Category: Interview Questions

1. What Is A Hazardous Area?

A hazardous area classification is one in which concentrations of flammable substances are present or can be expected to be present. These concentrations are at a level which requires specific safety standards and precautions to be taken in the construction, installation and maintenance of all electrical equipment.

A “hazardous area” is defined as an area in which the atmosphere contains, or may contain in sufficient quantities, flammable or explosive gases, dusts or vapours. In such an atmosphere a fire or explosion is possible when three basic conditions are met. This is often referred to as the “hazardous area” or “combustion” triangle.

In order to protect installations from a potential explosion a method of analysing and classifying a potentially hazardous area is required. The purpose of this is to ensure the correct selection and installation of equipment to ultimately prevent an explosion and to ensure safety of life. The methods used to classify an installation can vary depending upon which part of the world it is located, but generally there are two main types of classification. In countries that have adopted the IEC (International Electro technical Commission) philosophy this is referred to as Zoning whilst in North American installations are classified by Classes, Divisions and Groups to ascertain the level of safety required.

2. How Hazardous Area Classified?

A Hazardous Area is defined by three main criteria, these being:

• The type of hazard (groups).
• The auto-ignition temperature of the hazardous material (temperature or “T” rating).
• The likelihood of the hazard being present in flammable concentrations (zones).

3. Explain About Type Of Hazard (groups)?

The type of hazard will be in the form of either a gas or vapour or a dust or fibre.

The classification of these hazardous is primarily divided into two groups depending on whether it is in a mining or above surface industry.

These are defined below:

• Group I – electrical equipment for use in mines and underground installations susceptible to firedamp Group II and Group III -electrical equipment for use in surface installations
• Groups II & III are further sub-divided depending upon the hazard. Group II gases are grouped together based upon the amount of energy required to ignite the most explosive mixture of the gas with air. Group III dusts are subdivided according to the nature of the explosive atmosphere for which it is intended.

4. Explain About Auto Ignition Temperature Or “t” Rating?

The hazard level of the gases increases from gas group IIA to IIC with group IIC being the most severe. Substances in this group can be ignited very easily with Hydrogen being the most at risk to ignition. The temperature class is based on the auto-ignition temperature of the gas.

If a hazardous is present the equipment used within the installation must be given an appropriate “T” classification in order to maintain the integrity. If that hazardous is, say, hydrogen, then all equipment used must meet the “T6” rating. This means that all equipment used must not have a surface temperature of greater than 85˚C. Any equipment used that can generate a hotter surface temperature of greater than 85˚C must not be used as this will then increase the likelihood of an explosion by igniting the hydrogen in the atmosphere.

5. Classification Of Hazardous Locations?

Hazardous locations are classified into zones so as to facilitate the selection of the correct electrical apparatus and to ensure that the electrical design and installation meets the specified requirements to be used in different areas. The zone classification is based on the likelihood and the duration of an explosive atmosphere.

The zone classification for gases is divided into three zones, namely Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2 and for dusts Zone 20, Zone 21 and Zone 22.

Definition of hazardous area zones (AS/NZS 60079.10):

Zone 0:

• “Place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substance in the form of gas, vapour or mist is present continuously for long periods or frequently”
• As per experts experience that a Zone 0 condition is rarely encountered and is limited mainly to confined spaces (such as the vapour space of closed process vessels, closed storage tanks and closed containers), although it can occur in larger rooms, such as chemical plants. From the Institute of Petroleum (IP 15) an exposure exceeding 1000 hours per year is often used.

Zone 1:

• “Place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally”
• A Zone 1 classification usually includes locations where volatile flammable liquids or liquefied flammable gasses are transferred; gas generator rooms; inadequately ventilated pump rooms for flammable gases or for volatile flammable liquids; and most other locations where hazardous concentrations of flammable vapours or gases can occur in the course of normal operations. IP 15 stipulates between 10 hours and 1000.

Zone 2:

“Place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only”

Generally, for an area to be classified as a Zone 2 location the following conditions shall normally be regarded as the minimum requirements for the area:

1. The area is so well ventilated that if an abnormal conditions arises, ignitable concentrations of the gas or vapour are rapidly dispersed; and
2. Complete segregation from Zone 1 locations is ensured.

In this case an expose to flammable vapours or gases of less than 10 hours per annum is prescribed in IP 15.

6. Explain Ex I Intrinsic Safety?

A protection concept in which the electrical energy within the equipment is restricted to a level which is below that what may cause an ignition or to limit the heating of the surface of the equipment. There are two main sub types to Ex i protection, these being “ia” and “ib”.

• Type “ia” protection allows for the occurrence of two faults during operation.
• Type “ib” protection allows for the occurrence of one fault during operation.

7. Explain Ex D Flameproof?

The equipment that may cause an explosion is contained within an enclosure which can withstand the force of an explosion and prevent transmission to the outside hazardous atmosphere. This method of protection also prevents the hazardous atmosphere from entering the enclosure and coming into contact with equipment.

8. Explain Ex M Encapsulation?

A protection concept where by equipment that could potentially cause an ignition is encapsulated within a compound or resin so as to prevent contact with the explosive atmosphere. The concept also limits the surface temperature of the equipment under normal operating conditions.

9. Explain Ex E Increased Safety?

Precautions are applied to the installation to ensure increased security against the possibility of excessive temperatures and sparks from electrical equipment. Equipment that normally causes sparks is excluded from use within this method of protection.

10. Explain Ex P Pressurized?

One process ensures that the pressure inside an enclosure is sufficient to prevent the entrance of a flammable gas, vapour, dust, or fibre and prevent a possible ignition. Another process maintains a constant fl ow of air (or an inert gas) to dilute to take away any potentially explosive atmosphere.

11. Explain Ex O Oil Immersion?

All equipment that has the potential to arc and potentially cause an ignition is immersed in a protective liquid or oil. The oil provides an insulating method to prevent ignition.

12. Explain Ex Q Powder Filling?

All equipment that has the potential to arc is contained within an enclosure filled with quartz or glass powder particles. The powder filling prevents the possibility of an ignition.

13. Explain Ex N Non-sparking?

A type of protection where precautions are taken so that electrical equipment that has the potential to arc is not capable of igniting a surrounding explosive atmosphere. This can be further categorised as follows: Ex nA -Where components used in construction are non-sparking Ex nC -Where components used in construction are non-incendive Ex nR – Where components used are tightly enclosed to restrict the breathing and prevent ignition Ex nL -Where components used in construction do not contain enough energy to cause an ignition.

14. Explain Ex S Special?

This method of protection, as its name indicates, has no specific parameters or construction rules. In essence it is any method of protection which can provide a pre-determined level of safety to ensure that there is no potential for an ignition. As such it does not fall under any specific protection method and may in fact be a combination of more than one.

