location Area Identity (LAI), maximum output power allowed in the cell and the identity of BCCH carriers for neighboring cells.

32. Why Do We Need Sacch?

Instructs the MS the transmitting power to use and gives instructions on timing advance.

33. What Is The Purpose Of Pch And Cbch?

Paging Channel (PCH):
Transmits a paging message to indicate an incoming call or short message. The paging message contains the identity number of the mobile subscriber that the network wishes to contact.

Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH):
BS uses this logical channel to transmit short message service cell broadcast.

34. Explain The Structure Of A Traffic Multi Frame. Why Do We Need Sacch And Idle Bursts In A Traffic Multi Frame?

Traffic Multiframe Structures
– The 26 traffic Multiframe structure is used to send information on the traffic channel. The 26 traffic Multiframe structure is used to combine user data (traffic), slow control signaling (SACCH), and idle time period.

The 12th frame (no. 13) in the 26-frame traffic channel Multiframe is used by the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) which carries link control information to and from the MS–BTS. Each timeslot in a cell allocated to traffic channel usage will follow this format, that is, 12 bursts of traffic, 1 burst of SACCH, 12 bursts of traffic and 1 idle.

Idle Bursts:
The idle time period allows a mobile device to perform other necessary operations such as monitoring the radio signal strength level of a beacon channel from other cells. The time interval of a 26 frame traffic Multiframe is 6 blocks of speech coder data (120 msec).

35. How Is A Facch Formed? When Is A Facch Used?

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): Transmits handover information.

36. What Do You Mean By Eirp?

Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is the amount of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna (that evenly distributes power in all directions) would emit to produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain.

EIRP can take into account the losses in transmission line and connectors and includes the gain of the antenna. The EIRP is often stated in terms of decibels over a reference power emitted by an isotropic radiator with equivalent signal strength. The EIRP allows comparisons between different emitters regardless of type, size or form.

37. What Is Polarization? What Are The Types Of Polarization?

The polarization indicates the plane in which the wave is vibrating. The polarization plane is taken to be that of the electric component.

Vertical and horizontal are the simplest forms of polarization, and they both fall into a category known as linear polarization. However, it is also possible to use circular polarization. This has a number of benefits in areas such as satellite applications, where it helps to overcome the effects of propagation anomalies, ground reflections and the spin that occur on many satellites. Circular polarization is a little more difficult to visualize than linear polarization; however, it can be imagined by visualizing a signal propagation from an antenna that is rotating. Another form of polarization is known as elliptical polarization.

38. What Is Fading?

• Fading is the variation of the received signal with time, it occurs due to propagation distance.
• Short term (fast) fading: caused by multipath propagation.
• Long term (slow) fading: caused by shadowing.

39. What Is Rayleigh Fading?

Rayleigh fading is a reasonable model when there are many objects in the environment that scatter the radio signal before it arrives at the receiver. 

Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a communications channel will vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution the radial component of the sum of two uncorrelated Gaussian random variables.

Rayleigh fading is most applicable when there is no dominant propagation along a line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. If there is a dominant line of sight, Rician fading may be more applicable.

40. What Is Multi Path Fading?

Multipath fading is receiving multiple copies of the signal at receiver due to reflections. The copies reach the receiver with different phases, so summation either constructive or destructive. This affects the quality of received signal in terms of BER.

41. What Are The Different Types Of Diversity?

• Space Diversity.
• Polarization Diversity.
• Time Diversity.
• Frequency Diversity.

42. Explain Various Types Of Antenna Diversity?

Antenna diversity increases the received signal strength by taking advantage of the natural properties of radio waves.

There are two primary diversity methods:
space diversity and polarization diversity.

Space Diversity:
Increased received signal strength at the BTS may be achieved by mounting two receiver antennae instead of one. If the two Rx antennae are physically separated, the probability that both of them are affected by a deep fading dip at the same time is low. At 900 MHz, it is possible to gain about 3 dB with a distance of five to six meters between the antennae. At 1800 MHz the distance can be shortened because of its decreased wavelength.

By choosing the best of each signal, the impact of fading can be reduced. Space diversity offers slightly better antenna gain than polarization diversity, but requires more space.

Polarization Diversity:
With polarization diversity the two space diversity antennae are replaced by one dual polarized antenna. This antenna has normal size but contains two differently polarized antenna arrays. The most common types are vertical/horizontal arrays and arrays in 45 degree slant orientation. The two arrays are connected to the respective Rx branches in the BTS. The two arrays can also be used as combined Tx/Rx antennas. For most applications, the difference between the diversity gain for space diversity and polarization diversity is negligible, but polarization diversity reduces the space required for antenna.

1. What Is Sanitation Marketing?

An approach to increase sanitation coverage using the assumption that sanitation is a business where services and products can be sold by providers and retailers to interested consumers. It borrows from private sector experience to develop, place, and promote an appropriate product at the right price, which can be a latrine, toilet, or other excreta disposal system. It brings together supply and demand, and assumes that market research needs to be conducted to understand consumer demand, and that appropriate products and services need to be put in place to satisfy that demand. Program monitoring should be set up to keep the market operating effectively.

2. What Is Multivariate Analysis?

Statistical analysis that studies more than one variable at a time. It is generally used to refer to analyses that include at least three variables. For example, how age and education have an impact on hand washing practices.

3. What Is Open Defecation?

Open defecation is defined as defecation in fields, forests, bushes, bodies of water or other open spaces.

4. What Is Logistic Regression?

A statistical analysis procedure used to make predictions. For example, using a five-point agreement-disagreement scale, the practice of hand washing may be predicted from the measure of a respondent’s belief that other mothers of children under five in the neighborhood practice hand washing.

5. What Is Sustainable Sanitation?

The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. In order to be sustainable a sanitation system has to not only be economically viable, socially acceptable and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should also protect the environment and natural resources.

