Category: Interview Questions

1. What Are Things Needed For A Basic Paint Project?

For basic paint project you need:

•     Two inch blue painter’s tape
•     Drop cloth
•     Sandpaper
•     Tri-sodium phosphate
•     One and half or two inch sash brush
•     Two or three inch flat sash brush
•     Disposable liners and paint brush
•     Nine inch roller, Screw on extension pole and roller cover.

2. What Are Things Needed For A Basic Paint Project?

For basic paint project you need:

•     Two inch blue painter’s tape
•     Drop cloth
•     Sandpaper
•     Tri-sodium phosphate
•     One and half or two inch sash brush
•     Two or three inch flat sash brush
•     Disposable liners and paint brush
•     Nine inch roller, Screw on extension pole and roller cover

3. What All Ways You Can Do House Painting?

• Brush painting
• Spray painting
• Using Roller
• Using painting pads

4. What Is The Use Of Trisodium Phosphate?

Tri-sodium phosphate is like any other soap or detergent; it is used as a cleansing agent, but benefit of using tri-sodium phosphate is that it does not leave any residue behind.

5. Mention Some Tips To Paint Your Room Perfectly?

To paint your room perfectly you require:

• Roll the full height of the wall and keep a wet edge, this would help you to avoid lap marks
• In a large bucket mix several cans of paint to get a consistent color throughout the room
• To get a perfect edge, first let the paint dry and later you can cut the tape loose
• Paint in this order: Trim first, Ceiling  and Wall
• To avoid a blotchy finish prime and texture wall patches
• Clean dirty surfaces so that the paint can form a strong bond
• For consistent textures roll paint along the edges
• Feather out paint whenever you cannot keep a wet edge
• Sand trim between coats to have an ultra-smooth finish
• Use cotton drop cloth to protect the floor

6. Before You Start Painting Your Room What You Should Take Care Of?

Safety first:
Use a sturdy ladder with a shelf for your paint and tools, Cover your eyes with goggles and use overcoat to keep paint away from your body
Color selection:
Use color chart to get a choice for the color, use online website to check color combination
Sampling:
Use white poster board paint it with different shades and allow it to dry. Once it is done put it in different rooms to see the alteration in color shade.
Right Sheen:
You can use a high gloss paint for a stylized room
Wash:
Before you start painting wall make sure you have cleaned it properly without any dirt or patches left on it
Primer
: To get a polish look primer is a must, but make sure that you use an oil based primer instead of water based, it would help you to cover water stains
Plan your Paint:
It is worse when you finish paint in the middle of painting, and that too if it is a combination of different colors. Measure and calculate properly every corner of the room and then prepare it in bulk
Use tape:
Use a tape to cover your trim area, and then start for wall painting.

7. Explain How You Can Prevent Color Slipping Into Trim Area That Is Covered With Tape?

Sometimes covering the trim area only with tape would not be enough to stop the color dripping into it, you need some sealant that keeps no space in the tape. You can use caulk as a sealant to do this, wipe the caulk beads with fingers, and it eventually seals the tape and would not allow any color to go across it.

8. What Is The Shortcut To Paint Without Taping?

Many found taping a tedious job; you can still do your painting without using tape.  First paint the ceiling and trim without using tape, and then use an edger to make a clean paint perimeter over the trim and below the ceiling, finish it by painting the walls.

9. Explain How Many Coats Of Paint Considered As A Quality Paint?

Color coats depend on what type and make of color you using for painting, some darker colors, and patterns needs up to three coats of color to cover. To figure it out how much coat do you require, always wait for the paint to dry between coats.  Although one coat is enough if colour contrast is not an issue.

10. How You Would Paint If You Are Using A Brush And Not Roller For Painting?

If you are using a brush instead of roller then:

• Use a primer for the first coat
• Take a half fill color bucket, dip 50mm brush up to one-third of the bristle length
• Then hold the brush at 90 degrees to the ceiling and paint a straight line, cutting between the walls and the ceiling
• Turn the brush parallel to the ceiling and drag the brush parallel to the ceiling without touching the ceiling edge
• Same procedure can be repeated along the bottom
• To paint the large and middle part of the wall you can use a broad brush.

11. Why Paint Extender Is Used For Painting?

Paint extender like Floetrol does two things:

• It reduces the paint drying time, giving you a longer window period to overlap just painted areas without having lap marks left on the walls.
• Secondly, the extender helps paint to levels out and spread out the paint, eliminating the brush strokes.

Paint extender is usually used when you have to color woodwork, cabinets, and drywall and so on.

12. Explain How You Can Paint Using A Paint Pad?

• To paint walls and ceiling you can use 200 mm pads, and for cutting around the edges you can use 30mm-50mm pads
• To load the color on the pad use a special tray which is designed for color pad
• The pad must be kept flat on the wall or ceiling and moved gently on either side.

13. List Out Some Of The Extra Accessories You Can Use For Perfect Painting?

Can Claw:
It helps to hold on the can without interfering you painting job
Edge Painter:
It is used to paint the edges surrounding windows and ceiling walls without touching it
Door hinge Mask:
It would protect your door hinges from coloring
Elite window brush:
This pointed brush are specially designed to paint windows
Twist and Reach pole:
  This tool comes with an extender and you do not need ladder or step stool if you are using this tool
Mini koter long handle roller:
This tool is compact and it can pass through the narrow spaces, for example, it can color the space behind the heater, cabinets and freestanding tubs
Foam corner roller:
This tool is very useful to paint the corner of the walls
Glass Mask:
Glass mask could be very handy to cover the glass while painting where The other tools that can be useful are carbide paint scrapers, pipe painter and tools extension brush holder.

14. What Is The Use Of Turpentine?

Unlike normal color, you cannot clean up oil paints with water.  You have to use mineral spirits or turpentine to take paint out of the brushes.

15. Explain What Is The Easiest Way To Remove Wallpaper?

• Use hot water and vinegar, hot water would help to loosen the wallpaper glue, and the vinegar would help dissolve it
• Remove it by using fabric softener and warm water
• Using ammonia and hot water ( 1 quarter of ammonia + 2 quarter of ammonia)
• Use warm water+ liquid detergent+ cellulose paste.  Apply it on the wallpaper and leave it for 5 minutes and then start pulling off the wallpaper
• Use steam wallpaper stripper

16. While Using A Paint Sprayer What Is An Ideal Distance Between The Wall And Sprayer?

Ideal distance between the wall and sprayer is 12 to 24 inches.

17. What Are The Safety Equipment’s You Have To Wear While Doing Spray Painting?

• Goggles
• Respirator ( HEPA)
• Spray sock
• Gloves
• Full body coveralls

1. Explain Me Who Studies The Bones?

Scientists who study dinosaur bones (or fossils) are called paleontologists. Paleontologists have a lot in common with archaeologists – both excavate and study animal bones. Archaeologists who specialize in animal bones study zooarchaeology, which means “the archaeology of animals”.

2. What Is Archaeology?

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America, archaeology is considered a sub-field of anthropology, while in Europe archaeology is often viewed as either a discipline in its own right or a sub-field of other disciplines.

3. What Is Metaphysis?

growth plate; epiphyseal plate.

4. What Is Anatomy?

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is inherently tied to embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated over immediate (embryology) and long (evolution) timescales. Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine.

5. What Is Foramen?

Hole (orifice) through which nerves, ligaments, or blood vessels pass.

6. What Is Social Anthropology?

Social anthropology or anthroposociology is the dominant constituent of anthropology throughout the United Kingdom and Commonwealth and much of Europe, where it is distinguished from cultural anthropology. In the USA, social anthropology is commonly subsumed within cultural anthropology.

7. What Are Methods Of Osteology?

A typical analysis will include:

• an inventory of the skeletal elements present
• a dental inventory
• aging data, based upon epiphyseal fusion and dental eruption (for subadults) and deterioration of the pubic symphysis or sternal end of ribs (for adults)
• stature and other metric data
• ancestry
• non-metric traits
• pathology and/or cultural modifications

8. What Is Epiphysis?

End of long bone; secondary site of ossification.