15. Explain Operational Temperatures?

All equipment used within hazardous areas has an operational temperature band or limit. This is often referred to as the “Tamb” and defines the upper and lower ambient temperatures of which the equipment is approved for use in. As defined in IEC 60079-0 the standard limits are – 20˚C to +40˚C. Where the operation temperatures of the equipment fall between these parameters no additional marking is required. However, if they are outside these parameters than the specific temperatures need to be identified.

16. Explain Marking Of Hazardous Area Equipment?

All equipment for use in hazardous areas should be marked as prescribed in 60079-0. As a general rule this includes, where appropriate, such information as:

• Company/Manufacturers name and address
• Hazardous area certificate number(s)
• Protection concept -Gas group(s)
• Temperature class
• Ambient temperature range
• Product identification
• Serial number and year of manufacture
• Electrical parameters
• CE marking and ATEX notified Body ID number
• ATEX coding -IP code

17. Explain Basic Ul / Csa / Nema Enclosure Types?

Type 3:
An enclosure which is intended for outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust, rain, sleet and damage from external ice formation.

Type 3R
: An enclosure which is intended for outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against falling rain and damage from external ice formation.

Type 3S:
An enclosure which is intended for outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against rain, sleet, windblown dust, and to provide for operation of external mechanisms when ice laden.

Type 4:
An enclosure which is intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown rain and dust, splashing water, hose directed water and damage from external ice formation.

Type 4X
: An enclosure which is intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against corrosion, windblown rain and dust, splashing water, hose directed water and damage from external ice formation.

Type 6:
An enclosure which is intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against falling dirt, hose directed water, the entry of water during occasional temporary submersion at a specified depth and damage from external ice formation.

Type 6P:
An enclosure which is intended for indoor or outdoor use to primarily to provide a degree of protection against falling dirt, hose directed water and the entry of water during prolonged submersion at a specified depth and damage from external ice formation.

18. Why Perform Electrical Equipment In Hazardous Areas Inspections?

Perhaps you have heard the expression ‘if it’s not broken don’t fix it’. The same can be said for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas (EEHA) inspections and there is often a great deal of resistance from engineering and production managers to perform electrical inspections which may involve the isolation certain equipment or partial plant shutdown. It is a fact that if the electrical inspector lacks the necessary experience, the EEHA inspection could indeed do more harm than good, resulting in damage to electrical apparatus, tripping of electrical circuits or extended isolations. For this reason only competent personnel should be employed for the purpose of performing EEHA inspections. Using a competent electrical inspector will provide the owners or users of the plant with a condition assessment of the electrical installation in hazardous areas to ensure that it is maintained in a satisfactory condition. It is also a requirement of AS/NZS 2381.1:2005 Section 4 that EEHA inspections be performed on a regular periodic basis or under continuous supervision by competent personnel.

Before embarking upon an inspection of electrical equipment within a hazardous area, the hazards associated with the flammable gas or vapour must be understood and the extent of the hazardous zone must be clearly defined. It is a fruitless exercise to begin an EEHA inspection without a clear definition of the hazardous zones. Internationally, the classification of hazardous areas has traditionally been carried out by individuals representing the legal owners/users of the plant. Often these persons lack expertise in hazardous areas classifications as well as the specific knowledge of the properties of the flammable materials. As a result, inconsistencies may exist in the limits of the hazardous zones. However, in more recent times hazardous areas classification has tended to be carried out by professional multidisciplinary engineering consultancies specializing in hazardous locations classifications. The electrical inspector performing the EEHA inspection should verify that the existing area classification remains correct and that there have been no changes to plant or processes that may affect the hazardous zones.

19. Does All Electrical Equipment For Use In Hazardous Areas Have To Be Submitted To A Test House For Certification?

No, electrical equipment in category 1, i.e. suitable for use in Zone 0,1 and 2 must be submitted to a test house (now known as a notified body) for EC Type Examination Certification. This also applies to category 2 equipment (i.e. suitable for use in Zone 1 and 2) . Equipment in category 3, i.e. suitable only for use in Zone 2 need only be subject to self certification by the manufacturer. For all electrical equipment for use in hazardous areas, the manufacturer must issue an EC Declaration of Conformity with his product.

20. If An Enclosure Is Marked Ii 2 Gd And Also Eexd 11c T5 T100 Ip 66, What Is The Meaning Of The Upper Case And The Lower Case‘d’s?

The upper case D is part of the ATEX labelling and indicates that the equipment is for use in areas where the explosion hazard is Dust (the G indicates Gas Hazard). The lower case d indicates the method of Ex protection, in this case flameproof (d from the German Druckefest Kapselung meaning pressure proof enclosure).

21. I Have An Eexe Electric Motor Which Is Labelled As T3, I Understand This To Mean That The Temperature Reached By Any Part Of The Motor Will Not Be Any Greater Than 200°c. Is This The Case And Do I Need To Consider Ambient Temperature Effects?

This is true and if there is no ambient temperature range marked on the equipment then the T rating is based on a range of -20°C to +40°C. Any other range must be marked on the label. Q. A flameproof EExd enclosure has a 32mm entry and we need to use it for a 20mm cable gland, is it permissible to use two reducers to achieve this? A. No, EN 60079-1, the standard for flameproof equipment states that for any entry only one reducer can be used, also that reducers or adapters cannot be used at all with stopping plugs.

1. Why Do You Want A Job In Venture Capital?

Prepare for this question well as is likely to be the opening question of every interview you have. Good reasons include the love of the technology / science, excitement for investing in companies, enjoying communicating with interesting people, the thrill of looking at new ideas and chasing the next Google, etc.

2. How Are The Ipo Markets At The Moment?

Talk about whether the IPO markets are doing well or not, whether you think there is a bubble, etc. The state of IPO markets is critical to venture capital firms because this is one of the most common way for them to realise their investments, so you need to be able to demonstrate whether the markets are doing well (lots of high profile IPOs, high valuations) or not (stocks going down, IPOs postponed, etc).

3. What Are The Top Three Vc Firms In The Industry? Who Are Our Competitors?

• Helion Venture Partners :
  Investing in technology-powered and consumer service businesses, Helion Ventures Partners is a $605 Mn Indian-focused, an early to mid-stage venture fund participating in future rounds of financing in syndication with other venture partners.

Investment Structure:
Invests between $2 Mn to $10 Mn in each company with less than $10 Mn in revenues.

Industries:
Outsourcing, Mobile, Internet, Retail Services, Healthcare, Education and Financial Services.

Startups Funded:
Yepme, MakemyTrip, NetAmbit, Komli, TAXI For Sure, PubMatic. 

• Accel Partners: 
  Accel Partners founded in 1983 has global presence in Palo Alto, London , New York, China and India. Typical multi-stage investments in internet technology companies are made by Accel partners.

Investment Structure:
Invests between $0.5 Mn and $50 Mn in its portfolio companies.

Industries:
Internet and Consumer Services, Infrastructure, Cloud -Enabled Services, Mobile and Software.

Startups Funded:
Flipkart, BabyOye, Freshdesk, Book My Show, Zansaar, Probe, Myntra, CommonFloor.