6. What Is Internal Consistency?

A measure that indicates whether items that are presumably part of a scale measure the same construct. It usually measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct would produce the same results. Internal consistency scores range from 0 to 1. An acceptable reliability score ranges from 0.65 to 0.70. Internal consistency scores of 0.95 or higher would mean that the items are redundant. Analysis may permit dropping items to obtain acceptable internal consistency scores.

7. Why Is Water, Sanitation, And Hygiene So Important?

WASH is foundational to our development model as an organization. When we work with communities to help them become self-sustaining, water, sanitation, and hygiene are some of the first things we look at and the first programs we implement. These elements need to be in place for education, health, and economic development to work.

8. What Is Colilert Test?

A test for detecting coliforms and E. coli in water that produces results rapidly. The Colilert test suggested in this document is a presence/absence test. It is inexpensive and detects E. coli down to 10 coliform forming units (CFU) per 100ml, below which is considered low risk.

9. What Are Some Of The Biggest Challenges You Face In Teaching Hygiene And Sanitation?

Feminine hygiene for girls — it’s something you might not think of, but school attendance drops off dramatically once girls reach puberty. This is because of the stigma surrounding menstruation, lack of latrines and places to wash up at school, and lack of education about how to make and maintain reusable feminine hygiene products.

World Vision is helping to address these problems, along with installing pit latrines and washrooms at schools, so girls have a safe place to wash up so they can keep going to class. We are all about removing barriers to education.

10. What Is Coliform Bacteria?

A bacterial indicator of the sanitary quality of food and water. This bacterium is abundant in feces of warm-blooded animals and can be found in aquatic environments, in soil, and in vegetation. Coliforms may not be the cause of disease, but they can be easily cultured and may indicate that pathogens of fecal content are present.

11. What Actions Are Most Urgent In Relation To Water, Sanitation And Health?

The three top priorities are the provision of sufficient quantities of safe water, basic sanitation arrangements and promotion of good hygiene behaviours.

The first priority is to provide an adequate quantity of water, even if its safety cannot be guaranteed, and to protect water sources from contamination. A minimum of 15 litres per person per day should be provided as soon as possible, though in the immediate post-impact period, it may be necessary to limit treated water to a minimum of 7.5 litres per day per person. During emergencies, people may use an untreated water source for laundry, bathing, etc. Water-quality improvements can be made over succeeding days or weeks.

12. What Is Chlorine Residual?

The total amount of chlorine remaining in water at the end of a specified period following chlorination. A positive residual is an indication that water is still safe to drink since it would still have an acceptable level of chlorine remaining.

13. What Diseases Are Associated With Poor Sanitation?

Human excreta have been implicated in the transmission of many infectious diseases including cholera, typhoid, infectious hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, and ascariasis. Undernutrition, pneumonia, worm infestations, are also associated with unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene resulting in reduced physical growth, weakened physical fitness and impaired cognitive function, particularly for children under the age of five.

14. What Is Categorical Variables?

A dimension that organizes a phenomenon studied into simple classification groups such as “open defecators” vs. “sanitation facility owners” regarding access to sanitation. Categorical variables assume no intrinsic order of the categories. Also known as “nominal” variables.

15. What Is The Size Of The Problem?

1.1 billion people still practice open defecation and 2.5 billion people still lack access to sanitation. Most countries that are not on track to meet the MDG target are in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.

16. Why Is The Sanitation And Hygiene Stuff So Important? Clean Water Is Clean Water, Right?

Water without sanitation and hygiene doesn’t work, because the clean water gets contaminated so easily. When people defecate in the open — as is customary in many areas without proper sanitation facilities — the rain will wash fecal matter into ponds, rivers, and other water sources, spreading disease and bacteria.

Also, if people are not taught how disease is spread, the clean water could easily be contaminated through dirty water containers, dirty hands, and dirty dishes. These practices are a major cause of diarrhea, which contributes to many preventable child deaths. Education about hygiene is very important, and implementing sanitation practices, such as latrines and places to contain human waste, is also foundational.

17. What Is Continuous Variable?

These are variables that may be measured quantitatively and that can take an infinite number of values. The most commonly used continuous variables in social science are interval variables. In interval scales, differences between two values are meaningful and equivalent. For example, the difference between 100 and 90 and the difference between 90 and 80 are identical. In interval variables, there is no absolute zero value. Examples of interval scales include attitude and opinion scales requiring an individual to express a level of agreement regarding a statement such as “My husband wants me to wash my hands before I cook.”

18. What Is Bivariate Analysis?

Analysis of data that includes two variables. It generally implies looking for relationships between the two variables. For example, whether sex and education are related or whether the practice of hand washing with soap is related to either sex or education.

19. Explain How Does Sanitation Affect The Environment?

Inadequate sanitation, particularly in the context of urbanization, allows for sewage or waste to flow directly into streams, rivers, lakes and wetlands, affecting coastal and marine ecosystems, fouling the environment and exposing millions of children to disease. Improved sanitation reduces environmental burdens, increases sustainability of environmental resources and allows for a healthier, more secure future for the population.

20. Explain Why Does Sanitation Matter?

Lack of improved sanitation is a global crisis directly impacting the health, education, productivity and economic status of a household and often becoming the catalyst towards propelling a family out of poverty.

Improved sanitation and hygiene education will speed the achievement of all MDG’s, helping eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child-mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV and AIDS; malaria and other diseases; as well as ensure environmental sustainability.

21. What Is “sanitation”?

The first challenge for most countries is to define what sanitation really means. The second challenge is to decide what aspects are most important. Sanitation as a whole is a “big idea” covering everything from safe collection, and disposal of human excreta (faeces and urine); to the management of solid wastes (trash or rubbish.) Each community, region or country must understand the most sensible and cost-effective way of thinking about sanitation, both in the short and long term, then establish appropriate national plans and priorities, and last but not least – implement.

22. What Is Thermotolerant Coliforms?

Coliform bacteria that can multiply at certain temperatures. Because some coliforms such as E. coli can be found in the lower intestines of humans, optimal temperature for growth is 37.5 degrees Celsius.