9. What Is Condyle?

Rounded prominence:
usually found at the site of articulation with another structure.

10. What Is Facet?

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.

11. What Is Sinus?

cavity within the bone; usually filled with air

12. What Is Ossification?

Ossification in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis.

13. Do You Know What Is Forensic Osteology?

Forensic Anthropology is the application of anthropological knowledge and techniques in a legal context. This involves detailed knowledge of osteology (skeletal anatomy and biology) to aid in the identification and cause of death of skeletal remains, as well as the recovery of remains using archaeological techniques.

14. What Is Crest?

Narrow ridge of bone.

15. What Is Fossa?

Depression in or on bone

16. What Is Cultural Anthropology?

Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans. It is in contrast to social anthropology, which perceives cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological constant.

17. Tell Me What Is The Study Of Human Remains?

According to the Museum of Osteology, the study of bones is called osteology, which is practiced by doctors and researchers called osteologists. Osteology is a complex science that uses information and data from anatomy, archaeology and anthropology.

18. What Is Diaphysis?

shaft of long bone; primary site of ossification

19. What Is Articular Cartilage?

Glassy textured cushion at the end of long bones used to absorb stressful joint movement.

20. What Is Anthropology?

Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.

21. Tell Me What Is The Meaning Of The Word Ornithologist?

An ornithologist is someone who studies ornithology – the branch of science devoted to birds. Ornithologists study every aspect of birds, including bird songs, flight patterns, physical appearance, and migration patterns.

22. What Is Osteology?

A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and archaeology, osteology is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics), etc.

1. What Exactly Do You Know About The Octopus Deploy And Why It Is Said To Be A Better Tool?

It is basically an automated deployment server that is popular due to a very large number of reasons. When it comes to deploying the applications based on ASP.NET, Octopus deploy has wide applications and a very large number of organizations are currently using it. It is also widely used due to its major benefits in production, as well as testing environments. 

2. Is It Possible To Push The Packages Manually To The Repository In The Octopus Deploy?

Yes, this is possible. The approach is to configuring them automatically that you can choose simply. The fact is Octopus has its own build-in repository in which this task can be accomplished without compromising with anything.

3. What Are The Delivery Practices That Octopus Deploy Can Consider?

It is capable to easily deal with the delivery practices that are based on agile. In this practice, it is easy for the developers to make sure elimination of the run-time error without compromising with the efficiency. In addition to this, agile environment is secure and always make sure of outcomes that can be trusted in the long run. 

4. What Exactly Do You Know About The Workflow In The Octopus Deploy?

The Octopus Deploy follows a typical workflow and the same could be understood in a stepwise manner.

The very first thing is committing the derived code to the control system for the source. Next thing that the developers have to pay attention to is the use of git and subversion for accomplishing the sub tasks. Users’ next need to run the units tests after the compiling of the code by the server are complete. Next big task is application packaging which ensures efficiency and security. At last, the deploy package pushed the application. 

5. What Are Consistent Releases In The Octopus Deploy Tool?

Well, this is basically an approach that can be considered to avoid situation when the deployment process needs to be made more secure. Many times there is a need to deploy resources for one module of the deployment and not to the other. For example, users are deployed for testing are not allowed to take part in any activity related to the production. In such a scenario, this approach ensure that all the processes related to deployment remain consistent when the users deployed for testing try to take part in production. Such situation is considered as consistent releases because the process remains consistent.

6. After Installation Of Octopus Deploy, Where You Can Manage Your Infrastructure?

Users can directly access the web portal of Octopus after the installation is complete and the infrastructure can simply be managed. In addition to this, it is also possible to access built-in repository at the same time.

7. Tell Any One Basic Condition Which You Need To Fulfill Before You Actually Deploy The Application With Octopus Deploy?

Well, it is necessary for the users to simply bundle all the required files which are required for the application to run into the supported package before deploying the application in the Octopus Deploy. 

8. After Deploying, What Are The Reasons If The Package Is Not Giving Any Response?

The fact is package is necessary to be versioned and must be present in a repository. In case this is not considered, the application package will not give any response. This is the most common that doesn’t let the developers perform the task in the desired manner.

9. What Are Environments In The Octopus Deploy?

Basically, Octopus Deploy is a tool that works by organizing the infrastructure into the groups. These groups are called as environments. These environments make sure that the tasks run smoothly irrespective of the class of task that is performed in the tool.

10. Suppose You Need To Create A Custom Script Through Octopus Deploy, Is It Possible?

Yes, this can easily be done. There is also vast support available for the training purposes for those who are freshers. The same can help a lot in enabling the users to keep up the pace in this matter without compromising with anything. 

11. Are You Familiar With A Few Groups In The Octopus Deploy Which Are Common?

These are:

1. Stage
2. Test
3. Production

12. In Which Os Is It Possible For The Users To Deploy The Software Or An Application Through Octopus?

With the Octopus Deploy, it is possible for the users to deploy the applications or the software into the Microsoft, Azure, Linux Servers as well as Windows Servers. 

13. What Is The Significance Of Building The Binaries In The Deployment Process?

They make sure that the process can be repeated anytime by the user in case the need of same is felt. This doesn’t just save time but also enable users to make sure no unnecessary errors come in the path. At the same time, binaries can be modified to make them fit on different environments. 

14. What Is The Significance Of Channels Process In The Octopus Deploy?

Well, it is an important concept which is present in the 3.2 version of the tool. It makes sure that no duplication occurs in a project. Basically, users have to face this issue when they want to upgrade their current deployment process or an object. Channel concept is capable to enable users modify the same project without facing the duplicacy issue. It is believed to be one of the best available features for the users.

15. Is It Possible For The Users To Deploy Software In The Cloud Regions? What Are The Factors That You Should Pay Attention To While Deploying The Same?

Yes, it is possible. The procedure is quite similar to that of deploying the application in any of the OS. The first thing to pay close attention to is data security. The address of the destination should be clearly defined. There is a situation of double copying in the cloud which should be avoided simply. The cloud data should not be copied to the mentioned source. Also, the procedure of deploying an application in a cloud is a bit different. Sometime it can affect the code and therefore users should be careful.

16. What Is “release” In Octopus Deploy?

Sometime users need to take a snapshot of the packaged software. This is due to the further help or to call the same procedure in the next task. These snapshots are called as Releases and are of significant use in the later sections of many deployment processes.

17. What Is The Significance Of Organizing The Infrastructure In The Environment?

This simply let the users define the deployment process which is very essential. This actually let the users understand the sub-tasks which are critical. This makes sure of error-free outcomes without compromising with anything. Users can also pay attention to the overall number of machines which are required to perform the task in a right manner. 

18. What If You Are Facing A Compatibility Issue During A Task You Are Performing Through Octopus Deploy Tool?

This tool is basically free from any such issue. However, there are different versions of the same exists to avoid the same. It is possible to switch/upgrade to another version to avoid this problem.

19. What Exactly Do You Known About The Deployment Process In The Octopus Deploy?

This process in the Octopus seems quite similar to that of a small application that is used for software deployment. Firstly there are some steps which need to be added for defining the recipe. After this, variables are added in the process. There is no strict upper limit on the steps in the Octopus. Users are free to choose them as per their experience and interest. These are available in the step library. The experienced developers can even define their own steps. Each step defines a group or a series of action which the tool executes for the related deployment process. It is necessary that process should not change too frequently.

20. Can Deployments Be Repeated In The Octopus? What Can Be Its Impact On The Project?

Yes, this is possible and can simply be achieved. Of course, it cut down the complexity and makes a project very reliable and useful.

21. Where The Variables Are Used In The Octopus Deploy?

During the application deployment, the users need to modify the configuration files. Generally, these files are categorized depending on the scope that defines development. For getting advanced support on this, users are free to call variables anytime they want and the good thing is there are many which can directly be employed or this.

22. Is It Possible To Completely Automate A Deployment Process In The Octopus?

Well, this possible. However, not all the process can be automated. It actually depends on the type of process, its complexity, total time requirement and many other factors.