• Blume Ventures:
  Venture capital firm, Blume Venture Advisor funds early-stage seed, startups, pre-series A, series B and late stage investments. Blume backs startups with both funding as well as active mentoring and support.

Investment Structure:
Provides seed funding investments between $0.05 Mn – $0.3 Mn in seed stage. Also, provides follow-on investments to portfolio companies ranging from $.5Mn to $1.5Mn.

Industries:
Mobile Applications, Telecommunications Equipment, Data Infrastructure, Internet and Software Sectors, Consumer Internet, Media, Research and Development

Startups Funded:
Carbon Clean Solutions, EKI Communications, Audio Compass, Exotel, Printo.

• Sequoia Capital India;
  Sequoia Capital India specializes in investments in startup seed, early, mid, late, expansion, public and growth stage companies.

Investment Structure:
SCI invests between $100,000 and $1 Mn in seed stage, between $1 Mn and $10 Mn in early stage and between $10 Mn and $100 Mn in growth stage companies.

Industries:
Consumer, Energy, Financial, Healthcare, Outsourcing, Technology

4. Why Not Go Into Private Equity?

Private equity and venture capital are two very different worlds. Good answers include: you prefer to invest in early stage companies, do not like the use of leverage by private equity, feel that there is more potential in venture capital, etc.

5. What Is Venture Capital?

capital invested in a project in which there is a substantial element of risk, typically a new or expanding business.

6. What Are The Features Of Venture Capital Investments?

• High Risk
• Lack of Liquidity
• Long term horizon
• Equity participation and capital gains
• Venture capital investments are made in innovative projects
• Suppliers of venture capital participate in the management of the company

7. What Are The Methods Of Venture Capital Financing?

• Equity
• participating debentures
• conditional loan

8. What Are The Venture Capital For Funding Process?

Venture Capital Process:

The venture capital funding process typically involves four phases in the company’s development:

• Idea generation
• Start-up
• Ramp up
• Exit

Step 1: Idea generation and submission of the Business Plan

The initial step in approaching a Venture Capital is to submit a business plan. The plan should include the below points:

• There should be an executive summary of the business proposal
• Description of the opportunity and the market potential and size
• Review on the existing and expected competitive scenario
• Detailed financial projections
• Details of the management of the company

There is detailed analysis done of the submitted plan, by the Venture Capital to decide whether to take up the project or no.

Step 2: Introductory Meeting

Once the preliminary study is done by the VC and they find the project as per their preferences, there is a one-to-one meeting that is called for discussing the project in detail. After the meeting the VC finally decides whether or not to move forward to the due diligence stage of the process.

Step 3: Due Diligence

The due diligence phase varies depending upon the nature of the business proposal. This process involves solving of queries related to customer references, product and business strategy evaluations, management interviews, and other such exchanges of information during this time period.

Step 4: Term Sheets and Funding

If the due diligence phase is satisfactory, the VC offers a term sheet, which is a non-binding document explaining the basic terms and conditions of the investment agreement. The term sheet is generally negotiable and must be agreed upon by all parties, after which on completion of legal documents and legal due diligence, funds are made available.

9. What Are The Types Of Venture Capital Funding?

The various types of venture capital are classified as per their applications at various stages of a business. The three principal types of venture capital are early stage financing, expansion financing and acquisition/buyout financing.

The venture capital funding procedure gets complete in six stages of financing corresponding to the periods of a company’s development

Seed money:
Low level financing for proving and fructifying a new idea

Start-up:
New firms needing funds for expenses related with marketingand product development

First-Round:
Manufacturing and early sales funding

Second-Round:
Operational capital given for early stage companies which are selling products, but not returning a profit

Third-Round:
Also known as Mezzanine financing, this is the money for expanding a newly beneficial company

Fourth-Round:
Also calledbridge financing, 4th round is proposed for financing the “going public” process

10. What Are The Advantages Of Venture Capital?

• They bring wealth and expertise to the company
• Large sum of equity finance can be provided
• The business does not stand the obligation to repay the money
• In addition to capital, it provides valuable information, resources, technical assistance to make a business successful

11. What Are The Disadvantages Of Venture Capital?

• As the investors become part owners, the autonomy and control of the founder is lost
• It is a lengthy and complex process
• It is an uncertain form of financing
• Benefit from such financing can be realized in long run only

1. How Do You Register A Component?

Compiling the component, running REGSVR32 MyDLL.dll

2. What Does Option Explicit Refer To?

All variables must be declared before use. Their type is not required.

3. What Are The Different Ways To Declare And Instantiate An Object In Visual Basic 6?

Dim obj as OBJ.CLASS
Set obj = New OBJ.CLASS
               or
Set obj = CreateObject (“OBJ.CLASS”)

4. Name The Four Different Cursor Types In Ado And Describe Them Briefly.

Forward Only:
Fastest, can only move forward in recordset.
Static:
Can move to any record in the recordset. Data is static and never changes.
KeySet:
Changes are detectable, records that are deleted by other users are unavailable, and records created by other users are not detected
Dynamic:
All changes are visible.

5. Name The Four Different Locking Type In Ado And Describe Them Briefly.

LockPessimistic: Locks the row once after any edits occur.
LockOptimistic: Locks the row only when Update is called.
LockBatchOptimistic: Allows Batch Updates.
LockReadOnly: Read only. Can not alter the data.

6. What Are The Ado Objects? Explain Them. Provide A Scenario Using Three Of Them To Return Data From A Database.

Connection:
Used to make a connection between your app and an external data source, ie, sql server
Command:
Used to build queries, including user-specific parameters, to access records from a data source
Recordset:
Used to access records returned from an SQL query. With a recordset, you can navigate returned records. You can also add, modify or delete records.

7. List Out Controls Which Does Not Have Events

shape, line controls

8. To Set The Command Button For Esc, Which Property Has To Be Changed ?

Cancel

9. What Is Ole Used For ?

Object linking and embedding, for using to other object classes like word, excel , autocad objects in our own applications, only thing we have to add reference for these objects.

10. Which Controls Have Refresh Method?

Checkbox, comna, combo, list, picture, ADo control, Data,Datagrid, Datareport,Dir list biox, filelistbox etc.

11. Early Binding Vs Late Binding – Define Them And Explain?

Early binding allows developers to interact with the object’s properties and methods during coding permits the compiler to check your code. Errors are caught at compile time. Early binding also results in faster code
Eg : Dim ex as new Excel.Application

Late binding on the other hand permits defining generic objects which may be bound to different objectsyou could declare myControl as Control without knowing which control you will encounter. You could then query the Controls collection and determine which control you are working on using the TypeOf method and branch to the section of your code that provides for that type
Eg : Dim ex as Object

set ex =CreateObject(“Excel.Application”)

12. Can I Send Keystrokes To A Dos Application?

AppActivate (”C:windowssystem32cmd.exe”) ‘ Appilcation caption
SendKeys (”SA”) ’For sending one string
SendKeys “% ep”, 1 ’ For sending Clipboard data to Dos 

13. How Do I Make A Menu Popup From A Commandbutton

Private Sub Command1_MouseDown(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
   If Button = 2 Then
       PopupMenu Menuname
   End If
End Sub

14. What Is Option Base Used For In Vb6 ?

Option Base is to set the Index of the Array to start from 0 or 1.Like option explicit.. declare “Option base 1″ at the top. now the array will start from Index By default the index starts from 0.