23. What Is Factor Analysis?

A statistical method used in social and behavioral sciences to reduce variables in a variable set by combining two or more variables into a single factor. Factor analysis assumes that data on different attributes can be reduced to a limited number of dimensions as the attributes may be interdependent.

24. What Is Cronbach’s Alpha?

This is a statistical procedure that helps determine how well a set of variables measure a latent construct. It is commonly used as a measure of internal consistency in a scale constructed from different items that presumably measure one construct.

25. What Is Likert-type Scales?

The scale, named after Rensis Likert, requires respondents to a survey to indicate their level of agreement to a given questionnaire item. The scales use a bipolar scaling method, measuring positive or negative responses to the item. In its most typical form, it has five items: strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree.

26. What Is Community-led Total Sanitation?

CLTS is a grassroots approach originated in Bangladesh and uses community involvement to increase sanitation coverage. Based on Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and approaches, CLTS emphasizes the importance of self respect and dignity to help communities achieve open defecation free status. Its application implies a shift from counting latrines to counting sanitized communities, abandoning the use of subsidies. CLTS was developed by Kamal Kar with support from WaterAid and the Bengali NGO Village Education Resource Center.

1. What Is Web Api?

Unlike WCF service Web API is a framework which is used to build/develop Http based services.

2. What Is Rest?

1. REST stands for Representational state transfer. 
2. It is a architectural style, which defines rules for creating scalable services.
3. REST is works on HTTP protocol using its verbs GET, POST, PUT and DELETE.

3. Can We Do Unit Test Web Api?

Web API can be unit test by using Fiddler tool.

Following is the settings to be updated in Fiddler:

Compose Tab -> Enter Request Headers -> Enter the Request Body and execute.

4. Can Web Api Return View In Mvc?

We cannot return view from Web API.

5. How To Restrict Access To Methods With Specific Http Verbs In Web Api?

With the help of Attributes(like http verbs) one can implement access restrictions in Web API.

We can define HTTP verbs as attribute over method to restrict access.

Example : 

 [HttpPost]

 public void SampleMethod(SampleClass obj)

 {

    //logic

 }

6. What Is Web Api Routing?

Routing is nothing but pattern matching like in MVC. 

All routes will get registered in Route Tables. 

Example : 

Routes.MapHttpRoute(

 Name: “SampleWebAPIRoute”,

 routeTemplate: “api/{controller}/{id}

 defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional}

};

7. Differences Between Wcf And Web Api?

WCF : 

1. WCF is a framework used for build/develop service oriented applications. 
2. WCF can be consumed by clients which can understand XML. 
3. WCF supports wide range of protocols like HTTP, TCP, Named Pipes and more.
4. For each method there has to be attributes like – “WebGet” and “WebInvoke”
5. For REST service we need to use attribute “WebInvoke”.

Web API:

1. Web API is a framework used to build/develop HTTP based services.
2. Web API is an open source platform.
3. It supports only HTTP protocol.
4. Web API can be hosted in IIS or in application.
5. Unlike WCF Rest we can use full features of HTTP in Web API
6. This returns XML or JSON to client.

8. What Are The Advantages Of Using Rest In Web Api?

1. REST used to make less data transfers between client and server.
2. Web API supports HTTP protocol verbs for communication.

9. With Wcf Also You Can Implement Rest, So Why Webapi?

• WCF was brought in to implement SOA, never the intention was to implement REST. 
• Web API is built from Scratch and the only goal is to create HTTP services using REST.

10. Web Api Where Is The Proxy?

Web API doesn’t make it easy for consumers to generate a service client like a SOAP WSDL does. If you’re only ever going to have .NET clients it’s not a big deal because they can share the contract objects you implement, but other language clients will need to manually create their client objects if you don’t use SOAP.

11. What Are The Advantages Using Webapi?

• OData support (via Queryable attribute) 
• Content Negotiation
• Filters
• Model binding and validation
• Ability to self host outside of IIS
• Link generation to related resources that incorporates routing rules
• Full support for routes/routing
• Ability to create custom help and test pages using ApiExplorer

12. Differentiate Between Wcf And Web Api?

WCF –
Windows Communication Foundation(WCF) has been created by Microsoft with .NET Framework 3.0. It supports SOAP based services. It has compatibility with HTTP, TCP, UDP, etc. Good for developing secure and interoperable services. Used for back end purposes.

WEB API –
Web API open source framework. It has compatibility with HTTP only. It has a support for non-SOAP based services. It is very light weight hence good for developing services for low bandwidth devices. It supports OData. It supports most of the MVC features. Used for front end purposes.

13. What Is Testapi?

TestApi is a library of utility and test APIs through which testers and developers create testing tools and automated tests for .NET and Win32 application using data-structure and algorithms.

14. What Are Exception Filters?

Exception filters will be executed when some of the exceptions are unhandled and thrown from a controller method. The reason for the exception may be anything. Exception filters will implement “Exception Filter” interface.

15. How Can We Register Exception Filters?

Three options are available to register Exception Filters which are From Action, From Controller and Global registration.

16. How Can We Register Exception Filter From Action?

We can register exception filter from action using following code 

[NotImp ExceptionFilter]

public Test Customer Get My Test Customer(in custid)

{

//write the code

}

17. How Can We Register Exception Filter From Controller?

We can register exception filter from controller using following code:

[NotImp ExceptionFilter]

public class Test CustomerController : Controller

{

// write the code

}

18. How Can We Register Exception Filter Globally?

We can register exception filter globally using following code:

GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Filters.Add(new MyTestCustomerStore.NotImplExceptionFilterAttribute());

19. How To Handle Errors In Web Api?

Several classes are available in Web API to handle errors. They are HttpError, HttpResponseException, Exception Filters, Registering Exception Filters.

1. What Are Some Of The New Tools And Features Provided By Windows Server 2008?

Windows Server 2008 now provides a desktop environment similar to Microsoft Windows Vista and includes tools also found in Vista, such as the new backup snap-in and the BitLocker drive encryption feature, Windows Server 2008 also provides the new 11S7 web server and the Windows Deployment Service. 