23. Is It Possible To Use “releases” In All The Environment At The Same Time?

No, this is not possible. Generally they are called in the first environment. Their success in the same decides whether they can be utilized in the next or not. A lot of applications are there which support them in a reliable manner while with some there are many issues. In testing, whenever there is a new task, a release is required to be created.

24. What Are The Types Of Projects That You Can Manage With The Help Of Octopus Deploy?

There are many projects that can be managed in actual sense. The first thing is the deployment of the applications even when the same is on a large scale. Also, multiple software can also be managed and run with the help of this approach in a very reliable manner. The dedicated description of multiple projects can also be assured through this tool.

25. After Completion Of The Deployment Process, Is It Possible To All The Same Application Again Without Affecting The Code?

Yes, this is possible. However, rather than calling, keeping a backup of application before it is deployed in the Octopus is a good option. Although they can be called anytime, this needs extra time and efforts.

26. Name A Few Deliverable Components That You Can Find In An Octopus Based Projects?

These are 

1. Micro-servers
2. Websites
3. Data Scripts

27. In Octopus Deploy, How Can You Define The Lifecycles Of Projects?

In Octopus, they are actually defined in a step-wise manner and through the different phases. It is not always necessary that all the phases have similar number of environments. They can vary depending on a lot of factors. Each environment is basically defined as a manual or an automatic deployment process. It is necessary that all the environments should be released prior to the availability on the coming phase. 

28. What Are Release Candidates When You Need To Create Releases In The Octopus Environment?

The release candidates could be main source code. It is because released are totally based on them and their success in the different environments also depends largely on this.

29. Is There Any Similarity Between Tenants And Channels In The Octopus Deploy?

Well, the fact is both seem quite similar to each other. This is because they both are responsible for eliminating one major problem and i.s. avoiding duplicates of information. However, both are different in many aspects. The channel makes sure no copy of same information is present in the deployment process and at a user level. On the other side, the tenants make sure of same but on an enterprise level. It make sure that software can be modified in a different manner for every user but without facing the complexity issues that comes mainly due to duplicate or similar information with each dedicated copy.

30. What Is The Best Way To Save Time When It Comes To Deploying Application On The Tool?

The best method is to choose the deployment at the same time when the applications are in development phase. Many experts choose this and save a lot of important time of their own.

1. Could I Read File From My Pc Running Windows Xp With Ntfs File System, From A Machine Under Windows 95 On The Same Network?

Surely you can do it, if you configure networking properly, i.e. create Network Share on Win XP for the folder where file is located and assign proper access rights to the share.

After performing these procedures if you can lookup WinXP machine across the Network you’ll be able to see this network share from Windows 95 and access files inside.

2. Is The Boot Limitation For Ntfs Still 7.87gb?

No. NTFS volume size limit is 2TB.

3. Which Is Better? Ntfs Or Ntfs 5?

As for advances in technologies the latest versions are usually better than previous ones.

In addition to all NTFS features, NTFS 5 has support for Encryption, Disk Quotas, Sparse Files, Reparse Points, and Volume Mount Points.

4. Where Can I Get A Lot Of Details About The Ntfs Encryption And Security?

Security (NTFS) and Encryption (NTFS, NTFS5) are wide topics.

You can get a lot of information about it on Microsoft’s MSDN Web Site.

Security Topics:
File Security and Access Rights.

Encryption Topics:
File Encryption, Encryption, Sparseness, and Reparse Points.

5. How Do You Lock Files From Other Machine Users On Ntfs File System?

NTFS has built-in security feature. Owner of the object can assign certain rights to certain users to restrict access to the object.

If file or folder is located on NTFS, just go to its Properties in Windows Explorer and on the Security tab add users being able access the object, and then remove Everyone user from users list, or restrict its rights.

6. For Windows 2000 Professional Using Ntfs — Must All Partitions Are Ntfs Or Can A Fat32 Partition Be Functional As Well?

Windows 2000 Professional as long as other Windows 2000 and XP family operating systems have full support for FAT32 and FAT16 file systems, as long as CDFS, HPFS, etc.

Operating system communicates with file system via logical level Win32 API that, in turn, redirects function calls to physical level (file system drivers), so if proper file system driver is installed, operating system can access and work with file system properly.

Drivers for NTFS, NTFS5, FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, and CFDS are always installed when you install Windows 2000 / XP. Drivers for NTFS, FAT12, FAT16, and CFDS are always installed when you install Windows NT; there is no built-in driver for FAT32 in Windows NT.

7. How Do You Format A Blank Hard Disk Drive To Ntfs Or Ntfs 5?

There are no standard utilities to format HDD to NTFS from DOS.

However there are solutions:

• Attach HDD to another machine having Windows NT installed if you want to format to NTFS, or to Windows 2000 / XP if you want to format it to NTFS5. Then format drive using Disk Manager Utility that is included in OS.
• You can start Windows NT / 2000 / XP installation using bootable CD-ROM. On first steps of installation you will be asked about target location and you will be suggested to format the partition to NTFS. Go this way, and after format is completed, just cancel the installation process.

8. Is There Any Problem With My Games If I Installed It Under Ntfs Filesystem?

NTFS file system itself cannot cause problems to any software including games, because NTFS is just a way of data storage.

Software in Windows accesses files via upper-level Win32 API. Win32 API, in turn, redirects function calls to the drivers for the particular file system (NTFS/FAT/CDFS, etc.). Thus software, generally speaking, is not aware of file system it is installed on.

What could cause problems with games is Operating System itself. As long as Windows NT / 2000 / XP are more secure operating systems, and do not support 16-bit device drivers and real mode, some of games that work well under MS-DOS, Windows 95 / 98/ ME might not work under Windows NT / 2000 / XP.

9. When Data Is Written To The Ntfs Disk At What Position Does In Start The Write? Eg Assuming A File Has Been Deleted (and Deleted From The Recycle Bin If Applicable) Would It First Overwrite This File, Or Would It Start At The Next Totally Unused Cluster?

It depends on many factors including file system fragmentation, free space, etc. In most cases it would start with a next totally unused cluster.

10. When Deleting A File At Work From A Hdd What Is The Best Way To Ensure That The File Cannot Be Recovered? Ie That The Data No Longer Exists On The Drive, Rather Than Just Resetting The Flag Of The Relevant File/cluster? Is There Any Way Ntfs Will Do This? Registry Hacks E.t.c?

There are no standard mechanisms for this. Please use third party privacy software (such as Disk Wiper feature in SDelete) to eliminate unused MFT entries and overwrite clusters containing deleted data.

11. When Using Compression On A Ntfs Volume, If The Hard Drive Moves To Another Pc, Can The Deleted Data Still Be Recovered?

Yes, volume structure is not changed when you have moved your HDD to another machine, so you can access your existing and deleted files and folders using recovery software like UNDELETE utility, Active@ File Recovery Software.

12. I Am Using A 249 Megabyte Drive As A Backup Drive On My Xp System. I Have It Formatted In Ntfs And Compressed, Yet The Size Of The Drive Is Still The Same As Before I Compressed It. Why?

Actual disk size cannot be changed. By applying compressed attribute for the volume you just ordered operating system to try to compress any object that will be placed there.

If object that is placed onto the volume can be compressed, operating system compresses it and it takes less space on the drive than uncompressed one. Thus more free space is left on the drive for other data.

13. How Do Ntfs Compared To Fat32 In Windows Xp, And Which Is Faster?

• NTFS has much more built-in features than FAT, so generally it is a bit slower.
• However it depends on many factors such as cluster size, average file size, etc.

For example:
NTFS can keep small files inside MFT entry, so if the file size is less than cluster size, most likely it will be accessed much faster on NTFS than on FAT.
Generally speaking the performance of NTFS on large volumes is higher than performance of FAT32. NTFS performance on small volumes is lower than performance of FAT/FAT32.

14. Is It Possible To Convert A Fat32 Hard Drive To Ntfs Without Losing All Data On The Drive? I Like To Change From Fat32 To Ntfs, My Operating System Is Windows Xp Pro, And How Can I Do That? Without The Lost Of My Programs?

Standard Windows utility that is called CONVERT serves this purpose

Just go to the Command Prompt and execute the command:

C :> CONVERTS C:  /fs: ntfs

Where C:
is a name of the drive you want to convert.