15. How To Copy Text To The Windows Clipboard And From It.

Clipboard.SetData and Clipboard.GetData

16. Which Method Of Recordset Is Used To Store Records In An Array.

getrows

17. What Is The Default Property Of Datacontrol?

Caption

18. Which Property Of Textbox Cannot Be Changed At Runtime

Alignment property, Tab Index etc

19. Describe In Process And Out Of Process Component?

In-process component is implemented as a DLL, and runs in the same process space as its client app, enabling the most efficient communication between client and component. An out of process component is implemented as an EXE, and unlike a dll, runs in its own process space. As a result, exe’s are slower then dll’s because communications between client and component must be marshalled across process boundaries

20. Under The Ado Command Object, What Collection Is Responsible For Input To Stored Procedures?

The Parameters collection. 

21. What Is The Differences Between Flexgrid And Dbgrid Control?

Microsoft FlexGrid (MSFlexGrid) control displays and operates on tabular data. It allows programmatically sort, merge, and format tables containing strings and pictures. DBgrid is A spreadsheet-like bound control that displays a series of rows and columns representing records and fields from a ADO Recordset object.

22. What Are Different Types Of Activex Components Available In Vb 6.0 ?

Standard EXE, ActiveX EXE, ActiveX DLL, ActiveX document, and ActiveX Control.

23. How May Type Of Controls Are Available In Vb6 ?

Intrinsic controls – Default controls of VB6, These control are always available in VB6 Toolbox.

ActiveX controls – .These are extra controls which can be added into toolbox and this control having separate files (.ocx). Must be deployed separately along with application in other system.

24. Describe Inprocess And Out Of Process ?

An in-process component is implemented as a DLL called ActiveX DLL, and runs in the same process space as its client app, enabling the most efficient communication between client and component. Each client app that uses the component starts a new instance of it.

An out of process component is implemented as an EXE called ActiveX EXE, and unlike a dll, runs in its own process space. As a result, exe’s are slower then dll’s because communications between client and component must be marshalled across process boundaries. A single instance of an out of process component can service many clients.

25. What Is The Difference Between Image And Picture Box Controls?

The sizing behavior of the image control differs from that of the picture box. It has a Stretch property while the picture box has an AutoSize property. Also picture box is a container control and support most of the graphics method.

26. What Is The Difference Between A Function And A Sub (method) ?

Function always return a value, wheras am method may or may not return value.

27. What Is The Default Property Of Datacontrol ?

Connect property

28. What Are Different Types Of Recordset Available In Ado ?

a) Table-type Recordset – Hold records from single table and can add, edit and delete.
b) Dynaset-type Recordset – Can hold editable records from multiple tables.
c) Snapshot-type Recordset – Hold read only records from multiple tables,
d) Forward-only-type Recordset – Hold read only records from multiple tables without cursor.
e) Dynamic-type Recordset -Holds editable records from multiple tables and changes done by other user also visible.

29. What Is The Difference Between Listbox And Combo Box?

Both are display list of items, however in combo box user can edit the item.

30. What Is The Difference Modal And Moduless Window?

A modal form has exclusive focus in that application until it is dismissed. Moduless form are not required exclusive focus and it is default when we show any form.

31. What Is The Object And Class?

Class is template from we can create objects, Objects are instantiate of a class. For example car is a class and Maruti 800, Maruti Zen are objects of car class.

32. How Objects On Different Threads Communicate With One Another?

Processes communicate with one another through messages, using Microsoft’s Remote Procedure Call (RPC) technology to pass information to one another.

33. What Is The Query Unload And Unload Event In Form?

Query unload event occurs in a first and then unload event occurs, in MDI form we can trac child form closing status by using this event.

34. What Are Different Locking Type Available In Ado.

a) LockPessimistic – Locks the row once after any edits occur.
b) LockOptimistic – Locks the row only when Update is called.
c) LockBatchOptimistic – Allows Batch Updates.
d) LockReadOnly – Read only. Cannot alter the data.

35. Name Different Ado Objects?

a) Connection
b) Command
c) Recordset
d) Field

36. What Is The Difference Between A Property Let And Property Set ?

Let used to set value for ordinary variable and Set used to set value for object variable.

37. What Is The Difference In Passing Values Byref Or Byval To A Procedure?

a) ByRef -pass the address of variable not value
b) ByVal – pass the value 

38. What Is Autoredraw Event Of Form And Picturebox ?

Automatically redraw the outputs.

39. What Is Doevents?

DoEvents command tell program control to execute other commands, while executing long task.

40. What Is The Size Of The Variant Data Type?

16 bytes

1. What Is Vi?

VI is a Visual Editor (hence the name — vi for VIsual). What is a visual editor (as opposed to a non-visual one)? Visual editors are ones that let you see the document that you are editing as you edit it. This seems pretty common in most editors today, so the idea of a non-visual editor is a little strange. Examples of non-visual editors are sed, ex, ed, and edlin (the last one being the editor shipped with DOS until relatively recently.)

VI was written by William Joy as part of the bsd distribution of Unix. It was later used by AT&T, and has been standard Unix since.

2. What Is The Big Deal About Vi? Why Does Anyone Use It? More Importantly, Why Should *i* Use It?

vi is default visual editor under Unix, and is therefore shipped with all recent version of Unix. (Recent being defined as post 1984 or so.) This means that whenever you run across a machine that is running a Unix of some sort, you will know that you have a powerful editor at your finger tips. Why else? vi is a powerful editor. Also, once you know vi, you can edit files really quickly, as it is extremely economical with the keystrokes. Due to its different modes for inserting and issuing commands, it is much faster than most non-mode based editors. It is also a very small editor. (The version on my machine is 200k) Also, it can do almost anything, as long as you know how to get it to do what you want.

3. What Different Operating Systems Is Vi Available For?

Unix. That’s it. However, there are many, many clones of vi that are available for different operating systems. I personally have used vi clones under: Unix, Dos, OS/2, Mac System 7.

4. What Are Some Of The Vi Clones That Are Available?

• Just to list a few: STvi (STevie), elvis, vile, vim, and nvi, xvi.
• elvis is available for: Amiga, DOS, OS/2, Unix, VMS. 
• STevie is available for: Atari ST, DOS, Unix. 
• nvi is the vi that will ship with BSD 4.4. 
• vim is available for: Amiga, DOS, Mac System 7, Unix. Amiga, DOS, and the source are available at:
• ftp.fu-berlin.de /misc/editors/vim 
• vile is available for: DOS, OS/2, Unix, VMS. 
• xvi is available for: DOS, Unix.