2. What Are The Different Editions Of Windows Server 2008?

The entry-level version of Windows Server 2008 is the Standard Edition, The Enterprise Edition provides a platform for large enterprisewide networks, The Datacenter Edition provides support for unlimited Hyper-V virtualization and advanced clustering services. The Web Edition is a scaled-down version of Windows Server 2008 intended for use as a dedicated web server. The Standard, Enterprise, and Datacenter Editions can be purchased with or without the Hyper-V virtualization technology. 

3. What Two Hardware Considerations Should Be Au Important Part Of The Planning Process For A Windows Server 2008 Deployment?

Any server on which you will install Windows Server 2008 should have at least the minimum hardware requirement for running the network operating system. Server hardware should also be on the Windows Server 2008 Hardware Compatibility List to avoid the possibility of hardware and network operating system incompatibility. 

4. What Are The Options For Installing Windows Server 2008?

You can install Windows Server 2008 on a server not currently configured with NOS, or you can upgrade existing servers running Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003. 

5. How Do You Configure And Manage A Windows Server 2008 Core Installation?

This stripped-down version of Windows Server 2008 is managed from the command line.

6. Which Control Panel Tool Enables You To Automate The Running Of Server Utilities And Other Applications?

The Task Scheduler enables you to schedule the launching of tools such as Windows Backup and Disk Defragmenter.

7. What Are Some Of The Items That Can Be Accessed Via The System Properties Dialogue Box?

You can access virtual memory settings and the Device Manager via the System Properties dialog box. 

8. When A Child Domain Is Created In The Domain Tree, What Type Of Trust Relationship Exists Between The New Child Domain And The Trees Root Domain?

Child domains and the root domain of a tree are assigned transitive trusts. This means that the root domain and child domain trust each other and allow resources In any domain in the tree to be accessed by users in any domain in the tree. 

9. What Is The Primary Function Of Domain Controllers?

The primary function of domain controllers is to validate users to the network. However, domain controllers also provide the catalog of Active Directory objects to users on the network. 

10. What Are Some Of The Other Roles That A Server Running Windows Server 2008 Could Fill On The Network?

A server running Windows Server 2008 can be configured as a domain controller, a file server, a print server, a web server, or an application server. Windows servers can also have roles and features that provide services such as DNS, DHCP, and Routing and Remote Access. 

11. Which Windows Server 2008 Tools Make It Easy To Manage And Configure A Servers Roles And Features?

The Server Manager window enables you to view the roles and features installed on a server and also to quickly access the tools used to manage these various roles and features. The Server Manager can be used to add and remove roles and features as needed.

12. What Windows Server 2008 Service Is Used To Install Client Operating Systems Over The Network?

Windows Deployment Services (WDS) enables you to install client and server operating systems over the network to any computer with a PXE-enabled network interface. 

13. What Domain Services Are Necessary For You To Deploy The Windows Deployment Services On Your Network?

Windows Deployment Services requires that a DHCP server and a DNS server be installed in the domain. 

14. How Is Wds Configured And Managed On A Server Running Windows Server 2008?

The Windows Deployment Services snap-in enables you to configure the WDS server and add boot and install images to the server. 

15. What Is The Difference Between A Basic And Dynamic Drive In The Windows Server 2008 Environment?

A basic disk embraces the MS-DOS disk structure; a basic disk can be divided into partitions (simple volumes). Dynamic disks consist of a single partition that can be divided into any number of volumes. Dynamic disks also support Windows Server 2008 RAID implementations.

16. What Is Raid In Windows Server 2008?

RAID, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is a strategy for building fault tolerance into your file servers. RAID enables you to combine one or more volumes on separate drives so that they are accessed by a single drive letter. Windows Server 2008 enables you to configure RAID 0 (a striped set), RAID 1 (a mirror set), and RAID 5 (disk striping with parity). 

17. What Conceptual Model Helps Provide An Understanding Of How Network Protocol Stacks Such As Tcp/ip Work?

The OSI model, consisting of the application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers, helps describe how data is sent and received on the network by protocol stacks. 

18. What Protocol Stack Is Installed By Default When You Install Windows Server 2008 On A Network Server?

TCP/IP (v4 and v6) is the default protocol for Windows Server 2008. It is required for Active Directory implementations and provides for connectivity on heterogeneous networks. 

19. How Is A Server Running Windows Server 2008 Configured As A Domain Controller, Such As The Domain Controller For The Root Domain Or A Child Domain?

Installing the Active Directory on a server running Windows Server 2008 provides you with the option of creating a root domain for a domain tree or of creating child domains in an existing tree. Installing Active Directory on the server makes the server a domain controller.

20. What Are Some Of The Tools Used To Manage Active Directory Objects In A Windows Server 2008 Domain?

When the Active Directory is installed on a server (making it a domain controller), a set of Active Directory snap- ins is provided. The Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in is used to manage Active Directory objects such as user accounts, computers, and groups. The Active Directory Domains and Trusts snap-in enables you to manage the trusts that are defined between domains. The Active Directory Sites and Services snap-in provides for the management of domain sites and subnets. 

21. How Are Domain User Accounts Created And Managed?

The Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in provides the tools necessary for creating user accounts and managing account properties. Properties for user accounts include settings related to logon hours, the computers to which a user can log on, and the settings related to the user’s password. 

22. What Type Of Active Directory Objects Can Be Contained In A Group?

A group can contain users, computers, contacts, and other nested groups. 

23. What Type Of Group Is Not Available In A Domain That Is Running At The Mixed-mode Functional Level?

Universal groups are not available in a mixed-mode domain. The functional level must be raised to Windows 2003 or Windows 2008 to make these groups available. 

24. What Types Of Active Directory Objects Can Be Contained In An Organizational Unit?

Organizational Units can hold users, groups, computers, contacts, and other OUs. The Organizational Unit provides you with a container directly below the domain level that enables you to refine the logical hierarchy of how your users and other resources are arranged in the Active Directory.