After machine re-boot conversion process will start and you’ll have your FAT32 converted to NTFS without of data loss.

15. How Can I Copy Files From A Hard Drive Formatted To Ntfs, To A Fat32 Hard Drive?

You probably asking about Windows NT that does not support FAT32. There are third party FAT32 drivers for NTFS, or you can use FREE NTFS Reader to copy files in DOS environment. Just make sure that your DOS supports FAT32. You can use Bootable Floppy Creator to prepare such a floppy containing DOS and NTFS Reader for DOS.

16. How Can One Revert A Disk With Ntfs To Fat 32 To Install Older Software Which Won’t Run On Winxp?

What you asked is actually installation the new Operating System over the existing one. There is no standard procedure of doing this. Just copy all your important files (My Documents, etc.) to another logical (or physical) drive. Then format partition in FAT32, or delete and re-create new partition and perform standard procedures of installation Operating System to the newly formatted drive. As long as you successfully installed OS, copy your files back to the drive.

1. What Is Mvc?

MVC is a pattern which is used to split the application’s implementation logic into three components: models, views, and controllers.

2. Can You Explain Model, Controller And View In Mvc?

• Model –
  It’s a business entity and it is used to represent the application data.
• Controller –
  Request sent by the user always scatters through controller and it’s responsibility is to redirect to the specific view using View() method.
• View –
  It’s the presentation layer of MVC.

3. Explain The New Features Added In Version 4 Of Mvc (mvc4)?

Following are features added newly:

• Mobile templates
• Added ASP.NET Web API template for creating REST based services.
• Asynchronous controller task support.
• Bundling the java scripts.
• Segregating the configs for MVC routing, Web API, Bundle etc.

4. Can You Explain The Page Life Cycle Of Mvc?

Below are the processed followed in the sequence:

• App initialization
• Routing
• Instantiate and execute controller
• Locate and invoke controller action
• Instantiate and render view.

5. What Are The Advantages Of Mvc Over Asp.net?

• Provides a clean separation of concerns among UI (Presentation layer), model (Transfer objects/Domain Objects/Entities) and Business Logic (Controller).
• Easy to UNIT Test.
• Improved reusability of model and views. We can have multiple views which can point to the same model and vice versa.
• Improved structuring of the code.

6. What Is Separation Of Concerns In Asp.net Mvc?

It’s is the process of breaking the program into various distinct features which overlaps in functionality as little as possible. MVC pattern concerns on separating the content from presentation and data-processing from content.

7. What Is Razor View Engine?

Razor is the first major update to render HTML in MVC 3. Razor was designed specifically for view engine syntax. Main focus of this would be to simplify and code-focused templating for HTML generation.

Below is the sample of using Razor:

@model MvcMusicStore.Models.Customer

@{ViewBag.Title = “Get Customers”;}

@Model.CustomerName

8. What Is The Meaning Of Unobtrusive Javascript?

This is a general term that conveys a general philosophy, similar to the term REST (Representational State Transfer). Unobtrusive JavaScript doesn’t intermix JavaScript code in your page markup.

Eg :
Instead of using events like onclick and onsubmit, the unobtrusive JavaScript attaches to elements by their ID or class based on the HTML5 data- attributes.

9. What Is The Use Of Viewmodel In Mvc?

ViewModel is a plain class with properties, which is used to bind it to strongly typed view. ViewModel can have the validation rules defined for its properties using data annotations.

10. What You Mean By Routing In Mvc?

Routing is a pattern matching mechanism of incoming requests to the URL patterns which are registered in route table. Class – “UrlRoutingModule” is used for the same process.

11. What Are Actions In Mvc?

Actions are the methods in Controller class which is responsible for returning the view or json data. Action will mainly have return type – “ActionResult” and it will be invoked from method – “InvokeAction()” called by controller.

12. What Is Attribute Routing In Mvc?

ASP.NET Web API supports this type routing. This is introduced in MVC5. In this type of routing, attributes are being used to define the routes. This type of routing gives more control over classic URI Routing. Attribute Routing can be defined at controller level or at Action level like –

[Route(“{action = TestCategoryList}”)] – Controller Level

[Route(“customers/{TestCategoryId:int:min(10)}”)] – Action Level

13. Explain Json Binding?

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) binding support started from MVC3 onwards via the new JsonValueProviderFactory, which allows the action methods to accept and model-bind data in JSON format. This is useful in Ajax scenarios like client templates and data binding that need to post data back to the server.

14. Explain Dependency Resolution?

Dependency Resolver again has been introduced in MVC3 and it is greatly simplified the use of dependency injection in your applications. This turn to be easier and useful for decoupling the application components and making them easier to test and more configurable.

15. Explain Bundle.config In Mvc 4?

“BundleConfig.cs” in MVC4 is used to register the bundles by the bundling and minification system. Many bundles are added by default including jQuery libraries like – jquery.validate, Modernizr, and default CSS references.

16. How Route Table Has Been Created In Asp.net Mvc?

Method – “RegisterRoutes()” is used for registering the routes which will be added in “Application_Start()” method of global.asax file, which is fired when the application is loaded or started.

17. Which Are The Important Namespaces Used In Mvc?

Below are the important namespaces used in MVC:

• System.Web.Mvc
• System.Web.Mvc.Ajax
• System.Web.Mvc.Html
• System.Web.Mvc.Async

18. What Is Viewdata?

Viewdata contains the key, value pairs as dictionary and this is derived from class – “ViewDataDictionary“. In action method we are setting the value for viewdata and in view the value will be fetched by typecasting.

19. What Is The Difference Between Viewbag And Viewdata In Mvc?

ViewBag is a wrapper around ViewData, which allows to create dynamic properties.

Advantage of viewbag over viewdata will be:

• In ViewBag no need to typecast the objects as in ViewData.
• ViewBag will take advantage of dynamic keyword which is introduced

in version 4.0. But before using ViewBag we have to keep in mind that ViewBag is slower than ViewData.

20. Explain Tempdata In Mvc?

TempData is again a key, value pair as ViewData. This is derived from “TempDataDictionary” class. TempData is used when the data is to be used in two consecutive requests, this could be between the actions or between the controllers. This requires typecasting in view.

21. What Are Html Helpers In Mvc?

• HTML Helpers are like controls in traditional web forms. But HTML helpers are more lightweight compared to web controls as it does not hold viewstate and events.
• HTML Helpers returns the HTML string which can be directly rendered to HTML page. Custom HTML Helpers also can be created by overriding “HtmlHelper” class. 

22. What Are Ajax Helpers In Mvc?

AJAX Helpers are used to create AJAX enabled elements like as Ajax enabled forms and links which performs the request asynchronously and these are extension methods of AJAXHelper class which exists in namespace – System.Web.Mvc.

23. What Are The Options Can Be Configured In Ajax Helpers?

Below are the options in AJAX helpers:

• Url –
  This is the request URL.
• Confirm –
  This is used to specify the message which is to be displayed in confirm box.
• OnBegin –
  Javascript method name to be given here and this will be called before the AJAX request.
• OnComplete –
  Javascript method name to be given here and this will be called at the end of AJAX request.
• OnSuccess –
  Javascript method name to be given here and this will be called when AJAX request is successful.
• OnFailure –
  Javascript method name to be given here and this will be called when AJAX request is failed.
• UpdateTargetId –
  Target element which is populated from the action returning HTML.

24. What Is Layout In Mvc?

Layout pages are similar to master pages in traditional web forms. This is used to set the common look across multiple pages. In each child page we can find – /p>

@{

Layout = “~/Views/Shared/TestLayout1.cshtml”;

}

This indicates child page uses TestLayout page as it’s master page.

25. Explain Sections Is Mvc?

Section are the part of HTML which is to be rendered in layout page.