There are some differences between the different vi clones. Many offer improvements, but most still allow the commands that are listed in this document, but there may be some differences. Refer to the documentation that comes with the clone for details.

5. What Games Will Help Me Learn Vi?

This may seem a bit silly, but there are many games on Unix systems that can help you learn to use vi. These help particularly with the basics. Although I don’t know of any games that help with every vi command, I do know of a few that will help you learn to use hjkl to move the cursor around. NetHack, a rouge-like game, is particularly good for this, as it is a large game and can be entertaining for quite some time. Not to make the other games sound worse, but some other ones are: rouge, moria, omega, worm, and snake.

6. What Is The Difference Between Command Mode & Insert Mode?

Often sited as one of the main problems with vi, and equally often sited as being one of its best strengths, vi differentiates between a “Command mode” and an “Insert mode.” Understanding this difference is VITAL to learning vi. When one starts vi it starts in command mode. In this mode, one can move around the file, and issue commands to change certain areas of the text, cut, copy and paste sections of the text and do much more. Insert mode is where one can actually insert text. In other words, command mode is used to move around the document, and insert mode is used to type text into the document.

Commands such as: a, i, c, C, O, o and others will switch one from command mode to insert mode.

or ^C will take one out of insert mode and return one to command mode.

Get used to this distinction. It is one of the things that makes vi different from most other editors. It also allows one to do a lot of things without taking one’s hands from the standard keyboard position.

7. How Do I Search For Text?

/ will search forward. ? will search backwards. ?? or // will repeat the last search. It is worth noting that these are pretty much standard in Unix. In addition, in vi, n will find the next occurrence. N will repeat the last search, reversing the direction. Regular Expressions may be used within searches.

8. How Do I Search For A Control Sequence?

/^V^

^V will tell vi to take the next character literally, and not to take it as a command.

9. How Do I Reformat Text?

If your computer has the program fmt on it, all you need to do is type !}fmt from insert mode. This will rejustify the text from the current location until the end of the paragraph. If your machine does not have fmt, you need to find a similar program. (I gather there are many such programs available from the public domain, but I do not know much about them.)

10. What’s The Deal With All Of These : Commands?

The commands that follow a : are commands from the ex editor. These allow a lot of flexibility and power. For example, there are many different ways to search and replace, all of with have some similarities.

11. How Do You Do A Search And Replace?

Well, there are a few methods. The simplest is:

:s/old/new/g But, this only does it on the current line… So:
:%s/old/new/g In general,
:[range]s/old/new/[cgi]

Where [range] is any line range, including numbers, $ (end of file), . (current location), % (current file), or just two numbers with a dash between them. (Or even: .,+5 to mean the next five lines). [cgi] is either c, g, i, or nothing. c tells vi to prompt you before the changes, g to change all of the occurrences on a line. i tells vi to be case insensitive on the search. No character after the last slash will only change the first occurrence on the line.

My favorite method is:

:g/foobar/s/bar/baz/g This searches for foobar, and changes it to foobaz. It will leave jailbars alone, which the other method will not. This is my favorite method, but is harder to remember. Of course you can also use regular expression search patterns, and a few other commands in the replacement part of the text. If you use ( and ) in the pattern to escape a sequence, you can do lots of nifty things.

For example:

:g/(foo)(bar)/s/2/1baz/g will change foobar for foobaz.

Special sequences allowed are:

& everything which was matched by the search

[1-9] The contents of the 1st-9th () pair
u The next character will be made uppercase
U The characters until e or E will be made uppercase
l The next character will be made lowercase
L The characters until e or E will be made lowercase
[eE] end the selection for making upper or lowercase

12. How Do I Run A Program From Within Vi?

:!cmd will run the program cmd. :sh will run an interactive shell. Within this shell, you may, if you want, run vi again. This is particularly useful when you are editing makefiles and config files for programs in an attempt to get a program to compile. The advantage over :e is that you do not need to save the file, and it will be in its old place when you exit the shell.

13. Any Tips For Making Vi Programmer Friendly?

:set ai will make it auto-indent for you.

:set sw=# where # is a number will set the shiftwidth (tabwidth).

You can then use <<, >> to shift a line left or right. Plus, you can use <% to shift a {, ( or [ set left or right (with >%). You must be on top of the specific {, }, (, ), [ or ] of the pair to shift them.

:set sm will show the matching {, ( or [ when you type the closing one.

:set lisp will make some changes that are useful for lisp programming. () will move back and forth over s-expressions, and {} will move without stopping at atoms.

14. How Do I Make A Function Key A Macro?

If is #n where n is 0-9, it will be mapped to the appropriate function key.

15. What Does The C$ Command Do From Command Mode Using Vi Editor?

c$ will begin from the character under the curser till the end of line. so when you use this command it will show you $ sign at the end of the line and you can change till that point.

16. How To Append A File To Current File Using Vi Editor?

Alternate approach:

If you are working in file2 and want to append fie1, than place the cursor where you want to append the new file and use the following command

:r file1

17. Explain What Is The Format Of Vi Command?

vi filename

18. Explain What Is The Command Used To Set Margin In Vi Editor?

Press ESC followed by colon setnu

eg => :setnu

19. What Is The Difference Between Zz And :wq Commands In Vi Editor?

ZZ is the command mode comand in uix to save and quit file. :wq is the execute command mode command to save and quit file.

20. What Is The Command Used To Replace Many Characters In Vi Editor?

For replace many character in vi editor press esc key and then press R for replace many character.

21. How To Enter From Command Mode To Insertion Mode Using Vi Editor?

There are several commands that put the VI editor into insert mode. The most commonly used commands to get into insert mode are a and i.

22. What Is The Command Used To Append Text After Current Line In Vi Editor?

The command used to append text after current line in Vi Editor is

A

23. What Are The Different Modes In Vi Editor?

There are three basic modes of vi:

Command mode:
This is the default when you enter vi. In command mode, most letters, or short sequences of letters, that you type will be interpreted as commands, without explicitly pressing Enter . If you press Esc when you’re in command mode, your terminal will beep at you. This is a very good way to tell when you’re in command mode.

Insert mode:
In insert mode, whatever you type is inserted in the file at the cursor position. Type a (lowercase letter a, for append) to enter insert mode from command mode; press Esc to end insert mode, and return to command mode.

Line mode:
Use line mode to enter line oriented commands. To enter line mode from command mode, type a colon ( : ). Your cursor moves to the bottom of the screen, by a colon prompt. Type a line mode command, then press Enter. Any sensible command from the Unix line editor ex will work, and a few are good to know about. These commands are indicated in this handout by a colon in front of the command. Each time you use a line mode command, you must type a colon to enter line mode, then type the command by the colon prompt at the bottom of the screen, then press Enter when you finish typing the command. (The search commands starting with / and ? work similarly.

24. What Is The Difference Between Lettered Buffer And Temporary Buffer In Vi Editor?

Temporary Buffer: 
Deleted or copied text goes into a temporary unnamed buffer. The contents of the temporary buffer may be retrieved by using the p or P commands.