25. What Are Active Directory Sites In Windows Server 2008?

Active Directory sites are physical locations on the network’s physical topology. Each regional domain that you create is assigned to a site. Sites typically represent one or more IP subnets that are connected by IP routers. Because sites are separated from each other by a router, the domain controllers on each site periodically replicate the Active Directory to update the Global Catalog on each site segment.

26. Can Servers Running Windows Server 2008 Provide Services To Clients When They Are Not Part Of A Do Ma In?

Servers running Windows Server 2008 can be configured to participate in a workgroup. The server can provide some services to the workgroup peers but does not provide the security and management tools provided to domain controllers. 

27. What Does The Use Of Group Policy Provide You As A Network Administrator?

Group Policy provides a method of controlling user and computer configuration settings for Active Directory containers such as sites, domains, and OUs. GPO5 are linked to a particular container, and then individual policies and administrative templates are enabled to control the environment for the users or computers within that particular container. 

28. What Tools Are Involved In Managing And Deploying Group Policy?

GPOs and their settings, links, and other information such as permissions can be viewed in the Group Policy Management snap-in. 

29. How Do You Deal With Group Policy Inheritance Issues?

GPOs are inherited down through the Active Directory tree by default. You can block the inheritance of settings from upline GPOS (for a particular container such as an OU or a local computer) by selecting Block Inheritance for that particular object. If you want to enforce a higher-level GPO so that it overrides directly linked GPO5, you can use the Enforce command on the inherited (or upline) GPO. 

30. How Can You Make Sure That Network Clients Have The Most Recent Windows Updates Installed And Have Other Important Security Features Such As The Windows Firewall Enabled Before They Can Gain Hill Network Access?

You can configure a Network Policy Server (a service available in the Network Policy and Access Services role). The Network Policy Server can be configured to compare desktop client settings with health validators to determine the level of network access afforded to the client. 

31. What Is The Purpose Of Deploying Local Dns Servers?

A domain DNS server provides for the local mapping of fully qualified domain names to IP addresses. Because the DNS is a distributed database, the local DNS servers can provide record information to remote DNS servers to help resolve remote requests related to fully qualified domain names on your network. 

32. In Terms Of Dns, What Is A Caching-only Server? 

A caching-only DNS server supplies information related to queries based on the data it contains in its DNS cache. Caching-only servers are often used as DNS forwarders. Because they are not configured with any zones, they do not generate network traffic related to zone transfers. 

33. How The Range Of Ip Addresses Is Defined For A Windows Server 2008 Dhcp Server? 

The IP addresses supplied by the DHCP server are held in a scope. A scope that contains more than one subnet of IP addresses is called a super scope. IP addresses in a scope that you do not want to lease can be included in an exclusion range. 

34. What Types Of Zones Would You Want To Create On Your Dns Server So That Both Queries To Resolve Host Names To Ip Addresses And Queries To Resolve Ip Addresses To Host Names Are Handled Successfully?

You would create both a forward lookup zone and a reverse lookup zone on your Windows Server 2008 DNS server.

35. What Tool Enables You To Manage Your Windows Server 2008 Dns Server?

The DNS snap-in enables you to add or remove zones and to view the records in your DNS zones. You can also use the snap-in to create records such as a DNS resource record.

36. In Terms Of Dns, What Is A Caching-only Server?

A caching-only DNS server supplies information related to queries based on the data it contains in its DNS cache. Caching-only servers are often used as DNS forwarders. Because they are not configured with any zones, they do not generate network traffic related to zone transfers.

37. How Is The Range Of Ip Addresses Defined For A Windows Server 2008 Dhcp Server?

The IP addresses supplied by the DHCP server are held in a scope. A scope that contains more than one subnet of IP addresses is called a superscope. IP addresses in a scope that you do not want to lease can be included in an exclusion range.

38. What Tcp/ip Configuration Parameters Can Be Provided To A Dhcp Client?

The DHCP server can supply a DHCP client an IP address and subnet mask. It also can optionally include the default gateway address, the DNS server address, and the WINS server address to the client.

39. How Can You Configure The Dhcp Server So That It Provides Certain Devices With The Same Ip Address Each Time The Address Is Renewed?

You can create a reservation for the device (or create reservations for a number of devices). To create a reservation, you need to know the MAC hardware address of the device. You can use the ipconfig or nbstat command-line utilities to determine the MAC address for a network device such as a computer or printer.

40. To Negate Rogue Dhcp Servers From Running With A Domain, What Is Required For Your Dhcp Server To Function?

The DHCP server must be authorized in the Active Directory before it can function in the domain.

41. What Two Hardware Considerations Should Be An Important Part Of The Planning Process For A Windows Server 2008 Deployment?

Any server on which you will install Windows Server 2008 should have at least the minimum hardware requirement for running the network operating system. Server hardware should also be on the Windows Server 2008 Hardware Compatibility List to avoid the possibility of hardware and network operating system incompatibility.

42. How Does The Activation Process Differ On Windows Server 2008 As Compared To Windows Server 2003?

You can select to have activation happen automatically when the Windows Server 2008 installation is complete. Make sure that the Automatically Activate Windows When I’m Online check box is selected on the Product Key page.

43. What Are Some Of The Items That Can Be Accessed Via The System Properties Dialog Box?

You can access virtual memory settings and the Device Manager via the System Properties dialog box.

44. Which Windows Server Utility Provides A Common Interface For Tools And Utilities And Provides Access To Server Roles, Services, And Monitoring And Drive Utilities?

The Server Manager provides both the interface and access to a large number of the utilities and tools that you will use as you manage your Windows server.

45. How Are Local User Accounts And Groups Created?

Local user accounts and groups are managed in the Local Users and Groups node in the Server Manager. Local user accounts and groups are used to provide local access to a server.