In Layout page we will use the below syntax for rendering the HTML –

@RenderSection(“TestSection”)

And in child pages we are defining these sections as shown below –

@section TestSection{

Test Content

}

If any child page does not have this section defined then error will be thrown so to avoid that we can render the HTML like this –

@RenderSection(“TestSection”, required: false)

26. Can You Explain Renderbody And Renderpage In Mvc?

RenderBody is like ContentPlaceHolder in web forms. This will exist in layout page and it will render the child pages/views. Layout page will have only one RenderBody() method. RenderPage also exists in Layout page and multiple RenderPage() can be there in Layout page.

27. What Is Viewstart Page In Mvc?

This page is used to make sure common layout page will be used for multiple views. Code written in this file will be executed first when application is being loaded.

28. Explain The Methods Used To Render The Views In Mvc?

Below are the methods used to render the views from action:

• View() – To return the view from action.
• PartialView() – To return the partial view from action.
• RedirectToAction() – To Redirect to different action which can be in same controller or in different controller.
• Redirect() – Similar to “Response.Redirect()” in webforms, used to redirect to specified URL.
• RedirectToRoute() – Redirect to action from the specified URL but URL in the route table has been matched.

29. What Are The Sub Types Of Actionresult?

ActionResult is used to represent the action method result.

Below are the subtypes of ActionResult:

• ViewResult
• PartialViewResult
• RedirectToRouteResult
• RedirectResult
• JavascriptResult
• JSONResult
• FileResult
• HTTPStatusCodeResult

30. What Are Non Action Methods In Mvc?

In MVC all public methods have been treated as Actions. So if you are creating a method and if you do not want to use it as an action method then the method has to be decorated with “NonAction” attribute as shown below –

[NonAction]

public void TestMethod()

{

// Method logic

}

31. How To Change The Action Name In Mvc?

“ActionName” attribute can be used for changing the action name.

Below is the sample code snippet to demonstrate more:

[ActionName(“TestActionNew”)]

public ActionResult TestAction()

{

return View();

}

So in the above code snippet “TestAction” is the original action name and in “ActionName” attribute, name – “TestActionNew” is given. So the caller of this action method will use the name “TestActionNew” to call this action.

32. What Are Code Blocks In Views?

Unlike code expressions that are evaluated and sent to the response, it is the blocks of code that are executed. This is useful for declaring variables which we may be required to be used later.

@{

 int x = 123;

 string y = “aa”;

}

33. What Is The “helperpage.isajax” Property?

The HelperPage.IsAjax property gets a value that indicates whether Ajax is being used during the request of the Web page.

34. How We Can Call A Javascript Function On The Change Of A Dropdown List In Mvc?

Create a JavaScript method:

Invoke the method:

<%:Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.SelectedProduct, new SelectList(Model.Customers, “Value”, “Text”), “Please Select a Customer”, new { id = “ddlCustomers”, onchange=” DrpIndexChanged ()” })%>

35. What Are Validation Annotations?

Data annotations are attributes which can be found in the “System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations” namespace. These attributes will be used for server-side validation and client-side validation is also supported. Four attributes – Required, String Length, Regular Expression and Range are used to cover the common validation scenarios.

36. Why To Use Html.partial In Mvc?

This method is used to render the specified partial view as an HTML string. This method does not depend on any action methods.

We can use this like below:

@Html.Partial(“TestPartialView”)

37. What Is Html.renderpartial?

Result of the method – “RenderPartial” is directly written to the HTML response. This method does not return anything (void). This method also does not depend on action methods. RenderPartial() method calls “Write()” internally and we have to make sure that “RenderPartial” method is enclosed in the bracket.

Below is the sample code snippet:

@{Html.RenderPartial(“TestPartialView”); }

38. What Is Routeconfig.cs In Mvc 4?

“RouteConfig.cs” holds the routing configuration for MVC. RouteConfig will be initialized on Application_Start event registered in Global.asax.

39. What Are Scaffold Templates In Mvc?

Scaffolding in ASP.NET MVC is used to generate the Controllers,Model and Views for create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) functionality in an application. The scaffolding will be knowing the naming conventions used for models and controllers and views.

40. Explain The Types Of Scaffoldings.

Below are the types of scaffoldings:

• Empty
• Create
• Delete
• Details
• Editist

41. Can A View Be Shared Across Multiple Controllers? If Yes, How We Can Do That?

Yes, we can share a view across multiple controllers. We can put the view in the “Shared” folder. When we create a new MVC Project we can see the Layout page will be added in the shared folder, which is because it is used by multiple child pages.

42. What Are The Components Required To Create A Route In Mvc?

• Name –
  This is the name of the route.
• URL Pattern –
  Placeholders will be given to match the request URL pattern.
• Defaults –
  When loading the application which controller, action to be loaded along with the parameter.

43. Why To Use “{resource}.axd/{*pathinfo}” In Routing In Mvc?

Using this default route – {resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}, we can prevent the requests for the web resources files like – WebResource.axd or ScriptResource.axd from passing to a controller.

44. Can We Add Constraints To The Route? If Yes, Explain How We Can Do It?

Yes we can add constraints to route in following ways:

• Using Regular Expressions
• Using object which implements interface – IRouteConstraint.

45. What Are The Possible Razor View Extensions?

Below are the two types of extensions razor view can have:

• .cshtml – In C# programming language this extension will be used.
• .vbhtml – In VB programming language this extension will be used.

46. What Is Partial View In Mvc?

Partial View is similar to User Controls in traditional web forms. For re-usability purpose partial views are used. Since it’s been shared with multiple views these are kept in shared folder. Partial Views can be rendered in following ways –

Html.Partial()

Html.RenderPartial()

47. How We Can Add The Css In Mvc?

Below is the sample code snippet to add css to razor views:

48. Can I Add Mvc Test Cases In Visual Studio Express?

No. We cannot add the test cases in Visual Studio Express edition it can be added only in Professional and Ultimate versions of Visual Studio.

49. What Is The Use .glimpse In Mvc?

Glimpse is an open source tool for debugging the routes in MVC. It is the client side debugger. Glimpse has to be turned on by visiting to local url link –

• http://localhost:portname//glimpse.axd

 This is a popular and useful tool for debugging which tracks the speed details, url details etc.

50. What Is The Need Of Action Filters In Mvc?

Action Filters allow us to execute the code before or after action has been executed. This can be done by decorating the action methods of controls with MVC attributes.

51. Mention Some Action Filters Which Are Used Regularly In Mvc?

Below are some action filters used:

• Authentication
• Authorization
• HandleError
• OutputCache

52. How Can We Determine Action Invoked From Http Get Or Http Post?

This can be done in following way:

•  Use class – “HttpRequestBase” and use the method – “HttpMethod” to determine the action request type.

53. In Server How To Check Whether Model Has Error Or Not In Mvc?

Whenever validation fails it will be tracked in ModelState.

By using property –
IsValid it can be determined.

In Server code, check like this –

if(ModelState.IsValid){

 // No Validation Errors

}

54. How To Make Sure Client Validation Is Enabled In Mvc?

In Web.Config there are tags called – “ClientValidationEnabled” and “UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled”. We can set the client side validation just by setting these two tags “true”, then this setting will be applied at the application level.

55. What Are Model Binders In Mvc?

For Model Binding we will use class called – “ModelBinders”, which gives access to all the model binders in an application. We can create a custom model binders by inheriting “IModelBinder”.

56. How We Can Handle The Exception At Controller Level In Mvc?

Exception Handling is made simple in MVC and it can be done by just overriding “OnException” and set the result property of the filtercontext object (as shown below) to the view detail, which is to be returned in case of exception.

protected overrides void OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)

{

}

57. Does Tempdata Hold The Data For Other Request In Mvc?

If Tempdata is assigned in the current request then it will be available for the current request and the subsequent request and it depends whether data in TempData read or not. If data in Tempdata is read then it would not be available for the subsequent requests.

58. Explain Keep Method In Tempdata In Mvc?

As explained above in case data in Tempdata has been read in current request only then “Keep” method has been used to make it available for the subsequent request.

@TempData[“TestData”]; 

TempData.Keep(“TestData”);

59. Explain Peek Method In Tempdata In Mvc?

Similar to Keep method we have one more method called “Peek” which is used for the same purpose. This method used to read data in Tempdata and it maintains the data for subsequent request.

 string A4str = TempData.Peek(“TT”).ToString();

60. What Is Area In Mvc?

Area is used to store the details of the modules of our project. This is really helpful for big applications, where controllers, views and models are all in main controller, view and model folders and it is very difficult to manage.