Lettered Buffers: 
There are 26 lettered buffers (a-z). Contents of a lettered buffer are saved until you copy or delete more characters into it, or until you quit your current vi session.

eg.

From Command Mode

“ayy Copy (yank) a line into buffer letter “a”

“ap Put contents of lettered buffer a below the current line

25. Which Command Is Used To Replace Many Characters In Vi Editor?

change command can be used to change a word/line.

cw change word forward
cb change word backward
c$ change from cursor to end of line
cL change from current line to and of screen
cG change from current line to and of file

or if you want to replace all occurence of some specific character

:%s/oldText/newText/g

26. Explain What Does The /text Command Do?

/text: it will search for the string. after pressing enter it takes u to that text location.

1. How To Find The Mac Address In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to How to Find the MAC Address in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then Click on Run and type cmd in run text box.
3.Command prompt opens and then type ipconfig /all and press Enter key.
4.Look for Physical Address. This is your MAC address in your computer.
5.Then close command prompt.

2. How To Change Host File In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to change host file in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Open Notepad.
2.Then Click on File menu and then click on Open.
3.After that in the Notepad and browse to: C:WindowsSystem32driversetc.
4.Then select HOSTS file and then click on open button.
5.Then change information you want to.
6.After that save and close notepad file. 

3. How To De Fragment Your Hard Drive In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to Defragment your Hard Drive in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Double click on My computer Or Open My computer.
2.Then right click on C: ,and then click on Properties.
3.After that click on Tool tab.
4.Then click on Defragment Now.
5.After that select Volume C: and then click on Defragment button.
6.Defragment is complete, and then closes the Defragment window.

4. How To Add Network Printer In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to add network printer in windows xp.
Steps:

1.Open your Printer.
2.Under Printer Tasks, click on Add a printer.
3.After that Add Printer Wizard opens, and then click on Next button.
4.Click on A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer.
5.Then click on Next button.
6.Click on  Find a printer in the Directory, and then click on Next button.
7.Click on Browse button to the right of Location, click on printer location, and then click on OK button. 
8.Click on Find Now.
9.Click the printer you want to connect to, and then click OK.
10.Type the printer name or browse for it. Click on Connect to this printer.
11.Type the printer name using the following format:printserver_nameshare_name.
12.Click on Next button  then click the printer in Shared printers.
13.Click on Next button.
14.Click on Connect to a printer on the Internet or on your intranet.
15.Type the URL to the printer using the following format:http://printserver_name/Printers/share_name/.printer.
Follow the instructions on the screen to finish connecting to the network printer.
Note:

·To open Printers and Faxes, click on Start, click on Control Panel, click on Printers and Other Hardware, and then click on Printers and Faxes.
·right-click the icon and then click on Connect.  

5. How To Boot From Cd In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to boot from CD in windows XP.
Steps:

1.Start your computer & open the CD Rom.
2.Put your CD in CD Rome.
3.Restart your computer. 
4.Then Press any key to boot from CD.

6. How To Format Hard Drive In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to format hard drive in windows XP.

Steps:

• Insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive.
• After that Restart your computer.
• Then open Welcome to Setup page and press ENTER.
• Then Press F8 function key to accept the Windows XP Licensing Agreement.
• To create the partition with the maximum size, then press ENTER.
• Then type the size in megabytes (MB) for the new partition, and then press ENTER.
• Use the ARROW keys to select the partition where you want to install Windows XP.
• Then Press Enter key.
• Select below format options:
  1.Format the partition by using the NTFS file system (Quick)
  2.Format the partition by using the FAT file system (Quick)
  3.Format the partition by using the NTFS file system
  4. Format the partition by using the FAT file system
  5.Leave the current file system intact (no changes)
• After that press enter key.
• After that Windows Setup program formats the partition, you follow the instructions to install Windows XP.

7. How To Increase Virtual Memory In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to increase virtual memory in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Right click on my computer and then clock on Properties.
2.Then click on advanced tab.
3.After that under Performance click on Settings button.
4.Then opens performance options and then click on Advanced tab.
5.After that click on Change button.
6.Then select C Drive and click on custom size option button.
7.Then change initial size and click on ok button.
8.Then click on Apply button and click on ok button.

8. How To Find Ip Address In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to find IP address in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then click on Run and type “cmd”in run text box.
3.After that command prompt opens then type “ipconfig” and press enter key.
4.Look below Windows ip configuration information.
5.Then close the command prompt.

9. How To Uninstall Programs In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to uninstall programs in windows xp.
Steps:

1. Click on Start menu.
2. Then click on Control Panel.
3. After that click on Add or Remove Programs.
4. Then select program and click on Remove button.
5. Then close Add or Remove program window & Control Panel window.
   

10. How To Enable Automatic Updates In Windows Xp?

 To Enable automatic updates in Windows XP.To Enable automatic updates in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then Click on Control Panel.
3.After that double-click on Security Center.
4.Then click on Automatic Updates.
5.Automatic Updates window opens then click on Automatic(recommended) option button.
6.Then click on Apply button.
7.After that click on OK button.

11. How To Disable Automatic Updates In Windows Xp?

To Disable automatic updates in Windows XP
Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then Click on Control Panel.
3.After that double-click on Security Center.
4.Then click on Automatic Updates.
5.Automatic Updates window opens then click on Turn off Automatic Updates option button.
6.Then click on Apply button.
7.After that click on OK button. 

12. How To Login As Administrator In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to login as administrator in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start menu.
2.Then click on Run and type “Regedit.exe” in run text box.
3.After that click on HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
4.Then click on SOFTWARE.
5.Then click on Microsoft.
6.After that click on Windows NT.
7.Then click on CurrentVersion.
8.Then click on Winlogon.
9.After that click on SpecialAccounts.
10.Then click on User List.
11.After that in Registry Editor window right side double click on Administrator.
12.Then set Value data 1 then click on OK button.
13.Then Exit the Registry Editor.

13. How To Check Java Version In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to check java version in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then click on Run and type “cmd” in run text box.
3.Then click on ok button.
4.After that type “java-version” in command prompt and press enter key.
5.Look java version in command prompt.

14. How To Find/know Service Pack In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to find/know service pack in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then right click on My computer icon and click on Properties.
3.After that click on General tab.
4.Then in Systems group given the service pack.
5.Then close system properties windows

15. How To Repair Or Restore Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to repair or restore Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Insert windows xp CD in your CD drive.
2.Then Restart your computer.
3.Then Press Any Key to boot into cd.
4.Then in blue screen say, “To set up Windows XP now, press ENTER”, you press Enter Key.
5.Then Accept the License and Agreement by pressing F8 key.
6.After that in blue screen give the three options To repair windows xp installation using recovery console ,press R.Accept this and you Press R key.
7.Then the Set up is deleting all your Windows XP® files and replacing them.