1. What Is Windows Phone?

Windows Phone (known as WP) is a proprietary smartphone operating system developed by Microsoft. It is the successor to Windows Mobile, although it is incompatible with the earlier platform. With Windows Phone, Microsoft created a new user interface, featuring a design language named “Modern” (which was formerly known as “Metro”). Unlike its predecessor, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market. It was first launched in October 2010 with Windows Phone 7.

2. What Is Windows Phone User Interface?

Windows Phone features a user interface based on Microsoft’s Windows Phone design system, codenamed Metro, and was inspired by the user interface in the Zune HD. The home screen, called the “Start screen”, is made up of “Live Tiles”, which have been the inspiration for the Windows 8 live tiles. Tiles are links to applications, features, functions and individual items (such as contacts, web pages, applications or media items). Users can add, rearrange, or remove tiles. Tiles are dynamic and update in real time – for example, the tile for an email account would display the number of unread messages or a tile could display a live update of the weather. Since Windows Phone 8, live tiles can also be resized to either a small, medium, or large appearance.

3. What Is Windows Phone Web Browser?

Internet Explorer on Windows Phone allows the user to maintain a list of favorite web pages and tiles linking to web pages on the Start screen. The browser supports up to 6 tabs, which can all load in parallel. Other features include multi-touch gestures, smooth zoom in/out animations, the ability to save pictures that are on web pages, share web pages via email, and support for inline search which allows the user to search for a word or phrase in a web page by typing it. Tabs are synced with Windows 8.1 devices using Internet Explorer 11.

4. What Do You Know About Windows Phone Media Support?

Windows Phone supports WAV, MP3, WMA, AMR, AAC/MP4/M4A/M4B and 3GP/3G2 standards. The video file formats supported on WP include WMV, AVI, MP4/M4V, 3GP/3G2 and MOV (QuickTime) standards. These supported audio and video formats would be dependent on the codecs contained inside them. It has also been previously reported that the DivX and Xvid codecs within the AVI file format are also playable on WP devices.

5. Explain Windows Phone Multitasking?

Multitasking in Windows Phone is invoked through long pressing the “back” arrow, which is present on all Windows Phones. Windows Phone 7 uses a card-based task switcher, whereas later versions of Windows Phone utilize true background multitasking.

6. What Is Windows Phone Bluetooth?

Windows Phone supports the following Bluetooth profiles:

• Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP 1.2)
• Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP 1.3)
• Hands Free Profile (HFP 1.5)
• Headset Profile (HSP 1.1)
• Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP 1.1)
• Bluetooth File Transfer (OBEX) (from Windows Phone 7.8)

Windows Phone BTF support is available from Windows Phone 7.8, but is limited to the transferring of pictures, music and videos via a ‘Bluetooth Share’ app.

7. Explain Windows Phone Hardware?

Windows Phone 7 devices were first produced by Dell, HTC, LG and Samsung. These hardware partners were later joined by Acer, Alcatel, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Nokia, and Chinese OEM ZTE.

Windows Phone 8 devices are currently being produced by HTC, Huawei, Nokia, and Samsung.

At the 2014 Mobile World Congress, Microsoft announced that upcoming Windows Phone 8.1 devices will be manufactured by Gionee, HTC, Huawei, JSR, Karbonn, LG, Lenovo, Longcheer, Micromax, Nokia, Samsung, Xolo, and ZTE. Sony (under the Xperia or Vaio brand) has also stated its intention to produce Windows Phone devices in the near future.

8. Can We Control The Web Browser Controls Zoom?

No. There is no programmatic way to zoom the control. You should include a viewport meta tag to set the initial scale level.

9. How To Restart Or Shutdown My Application Programmatically?

There is no API to do this. Hitting ‘back’ when there is only one page left on the stack is the way to exit the application. Hitting Start button does not exit, just pauses it.

10. How To Detect If My Application Is Exiting So I Can Save State?

You can listen to Application.Exit, but this might be too late most of the time. You should listen for the Pause event and save your state there.

11. How To Pin An App On The Emulator?

You simply run the application once to deploy it, and then browse to the application list, and click and hold the application icon, you will then get a context menu with the option to pin.

12. Tell Me Will Texttrimming Property Be Available On Textblock?

No. You have to hack it up with your own measure.

13. Suppose I Am Hitting System.invalidoperationexception In The Navigate Method Of The Webbrowsercontrol. What Gives?

Don’t call the navigate method from your PhoneApplication Page’s constructor. you should wait until control is loaded before you Navigate.

14. Explain I Am Getting Too Many Mouse Leaves On My Custom Control.?

As far as the emulator is concerned, there is no mouse; everything comes in as a touch event and when the “finger” comes up, the mouse has left the scene, since there’s no reasonable location for it to be at.

15. Tell Me Is It Temporary That The Control Styles Are Included In App.xaml?

Yes. In the final product a master ‘generic.xaml’ will be injected into your application. This injected dictionary will be based on the theme selected when your app is started. Dictionary is injected every time your app starts.

16. I See Applications Using Listbox That Show Scrollbar Only On While Scrolling. How Can I Detect That I Am Scrolling?

Microsoft hopes the templates in a future build will have this Scrolling and NotScrolling VisualStates.

17. How To Dismiss The Sip Programmatically?

Set the Focus() to some other UIElement that is focusable.

18. How To Detect The Resolution Of My Device?

(App.Current.RootVisual as FrameworkElement).ActualHeight and (App.Current.RootVisual as FrameworkElement).ActualWidth gives you device’s resolution.

If you want to know the visible size (taking AppBar / SystemTray into account) then just ask for it off the page instead.