61. How We Can Register The Area In Mvc?

When we have created an area make sure this will be registered in “Application_Start” event in Global.asax. Below is the code snippet where area registration is done –

protected void Application_Start()

{

AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();

}

62. What Are Child Actions In Mvc?

To create reusable widgets child actions are used and this will be embedded into the parent views. In MVC Partial views are used to have reusability in the application. Child action mainly returns the partial views.

63. How We Can Invoke Child Actions In Mvc?

“ChildActionOnly” attribute is decorated over action methods to indicate that action method is a child action. Below is the code snippet used to denote the child action –

[ChildActionOnly]

public ActionResult MenuBar()

{

//Logic here

return PartialView();

}

64. What Is Dependency Injection In Mvc?

It’s a design pattern and is used for developing loosely couple code. This is greatly used in the software projects. This will reduce the coding in case of changes on project design so this is vastly used.

65. Explain The Advantages Of Dependency Injection (di) In Mvc?

Below are the advantages of DI:

• Reduces class coupling
• Increases code reusing
• Improves code maintainability
• Improves application testing

66. Explain Test Driven Development (tdd) ?

TDD is a methodology which says, write your tests first before you write your code. In TDD, tests drive your application design and development cycles. You do not do the check-in of your code into source control until all of your unit tests pass.

67. Explain The Tools Used For Unit Testing In Mvc?

Below are the tools used for unit testing:

• NUnit
• xUnit.NET
• Ninject 2
• Moq 

68. What Is Representational State Transfer (rest) Mean?

REST is an architectural style which uses HTTP protocol methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE to access the data. MVC works in this style. In MVC 4 there is a support for Web API which uses to build the service using HTTP verbs.

69. How To Use Jquery Plugins In Mvc Validation?

We can use dataannotations for validation in MVC. If we want to use validation during runtime using Jquery then we can use Jquery plugins for validation.

Eg:
If validation is to be done on customer name textbox then we can do as –

$(‘#CustomerName’).rules(“add”, {

required: true,

minlength: 2,

messages: {

required: “Please enter name”,

minlength: “Minimum length is 2”

}

});

70. What Are The Differences Between Partial View And Display Template And Edit Templates In Mvc?

• Display Templates – These are model centric. Meaning it depends on the properties of the view model used. It uses convention that will only display like divs or labels.
• Edit Templates – These are also model centric but will have editable controls like Textboxes.
• Partial View – These are view centric. These will differ from templates by the way they render the properties (Id’s) Eg : CategoryViewModel has Product class property then it will be rendered as Model.Product.ProductName but in case of templates if we CategoryViewModel has List then @Html.DisplayFor(m => m.Products) works and it renders the template for each item of this list.

71. Can I Set The Unlimited Length For “maxjsonlength” Property In Config?

No. We can’t set unlimited length for property maxJsonLength. Default value is – 102400 and maximum value what we can set would be – 2147483644.

72. Can I Use Razor Code In Javascript In Mvc?

Yes. We can use the razor code in javascript in cshtml byusingelement.

73. How Can I Return String Result From Action In Mvc?

Below is the code snippet to return string from action method:

public ActionResult TestAction() {

return Content(“Hello Test !!”);

 }

74. How To Return The Json From Action Method In Mvc?

Below is the code snippet to return string from action method:

public ActionResult TestAction() {

return JSON(new { prop1 = “Test1”, prop2 = “Test2” });

 }

75. How We Can Override The Action Names In Mvc?

If we want to override the action names we can do like this:

[ActionName(“NewActionName”)]

public ActionResult TestAction() {

return View();

 }

1. What Do I Need To Do In Order To Change The Org Number For Certain Phone Numbers?

Submit a Pinnacle electronic “change” request for the affected number/s.   If the org change is to an org code that is not under your area of responsibility, then you as the current Telecom Coordinator and the Telecom Coordinator responsible for the new org code must sign and submit a fund/org change request form, found here.

2. What Is Meant By Mrc And Occ?

MRC stands for Monthly Recurring Charges and usually does not vary from month to month. It reflects charges for telephone, mobile, and voice mail services. OCC stands for Other Charges and Credits. An entry in this category could represent labor charges for the installation of a computer, the cost of equipment replacement, or a credit for phone calls, as a few examples.

3. How Do I Access The Monthly Telecom Bills?

Only authorized users, for the most part, Telecom Coordinators and budget personnel, have the ability to access the online bill.  The user’s NETID and Mesa password are used to access the system.

4. I Am Going To Be Traveling Internationally. What Are My Options For Placing Calls To Other Countries While Traveling Internationally, Or Calling Back To My University Office From Overseas?

A faculty or staff member who uses a wireless communication device when traveling internationally for Mason business should seek approval for international coverage from his/her Supervisor and then request data and/or a text plan from his/her wireless communication provider for the duration of the trip. The costs for the international service should then be included on the Travel Reimbursement Voucher and the appropriate monthly statement(s) should be attached.

5. If I Am Away From The University, And Need To Call Back To The Office Or My Department, Can I Make A Collect Call To The University?

No, all university telephone numbers have been programmed to block collect calls.

6. I Use My Personal Cell Phone For University Business. How Can I Request A Stipend?

Eligibility for a wireless communication device stipend is determined by each unit based on budget availability and on a position-by-position basis.

7. I Use My Ipad (or Other Wireless Device) For University Business. How Can I Request A Stipend?

Stipends are not available for iPads; however most cell phones can be used as hotspots for devices like iPads. You should request a stipend for business use of wireless communication devices to cover any additional cost associated with cell phone data usage or ‘hotspot’ enabling. Individuals should be mindful of the cost associated with data plans charged to their department while also receiving a stipend for a personal wireless communication device.

8. What Are My Options For Using A Conference Bridge?

There are two options for a conference bridge. You can utilize the services of VITA (Virginia Information Technology Agency), or you can use the self-service conference bridge offered by George Mason.

9. I Am Unable To Place A Long Distance Call From My Phone?

It is possible your phone set is blocked from placing long distance calls. Contact your Telecom Coordinator to verify the calling capability of your phone set.  If the calling capability needs to be changed, your Telecom Coordinator needs to submit an electronic Pinnacle “change” request asking that the class of service be changed for that extension.

10. I Share An Extension And Have My Own Voice Mailbox, But The Indicator Light Doesn’t Work. What Do I Do?

Message waiting indicator lights will NEVER come on for those who share an extension. We recommend that those users check their voice mail at least once each day.

11. My Phone Rings Too Many Times Before The Call Goes To Voice Mail. How Do I Change The Number Of Rings On My Phone?

Contact your Telecom Coordinator and he/she can request a change to your ring count.

There are three options:
5 rings, 4 rings and 2 rings.

12. I’m A New Employee At George Mason University And I Cannot Access My Voice Mail. What Do I Do?

Contact your Telecom Coordinator and have him/her submit a request via our online system.

13. How Do I Forward My Phone To Voice Mail?

Single line set:
To Activate — Lift handset, dial *02, hear regular dial tone. Dial 5-digit extension where calls will be sent, hang up. To Cancel — Lift handset, dial *03, hear regular dial tone, hang up.

Multi-line set:
To Activate — Without lifting the handset, press Forward key (indicator flashes) and dial the 5-digit phone number where calls will be sent. Press Forward key again (indicator becomes steady). To Cancel — Without lifting the handset, press Forward key (indicator goes off). To Reactivate — To forward to the number that was previously programmed, press Forward key twice (indicator becomes steady).

14. How Can I Get My Indicator Light To Work? I Don’t Share An Extension.

Have your Telecom Coordinator submit an incident ticket through Pinnacle with your name and telephone number your indicator will be reset and a test message will be sent into your mailbox to reactivate it.

15. How Do I Get The Date And Time To Play On My Messages?

For time stamp information on one message, press seven two and the system will play the envelope information, giving date and time of call, recorded name of user or mailbox number (if name has not been recorded). To have the date and time feature enabled for all messages, have your Telecom Coordinator input a voice mail request via our online system.