16. How To Join A Wireless Network In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to windows xp how to join a wireless network in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start menu.
2.Then click on Control Panel.
3.After that Double-click on Network Connections.
4.Then Right-click on Wireless Network Connection and select Properties.
5.Then click on Wireless Networks tab.
6.After that click on Use Windows to configure my wireless network settings.
7.Then click on OK button.
8.After that click on Association tab and type Network name (SSID).
9.Then click on Data encryption and select WEP.
10.After that Uncheck The key is provided for me automatically.
11.Then click on OK button.
12.Then click on Wireless Network tab and Confirm your network is listed in Preferred networks.
13.Then click on OK button.

17. How To Open Registry In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to open registry in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then click on Run and type “regedit” in text box.
3.After that click on OK button.

18. How To Know/find 32 Or 64 Bit In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to know/find 32 or 64 bit in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then right click on My computer icon and click on Properties.
3.After that click on General tab.
4.Then in Systems group given system information.
5.Then close system properties windows.

19. How To Disable Firewall In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to disable firewall in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then Click on Control Panel.
3.After that click on Network and Internet Connection.
4.Then Clock on Windows Firewall.
5.After that click on General tab, and then click on Off (not recommended) option button.
6.Then click on OK button.

20. How To Join A Domain In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to join a domain in Windows XP.

Steps:

1.Right click on My computer.
2.Then click on Computer Name tab.
3.After that click on Change button.
4.Then click on Domain and type domain name in Member of session.
5.Then click on ok button.
6.After that click on Apply and ok button.

21. How To Delete Cookies In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to delete cookies in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on  Start.
2.After that Click on “Control Panel”, and then double-click on “Internet Options”.
3.On the General tab, click on  “Delete Files” under Temporary Internet Files.
4.After that Delete Files dialog box opens, select the “Delete all offline content” check box.
5.Then click on  OK button
6.After that Click on OK button

22. How To View Cookies In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to view cookies in windows xp.
Steps:

1.Open My computer.
2.Then click on Local disk C: .
3.After that click on Documents and Settings folder and then click on your username folder.
4.Then click on Cookies folder.
5.Then see the all cookies files.

23. How To View Clipboard In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to view clipboard in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Right click on Desk top.
2.Then move mouse pointer on New and then click on Shortcut.
3.After that pop up window opens,type “%windir%System32clipbrd.exe”.
4.Then click on Next button.
5.Then type “Clipbrd.exe”.
6.Then click on Finish button.

24. How To Map A Network Drive In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to map a network drive in Windows XP.
Steps:

1. Click on start menu.
2. Then right click on My Computer and click on Map Network Drive.
3. Then select Drive and Next to Folder type: lycaeumuserfolders[Your Program][Your Program (space) Your Year][USERNAME].
4. Then click on check box to Reconnect at logon.
5. After that Click on blue link that says “different user name”.
6. Then type user name”worldlearning[YOUR USERNAME]” and password.
7. Then Click on “OK” button.
8. Then click on Finish button.

25. How To Lock Icons In Place On The Desktop In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to lock icons in place on the desktop in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Right click on Desktop.
2.Then Click on Properties.
3.After that click on Desktop tab.
4.Then click on Customize Desktop Button.
5.Then click on Web tab.
6.After that click on Lock desktop items Check box.
7.Then click on OK button, and then click on Apply or OK button.

26. How To Enter Bios In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to enter bios in windows xp.
Steps:

1.Restart your Computer.
2.Then press “F2 or Del. “Key.
3.After that BIOS settings are opened.
4.Then you change information you want to.
5.After that save setting and exit.
6.This is how  you can enter or change BIOS in windows XP.

27. How To Set Java_home In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to set java_home in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start menu.
2.Then right click on My Computer icon and select properties.
3.After that Click on Advanced Tab.
4.Then Click on  Environment Variables button.
5.Then Under System Variable,click on New button.
6.After that Enter the variable name as JAVA_HOME.
7.Then Enter the variable value as the install path for the Development Kit(C:/j2sdk1.4.2)
8.Then Click on OK button.
9.Then Click on Apply button.

28. How To Join A Work Group In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to join a Workgroup in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Right click on My computer.
2.Then click on Computer Name tab.
3.After that click on Change button.
4.Then click on Work group and type Work group name in Member of session.
5.Then click on ok button.
6.After that click on Apply and ok button.

29. How To Change Ip Address In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to change IP address in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then click on Control Panel.
3.After that click on Network Connections.
4.Then Right click on the active Local Area Connection, and then click on Properties.
5.After that Double-click on Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
6.Then Click on Use the following IP address.
7.Then Enter a false IP address like 123.123.123.123 ,and then press Tab button on your keyboard .The Subnet Mask section will populate with default numbers.
8.Then click on OK button tow times.
9.After that Right click on the active Local Area Connection, and then click on Properties.
10.After that Double-click on Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
11.Click on Obtain an IP address automatically.
12.Then click on OK button.

30. How To Find Video Card Info In Windows Xp?

You follow below steps to find video card info in Windows XP.
Steps:

1.Click on Start Menu.
2.Then Click on Run.
3.After that type “dxdiag” in Run text box.
4.Then click on Ok button.
5.DirectX Diagnostic Tool window opens, then click on Display tab.
6.Then see below in Device box.

1. What Is Dns?

DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is a hierarchical system for identifying hosts on the Internet or on a private, corporate TCP/IP internetwork. It resolves the IP addresses to host names (or friendly internet names) and Host names to IP addresses.

2. What Is The Structure Of Dns?

The structure of DNS starts with root domain. Then it (root domain) braches to TOP level domains, then second level domains, and so on to the individual host names.

 Root Domain –> Top level Domains–> Second level Domains–> So on so forth up to individual host systems

3. How To Install Dns?

We can install DNS in 3 different ways:

• While installing Operating System: While installing Operating System, It asks at Network Settings whether you want Typical settings or Custom Settings. Select Custom Settings–>Select Network Services–>click on Details–>Select DNS–>ok
• While installing through Active Directory (DCPROMO): (During installation it asks for CD)
• Independently: Programs –>Settings –>Control Panel –Add/Remove Programs –>Add/Remove Windows Components –>Select the Network Services–>Click on properties –>Select DNS –>OK (During the installation it asks for CD)

4. How To Open Dns?

Start–>Programs–>Administrative Tools–>DNS

Or

Start–>Run–>dnsmgmt.msc

Or

Start–>Run –>cmd –>dnsmgmt.msc

5. How To Configure The Dns?

Open the DNS Console. Then you will find there

• DNS
• Server name
• Forward Lookup Zone
• Reverse Lookup Zone

Note:
If you have selected create automatically zones during the setup, then it creates the root zone and domain zone under forward lookup zone. If no zones are there under forward lookup zone first create root zone then create domain zone.