19. Can Not Find Phoneapplicationpage.fullscreen In April Ctp?

SystemTray is an attachable property now. You can use it in your page xaml, something like:

xmlns:shell=”clr-namespace:Microsoft.Phone.Shell;assembly=Microsoft.Phone.Controls.Navigation”
shell:SystemTray.IsVisible=”true”>

20. How To Save Silverlight Ui Elements Into An Image?

In a later preview, before RTT, WriteableBitmap will have a method to save as JPEG

21. How To Save Screen From An Xna App?

Texture2D has a SaveAsJpeg method and a SaveAsPng method. Be aware that Zune does not sync pngs, so saveasjpeg is recommended

In April’s CTP, you could try:

MediaLibrary library = new MediaLibrary(); library.SavePicture(“My Picture”, streamToJpegData); // You can use this from inside a Silverlight app provided you have the ID_CAP_MEDIALIB capability. // You do have to make sure the Stream you pass in contains JPEG file data, but otherwise it should work for you.

22. What Are The Supported Codecs For Video?

Supported Codecs and container formats are listed in MSDN documentation: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff462087(VS.92).aspx Note: The Device Emulator does not have hardware decoders so the codec support on the device emulator is much less than what is listed. For Emulator you only have WMA, WMV, and VC1 software decoders.

23. What Is Send To Ap And Who Gets It?

Send to AP is the Associated Press’ way of extending the journalism floor to its users. Users can send in news tips and photos directly to AP editors via the Send to AP option under Settings. User information is solely used for the purpose of contacting the user to verify the tip or to gather more information.

24. How To Change Language Settings?

1. Go to the Settings button on your device
2. Select General
3. Select International
4. Choose the desired language

25. Can I Get Weather For My Location?

Windows Phone 7 supports international locations, which a user can search for by inputting the city name.

26. How To Edit Location For Weather?

Users can customize Weather under Settings. Locations for Local News and Weather are handled separately. Windows Phone 7 supports international locations.

27. How To Edit Locations For Local?

Users can customize Local under Settings.

28. How To Send Suggestions On How To Better The App To The Ap?

Users can send feature requests and feedback to the AP via the Feature Request option in the application. Users can find the feedback options under Settings.

29. What Content Can I Share/save?

• Users can share content with their friends via the share feature available on every story and photo.
• Users can save articles, photos and videos to the Saved folder in AP Mobile. The saved folder is on the fourth panel of the first screen

30. What Is The Windows Phone Front Page?

Users can add and order as many categories as they want and two headlines for each category will be displayed on the Front Page.

31. How To Customize Front Page?

Users can find the Customize option under Settings on the first screen.

32. Some Images Look Different When Synced To The Device And Read Programmatically. Do Decoders Change These?

No. decoders and apps show them as they are. Zune software does resize them when syncing them, that might be the cause for your differences

33. How The Volume Work Between Apps And Hardware Buttons On The Device?

Applications get to control the volume for their streams but the hardkeys control the final master output level.

34. Where Is Httputility Class, Since There Is No System.windows.browser Namespace?

HttpUtility is in System.Net namespace You can also find alternatives for escaping strings at Uri.EscapeDataString and Uri.unescapeDataString ..

35. Suppose My Site Is Down, And Async Calls Are Taking Too Long To Timeout. How Can I Set A Reasonable Timeout?

Per MSDN docs, you should call Abort() on your request when you feel iti s appropriate timeout

36. Tell Me Are There Apis To Read Rss/atom Feeds?

You could use System.ServiceModel.Syndication from the desktop since it dependencies are entirely present in CF

37. How To Sniff Network Traffic From The Emulator?

Netmon 3.4 (beta) defintitely works. Fiddler works too. If using fiddler, remember to switch it to either trap “non-browser” or “all” traffic and start fiddler before launching the emulator.

38. Tell Me Is Wcf Supported In Windows Phone?

WCF is supported on WP7.

When you look at the SL3 version of WCF, WP7 supports that except for the following:

• PollingDuplex support
• Runtime code generation support for ChannelFactory.CreateChannel APIs
• Astoria/Azure support

39. Explain Does The Web Browser Control Share The Ie Cache?

No. Each app has its own wininet cache. The webbrowser control instances in your app will use that app’s cache. The IE cache will be separate

40. Tell Me Is There A Way To Detect If Application Is Idle?

No. You have to do that yourself. yourself (you could subscribe to ManipulationStarted on the root frame with handled=true and then use a simple timer).

41. Explain Where Is Xmldocument Class?

Instead of Xml Document, using XDocument from System.Xml.Linq.dll

42. Suppose I Am Trying To Receive Toast Notifications In Emulator App. I Got Everything Setup But Notification Does Not Show Up In Emulator At All?

Make sure you have a product / publisher name set in the manifest.

Open WindowsPhonepmanifest.xml, under Properties. Edit Publisher=”” to Publisher=”something”. Redeploy.

43. How To Access The Liveid Credentials A User Has Entered Into The Device?

In this release, the credentials are not available to third party apps. You will need to prompt the user for credentials and manage these within your app.

44. Tell Me Is Securestring Supported In Windows Phone?

No. Securestring is not in Silverlight.

45. How To Deserialize Json From A Rest Call?

Use DataContractJsonSerializer. it is in System.Servicemodel.Web

46. What Happens To Isolatedstorage When App Is Uninstalled?

It gets deleted. Content saved to media library is not deleted on Uninstall

47. Tell Me Where Is The Best Recommended Place To Store Both Static And User-specified Configuration Information?

You can use the IsolatedStorageSettings.ApplicationSettings.

48. Tell Me Is There An Api For Retrieving Information On The Files Located In The Store? I Am Looking To Check When It Was Last Written?

Try IsolatedStorage.GetLastWriteTime

49. Tell Me In My Code The Method Marked By [ondeserialized] Is Never Called After Deserialization. Is This A Known Issue?

The following conditions should be met for a valid OnDeserialized callback:

•  The accessibility of the method should be public. It can also be internal with InternalsVisibleTo provided to the System.Runtime.Serialization assembly.
•  Return type should be void.
•  There should be exactly one parameter which should be of the type StreamingContext.
•  There should be only one of the four callbacks provided on the method.