16. I Share An Extension With A Co-worker And I Cannot Access My Voice Mail. The Prompt Says I Am Entering The Wrong Security Code.

After pressing your message key or dialing extension 3-7900 from your office phone, you will receive a prompt to enter the mailbox number. You must enter your individual seven digit mailbox number and then press #. This number usually starts with 100xxxx or 101xxxx. Then, enter your password followed by #.

17. I Recorded An Out-of-office Greeting And Now I Can’t Remove It. What Do I Do?

Access your voice mailbox. If you recorded a temporary greeting, the system will tell you that a temporary greeting is being used.  Press 8 2 3 and, when prompted, press 7 6 to delete it.

18. I Do Not Recognize A Company Listed On My Bill. Who Are They, And Why Are They Billing Me?

Your bill must include the name and toll-free telephone number of any company that has charged you for its services, along with the charges for those services. If you don’t recognize the company or have questions about the Services for which you’ve been billed, call the company to ask for more information about the services. Some service providers do not bill their customers directly, so they must contract with local companies to bill for them. These service providers send us your usage data electronically, and we use that information to bill on their behalf.  Increasingly, telemarketers and scam artists use customers’ phone numbers to post unauthorized and fraudulent charges in the data sent to us for billing. These charges can be for many things, but the result is that the charges are included in the billing data.  We have no way to monitor its accuracy. The billing rules are intended to make sure that the format of your bill helps you more easily identify any unauthorized or fraudulent charges.

19. Why Are The Charges From Each Company Listed Separately On My Bill?

The TIB rules require that we organize your bill so that charges from each company billing you for service appear separately.

For example
, if you have chosen one long-distance company for your in-region (intraLATA) long- distance calls and another for your out-of-region and state-to-state (interLATA) calls, your bill will list the calls with each company separately.

20. A Company Has Listed Charges On My Bill For Telephone-related Services That I Do Not Understand, And The Description Is Unclear. How Can I Get Them Explained?

You may find charges on your bill that are not from your local company. The name and toll-free number of the company charging you for telephone-related services is listed in the section where those charges appear. You should call that company and ask for an explanation. You can also dispute the charges and request that the company remove them from your bill. As your local company, we remind you that as part of our service commitment, our business office is always available if you have questions about your bill. If you have any difficulty in contacting the service providers listed on your bill, or if you’re not satisfied with the response they give you, we’ help you resolve the problem.

21. There Is A Statement On My Bill That Says, “this Company Did Not Bill You For Services In The Previous Billing Cycle.” What Does That Mean?

In its rules, the FCC ordered that customers be notified of a “new” service provider any time a bill includes charges from a company that did not bill the customer for services in the previous billing cycle.  However, such notification applies only to “subscribed” services; i.e., when a service provider has a continuing relationship with a customer and likely places regular or periodic charges on your bill.  For example, long-distance surcharges, voicemail, Internet access, and other services that continue until you terminate them, are subject to the notification rule.  On the other hand, services billed on a per- transaction basis, such as directory assistance, dial-around (10-10) toll calls, and other “non-recurring” pay-per-call services, are not subject to the notification requirements.

22. If I Want To Dispute A Charge That Appears On My Bill – And Don’t Pay The Charge While I’m Disputing It – How Will I Know If My Local Service Will Be Disrupted?

We identify all charges on your bill that, if not paid, could result in the disconnection of your basic local service; such services are listed as “deniable” charges.  Our (STATE PUC) designates the individual charges we must classify as “deniable,” and those charges are identified on your bill.  Non-payment of other, “non-deniable” charges can result in the termination of that specific service, but will not lead to the disconnection of basic local service.  If you don’t recognize the charges, you should call the toll-free number listed on the bill within 60 days to ensure there is no interruption of the service in question.

23. I Am Confused About Some Of The Toll-free Numbers Listed On My Bill. Is The Actual Service Provider Always The Appropriate Party For Me To Contact?

Some service providers bill you directly.  Others use third parties, known as “billing agents” or “aggregators,” to bill for them.  Thus, the actual service provider is not always the appropriate party to contact if you have questions or problems.  In fact, some service providers have contracted with third-party billing agents or aggregators just to handle inquiry and dispute resolution of the charges placed on your bill.

The rules require that the toll-free number listed on your bill as the “inquiry contact” – regardless of whether it’s for the actual provider, a billing agent, or an aggregator – must connect you to someone who has “sufficient knowledge and authority” to resolve account inquiries and requests for adjustment.  The FCC allows the use of inquiry contacts because of consumer concerns about the complexity of their bills and because of increased fraud and abuse.

24. Are Service Providers Required To List Their Business Address? How Can I Contact A Provider If I’m Not Satisfied With The Resolution Reached On The Phone?

Service providers are not required to include their business address on each telephone bill for the receipt of consumer inquiries and complaints.  However, they are required to make their business address available to consumers on request through their toll-free number.

25. What Is The Basic Local Service Rate And How Is It Billed?

In most cases, the basic local service rate covers your dial tone – the service connection that allows you to make and receive local (non-toll) calls.  Failure to pay the basic local service rate and applicable taxes and fees will result in disconnection and loss of service.

Local telephone service is billed one month in advance – and is usually due within 10 days after receipt.  Charges for usage, on the other hand, are billed after a particular service; e.g., long-distance calls, calling-card, wireless, etc. is used.

26. Why Did The Fcc Authorize Increases In The Federal Slc?

As part of its effort to promote competition, the FCC reviewed the rules and regulations that govern the telephone industry and decided to rebalance rates and charges.  The SLC increases reflect the FCC’s belief that end-user customers should be more directly responsible for the costs necessary to provide them service and that the “access charges” paid by long-distance companies should be reduced.  In 2000, the FCC authorized the first in a series of SLC increases for the large local companies.  Reasoning that rural customers should pay the same levels of subscriber line charges as urban customers, the FCC expanded the SLC changes to community based telecom providers in 2001.

27. What Is The Federal Universal Service Charge (fusc)?

The “Federal Universal Service Charge” (FUSC), also authorized by the FCC, is not part of your local service rate; the charge helps to keep rates affordable for all Americans, regardless of where they live.  The amount of the FUSC on your monthly bill depends on the services you order and the number of telephone lines you have.  Generally, the surcharge is applied per line.  In July 2002, the FCC authorized an increase in the FUSC to $0.46 per month per line.  And in July 2003, FUSC charge became 9.1% of the SLC charge.

The federal government has established national programs to support universal telephone service.  The federal Universal Service Fund assists with the costs of providing “affordable” telecommunications service to low-income individuals and to residents in rural, high-cost areas.  In addition, Congress has expanded the program to help schools, libraries, and rural health care providers obtain leading-edge services, such as high-speed Internet access.  All providers of telecom services contribute to the support of these universal service programs.

28. Where Do The Federal Slc And Fusc Fees Go?

The federal SLC and FUSC fees go to federal administrative agencies created to oversee and manage the funds.  The federal SLC fees are re-distributed to local telephone companies based on our specific costs.  These funds enable us, and other local companies and cooperatives in hard-to-serve, high-cost areas, to recover some of the costs of the facilities we use to connect your home or business.  The FUSC fees allow us to recover our contribution assessments for the federal universal service programs.  A portion of the funds collected from the Federal Universal Service Charge is distributed to keep rates in high-cost rural areas at or near the national average.

29. What Does “universal Service” Mean To Me?

For almost 70 years, the nation has made a policy commitment to make telephone service available to as many Americans as possible – rich or poor, rural or urban.  When Congress passed the Communications Act in 1934, it established the concept of universal service as a principle to promote the development and reach of the national telephone network by distributing costs across various services and users in order to connect all segments of the American public.

Universal service recognizes the economic reality that the cost of providing telephone service in rural areas such as where Public Service Telephone operates, is significantly higher than in well-populated, urban parts of the country, but that the nation as a whole benefits from a network that connects to as many Americans as possible.  We can look on universal service as a system by which everyone benefits because everyone else has a telephone.  Because of universal service, independent companies serving high-cost rural areas have been assured of appropriate recognition of their costs, and Americans have been assured of quality telephone service at reasonable rates, no matter where they live.