6. What Tabs Are There On Properties Of Domain?

Domain properties contain the following tabs:

• General
• Start of Authority (SOA)
• Named servers
• WINS
• Zone transfers

7. What Tabs Are There On Properties Of Sever?

Server properties contain the following tabs:

• Interface
• Forwarders
• Advanced
• Root hints
• Logging
• Monitoring

8. Where To Create The Primary, Secondary, Active Directory Integrated Zones?

• If you want to create an Active Directory integrated zone, the server must be Domain Controller.
• If you want to create the Primary DNS, you can create on Domain Controller or Member server. But if create on member you could not get 4 options under the domain which are meant for Active directory.
• You can create Secondary zone on a Member Server or on a Domain Controller. There is no difference between them.

9. What Commands Do We Use For Dns?

We use the following commands for DNS:

• Nslookup (and all interactive mode commands)
• Ipconfig /fulshdns
• Ipconfig /registerdns

10. What Is The Purpose Of Forward Lookup?

Forward lookup resolves the Hostnames (Friendly Name) to IP addresses.

11. What Is The Purpose Of Reverse Lookup Zone?

Reverse lookup resolves the IP addresses to Host names.

12. What Is The Difference Between Primary Zone And Secondary Zone?

• Primary zone has read and write permissions, whereas Secondary zone has read only permission.
• Secondary zone is used for Backup and Load balancing.

13. How To Check Whether Dns Is Working Or Not?

In order to check whether a DNS is working or not, type the command “nslookup” in command prompt. It will give the DNS server name and its IP address.

14. What Is Dynamic Updates In Dns?

Generally we need to create a host record for newly joined computer (either client or Member server or Domain controller). If you enable dynamic Update option, then DNS itself creates associated host record for newly joined computers.

15. How To Get Dynamic Update Option?

Right Click on any zone –>properties –>on General tab u will get

Allow Dynamic Updates? [_Yes/No/Secure Updates]

Note:
Put always Dynamic Updates “YES”

Note:
If it is Active Directory Integrated zone you will get above three options.

But if it is Primary or Secondary zone you will get only “YES/NO” (You won’t get secure updates)

16. What Is Name Resolution?

The process of translating the name into some object or information that the name represents is called name resolution. A telephone book forms a namespace in which the names of telephone subscribers can be resolved to the phone numbers.

17. What Is A Zone?

Also called a zone of authority, zone is a subset of the Domain Name System (DNS) namespace that is managed by a name server. A database of records is called a zone.

18. What Is An Iterative Query?

The query that has been sent to the DNS server from a Client is called iterative query.
(i. e., iterative query is nothing but gives the answer for my question, don’t ask to contact that person or this person or don’t say something else. Simply just answer to my question. That’s all)

19. What Is Recursive Query?

Your DNS server requests the root level DNS server for specific IP address. Now DNS server says I don’t know but I can give the address other person who can help you in finding IP address.

20. What Type Of Records Do We Find In Dns Database?

The most general records found in DNS database are

• Host Record (A record)
• Mail Exchange Record (MX record)
• Canonical name or CNAME record (CNAME)

21. What Is Ptr Record?

PTR record is created in Reverse lookup zone. It is the record to main database for reverse lookup zone purposes (to convert from IP address to host names). Each host record in forward lookup should have an associated pointer record in reverse lookup zone.

Generally first you will create a Forward lookup zone. Then go for Reverse lookup zone. Now we have to create associated pointer records for host records in forward lookup zone. If you are creating a host record in forward lookup zone after creating reverse lookup zone then here we need not to create a pointer record by coming to reverse lookup zone. When creating new host, click on the check box of create associated pointer record. Then it automatically creates associated pointer record in reverse lookup zone.

22. Is There Any Possibility To Have Two Primary Dns Zones?

No, we cannot have two primary DNS zones. Why because if u have two primary DNS zones some clients contacts first one, some clients contacts second one according to their configuration in TCP/IP properties. Then you will get problems. Actually Primary DNS zone means Single master. i.e., master is only one that is only one primary DNS zone. But you can have as many as Secondary zones.

To overcome from above problem (i.e., single master problem) in Windows 2000 we have Active Directory Integrated zones, which are multi masters.

23. What Is The Default Time Setting In Primary Zone To Refresh, Retry, Expire Intervals For Secondary Zone?

The default settings are

• To Refresh interval 10 minutes
• To Retry interval, 15 minutes
• To Expire after 1 day

24. Suppose The Secondary Zone Is Expired; Now How To Solve The Problem?

First go to primary zone check primary zone is working or not.

IF primary zone is working then go to secondary zone, Right click on zone name select the “Transfer from Master” then it automatically contacts the primary DNS, if any updates are there then it takes the updates from the Primary.

25. How To Know Whether The Recent Changes In Primary Zone Are Updated To Secondary Zone Or Not?

• Compare the Serial Number on Start of Authority tab in both secondary on primary DNS zone properties.
• If both are same then recent updates are made to secondary zone.
• If not (i.e., secondary is less then primary) click on “Transfer from Master”

26. How To Pause The Zone?

• Click on the Pause button.
• Click on General tab
• Go to properties of a zone

Note: When you install a Windows 2000 DNS server, you immediately get all of the records of root DNS servers. So every windows 2000 DNS server installed on Internet has pre configured with the address of root DNS servers. So every single DNS server in the Internet can get root servers.

27. What Is A Forwarder?

(Open DNS console ==> Right click on Domain name ==> Click on forwarder tab)

A forwarder is server, which has more access than the present DNS server. May be our present DNS server is located in internal network and it cannot resolve the Internet names. Maybe it is behind a firewall or maybe it is using a proxy server or NAT server to get to the Internet. Then this server forwards the query to another DNS server that can resolve the Internet names.

Command prompt commands:

• Type Nslookup to get into the Nslookup mode.
• Type set type=SOA then press enter type domain name
• Type set type=NS then press enter; and type domain name.
• Type set type=ALL then press enter.

Note: To come out from Nslookup mode type exit.

28. When Developing Naming Strategy, Which Dns Server Should We Use?

Microsoft suggests that we use Windows 2000 DNS server. If you want to get 100% functionality you have to use 2000 DNS server. But you can also use BIND (Berkeley internet name domain) DNS servers, but if you want you use with Windows 2000 you should have at least Bind version 4.9.7. (Previous versions don’t support SRV records)

29. What Is Caching Only Dns Server?

• Just install the DNS service into your windows 2000 server. Then it is called caching only DNS server, because it starts working for your clients to resolve the Internet names to IP address.
• When you are installing DNS service at that time it is preconfigured with root DNS servers IP addresses.
• If anybody wants to resolve the records that belong to your domain then you need to configure your DNS server appropriately.

30. Suppose Under The Forward Lookup Zone _msdcs, _tcp, _upd, _sites Are Not There (or You Have Deleted Unexpectedly). How To Get Them Back?

To get them back, simply just stop and start the netlogon service.

Type the following commands to stop and start the net logon service:

• Net stop netlogon
• Net start netlogon

Whenever you create a root zone (i.e., “.”) in a DNS server, the forwards, and root hints tabs will be disabled on that DNS server.