50. Can You Please Explain The Best Way To Detect That I Am In Design-mode In Expression Blend Or Visual Studio?

DesignerProperties.IsIndesignTool

51. Tell Me Is There A Way To Know If My Code Is Running On Emulator Or Device?

Check System.Environment.DeviceType

52. Suppose I Have Lost One Of The Application Templates In Visual Studio 2010. It’s Available In The File System But Not In Visual Studio. Any Idea?

Try running Devenv /setup.

Running devenv /installvstemplate might also work; but that is going to slow down overall VS performance. The /installvstemplate is a development only option that makes it easy for developer to test their templates. This shouldn’t be used on end user machines. Devenv /setup does a lot of more processing and caching to speed up VS performance.

53. Suppose Have A Very Simple Application That Uses The Applicationbar. The App Bar Shows One Menu Item When In Portrait. However As The Second Image Shows The App Bar Displays Now Items In Landscape Mode. Is That By Design Or A Bug?

Yes, it’s a known problem in the emulator on machines that don’t support the hardware accelerated graphics in the emulator. It works properly on devices and machines that do

54. Suppose I Am Trying To Detect If An External Headset Is Attached To The Phone,can I Use Microsoft.xna.framework.audio.microphone.isheadset?

No. this property is true all the time for the phone

1. What Are The Blocking And Nonblocking Assignments In Verilog And Which Is Preferred In
Sequential Circuits?

A blocking assignment is one in which the statements are executed sequentially, i.e. first statement is executed and variable is assigned a value then second is executed and so on. A non blocking assignment is one in which statements occurs concurrently. Only nonblocking assignments should be used in sequential circuit.

e.g

initial
begin
a=b; //blocking
c<=a; //nonblocking
d=c; //blocking
end

In this example firstly the value of b is assigned to a and this value is assigned to c only after execution of first statement. The second and the third statements are executed simultaneously, i.e.

value a is assigned to c and previous value if c is assigned to d.

2. Write An Rtl Description For D Latch And D Flip Flop?

For D Latch:always@(enable)q<=d;

For D flip flop:always@(posedge clock)q<=d;

3. Design A 2-bit Magnitude Comparator And Write Itsrtl Description Also?

and gate

4. It Was Calculated That 75 Men Could Complete A Piece Of Work In 20 Days. When Work Was Scheduled To Commence, It Was Found Necessary To Send 25 Men To Another Project. How Much Longer Will It Take To Complete The Work?

30 days.Explanation:Before:One day work = 1 / 20One man?s one day work = 1 / ( 20 * 75)Now:No. f workers = 50One day work = 50 * 1 / ( 20 * 75)The total no. of days required to complete the work = (75 * 20) / 50 = 30.

5. Can Rom Be Used As Stack?

ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible to write to ROM.

6. What Is Stack?

Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program Counter and general purpose registers.

LIFO stacks, also known as “push down” stacks, are the conceptually simplest way of saving information in a temporary storage location for such common computer operations as mathematical expression evaluation and recursive subroutine calling.

7. What Is Flag?

Flag is a flipflop used to store the information about the status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently A software or hardware mark that signals a particular condition or status. A flag is like a switch that can be either on or off. The flag is said to be set when it is turned on.

8. Which Processor Structure Is Pipelined?

All x86 processors have pipelined structure.

9. Explain Compiler?

Compiler is used to translate the highlevel language program into machine code at a time. It doesn’t require special instruction to store in a memory, it stores automatically. The Execution time is less compared to Interpreter.

A compiler is a program that translates a source program written in some highlevel programming language (such as Java) into machine code for some computer architecture (such as the Intel Pentium architecture).

10. Differentiate Between Ram And Rom?

RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Voliate Memory.

11. Which Transistor Is Used In Each Cell Of Eprom?

Floating gate Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM.

12. What Is Called Scratch Pad Of Computer?

Cache Memory is scratch pad of computer.

13. What Is Cache Memory?

Cache memory is a small highspeed memory. It is used for temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.

Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there.

14. What Is Interrupt?

Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work.

A signal informing a program that an event has occurred. When a program receives an interrupt signal, it takes a specified action (which can be to ignore the signal).

15. Difference Between Static And Dynamic Ram?

Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information stored as voltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to substrate capacitance.

16. What Is Difference Between Primary & Secondary Storage Device?

In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard disk.

17. What Are The Static And Dynamic Hazards In Logic Circuits?

If for a short period of time circuits goes to some different logic level then it is supposed to have then it is called static hazard.e.g. If the final logic value of output of a given circuit becomes one even if it is supposed to be zero then it is called Static0 Hazard and vice versa. Dynamic Hazard is the one in which the circuit output goes to some other logic level more than once then finally settling down to some appropriate level.

18. What Is Meant By Latch?

Latch is a Dtype flipflop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a timing signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices such as LED, to hold the data for display.

19. What Is The Difference Between Microprocessor And Microcontroller?

In Microprocessor more opcodes, few bit handling instructions. But in Microcontroller: fewer opcodes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor, memory, & input / output signal lines on a single chip.

the basic architectural difference is that microcontroller has an programmable memory while it is not the case with microprocessors.

20. What Is The Disadvantage Of Microprocessor?

It has limitations on the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floatingpoint operations.

21. Is The Data Bus Is Bi-directional?

The data bus is Bidirectional because the same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or input / output devices in both the direction.

22. Is The Address Bus Unidirectional?

The address bus is unidirectional because the address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a memory location of an input / output devices.

23. What Does Microprocessor Speed Depend On?

The processing speed depends on DATA BUS WIDTH.

24. Define Hcmos?

High-density n-type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor.

25. What Is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th Generation Processor?

The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits.

26. Why 8085 Processor Is Called An 8 Bit Processor?

Because 8085 processor has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU.

27. Give Examples For 8 / 16 / 32 Bit Microprocessor?

8-bit Processor – 8085 / Z80 / 6800;

16-bit Processor – 8086 / 68000 / Z8000;

32-bit Processor – 80386 / 80486

28. What Are Level-triggering Interrupt?

RST 6.5 & RST 5.5 are leveltriggering interrupts.