30. How Does The Universal Service Support System Work?

Traditionally, long-distance carriers paid access charges to local companies for “access” to the local network to enable customers to make or receive long- distance calls. These access-charge dollars reflect a legitimate business cost, compensating local companies for the long-distance carriers’ use of our networks. Universal service support and access charge revenues are essential to community based telecom providers.

These programs help companies serving rural areas keep local rates affordable and comparable to rates in urban areas where the population is more densely clustered and costs are not as high.  We continue to rely on this support today, given the costs of the equipment and facilities necessary to make new and advanced services available to rural customers.

31. Do All Local Telephone Companies Receive Universal Service Support?

No, all local companies do not qualify for this support.  While most telecom providers contribute to universal service, companies that serve large, urban markets are not likely to qualify for support from the federal Universal Service Fund.  Companies that serve large cities such as Chicago, for example, and other urban areas usually do not qualify for universal service support.  This, through their SLC and FUCHS payments, customers of the large urban-based companies help keep local rates “comparable” and “affordable” for those served by community based providers and other rural companies.  This mutual social benefit is the very objective that universal service was designed to achieve.

32. What Does The E 911 Charge Cover?

The E911 charge is a state/local government charge to fund emergency-911 services, such as fire and rescue.

33. What Is The Telecommunications Relay Services (trs) Charge?

Local telephone companies offer Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) to help hearing- or speech-impaired individuals communicate via the telephone.  TRS is required by Title IV of the Americans with Disabilities Act and to the extent possible, must be “functionally equivalent” to standard telephone services.  Communications assistants (CAs) relay the content of calls between users of special text telephones (TTYs) and users of traditional telephones.  For example, a TTY user can use the phone by calling a TRS provider (or relay center), where a CA will place the call to the voice user and relay the conversation by transcribing spoken content for the TTY user and reading text aloud for the voice user.

Costs for intrastate TRS (that is, TRS calls made within a state) are paid by the individual states.  Generally, states recover the TRS costs through a small assessment on all telephone customers in the state.

34. What Taxes Are Included On My Bill?

Your bill includes the 3% federal excise tax levied by the federal government that applies to all telecom services, not just local service.  This tax dates back to 1898 when it was enacted to finance the Spanish-American War.  In addition, many state, local, and/or municipal governments impose taxes on telecom services and, if applicable, these taxes are listed on your bill.

35. What Is The Federal Universal Service Charge On My Long-distance Bill? Is This The Same Charge As On My Local Bill? Do All Long-distance Companies Charge The Same Rate?

This charge (also called the Federal Universal Connectivity Fee or Carrier Universal Service Charge) is similar to the FUSE for local service.  All telecom providers, including long-distance companies, are required to contribute to the support of federal universal service.  Currently, the federally imposed level for this charge is approximately 7% of your state-to-state and international toll charges.

In recovering this assessment, most national long-distance companies charge their customers percentages above the mandatory federal level.  Some, in fact, charge customers as much as 11.5% of their monthly charges.  On the other hand, the long-distance subsidiaries of community based telecom providers do not exceed the federally mandated amount – and many do not pass this charge on to their customers at all.

36. My Long-distance Bill Includes A “one-bill” Charge? How Can I Get My Local And Long-distance Charges On A Single Bill Without Being Charged?

Some long-distance companies charge as much as $1.50 per month to include long-distance charges on the same bill as local charges.  These companies include this charge in the billing information they submit to the local company with whom they’ve contracted to bill for them.  A local company that bills for a long-distance company does not authorize a single-bill fee.

Many community based telecom providers also offer long-distance service.  Customers who want their local and long-distance charges on one combined bill must select their local, long-distance provider as their preferred carrier.  Long distance service provided by community based companies generally offer rates and plans comparable to those of the national carriers.  At the same time, community based companies offer the advantage of a long-distance alternative closer to home – with service from people you know and trust.

37. I’m Confused About The Rates I’ve Been Charged For My Long-distance Calls? How Are My 1+ Calls Charged?

Your bill lists charges for the individual long-distance (Dial 1) calls you’ve made using the long-distance company you’ve chosen as your preferred, 1+ carrier. Long distance rates differ significantly depending on the type of call you make; i.e., out of region (state-to-state) or in-region; interLATA vs intraLATA.  Also, calls are generally priced based on duration and time-of-day.  Most long- distance companies have “basic rate” service (no calling plan) with rates that are much higher than those in their calling plans, which offer reduced per- minute rates, but require a monthly “buy-in” fee that remains constant regardless of the number of 1+ calls a customer makes.  Public Service Worldwide Connections does not charge a “buy in” fee for their long distance calling plan.

38. What Is Slamming?

You have the right to choose any certified long-distance carrier that offers you service and to change your “preferred” carrier (PIC) whenever you wish.  Slamming is the unauthorized and illegal switching of a customer’s preferred long-distance company.  If you’ve been slammed, you have the right to be switched back to your preferred carrier at no cost.

39. I Have Been Billed For Long-distance Charges From A Company I Did Not Choose As My Preferred Carrier. What Do I Do To Get These Charges Removed From My Bill?

Customers who believe they’ve been slammed; i.e., that there has been an unauthorized change in their PIC selection, should inform us immediately. 

Once we receive notification of an unauthorized PIC change, we will do the following:

• PSTC looks up whether it has received a carrier change request from a long distance carrier, and whether the customer has a PIC Freeze on their phone service, prohibiting such a change without customer approval.
• PSTC will change back the carrier if requested by the customer, however, there is a charge for the corrected change as required. However, most carriers are aware of the charge, and some will provide a credit to cover your switch back.
• A restricted PIC Freeze is suggested at this point to prevent future “slamming”.

40. What Will The Rga Do When An Unauthorized Pic Change Is Reported?

The FCC rules require that:

• Any carrier informed by a customer of an unauthorized PIC change must direct the customer to the relevant governmental agency (RGA).  The RGA for Public Service Telephone is the Georgia Public Service Commission.
• Upon receiving a complaint, the RGA will notify the alleged unauthorized carrier and order that the carrier remove from the customer’s bill all unpaid charges for the first 30 days after the unauthorized change (slam) took place, pending determination of whether an unauthorized change has actually occurred.
• Within 30 days of notification, the alleged unauthorized carrier must provide to the RGA valid proof of verification of the customer’s PIC change, which must comply with the FCC’s authorization and verification rules.
• Failure by the carrier to respond or provide proof of verification will be presumed to be clear and convincing evidence of an unauthorized change (slam).
• If the RGA determines that an unauthorized change (slam) has occurred, it will order the unauthorized carrier to comply with the 30-day absolution rule and/or the reimbursement rules.

41. What If I Already Paid The Unauthorized Carrier? Can I Still Get Reimbursed For Charges Incurred During The First 30 Days?

If it is determined that an unauthorized change (slam) has occurred and the customer has already made payment to the unauthorized carrier for charges applicable to the first 30 days, the customer is entitled to a refund equal to 50% of the charges paid.  The authorized carrier must remit the 50% refund to the customer within 10 days of receiving payment from the unauthorized carrier.  The customer has the option of requesting that the authorized carrier re-bill the unauthorized charges at the authorized carriers rate.  In either case, however, the customer will actually receive the refund only if the unauthorized carrier remitted the funds to the authorized carrier.

42. What About Unpaid Charges Incurred After The 30-day Absolution Period?

If the customer has charges from an unauthorized carrier for calls made after the 30-day absolution period and for which payment has not been made, the unauthorized carrier must remove the charges from the bill and forward the billing information to the authorized carrier.  The authorized carrier will bill the customer for unpaid calls carried by the unauthorized carrier after the 30-day absolution period, either at its own rate or at a rate equal to 50% of the unauthorized carrier’s rate.  If the authorized carrier chooses to bill the calls at the 50% rate, the customer has the right to reject that method and request the authorized rate.

43. What Is Telecom Billing?

Telecommunications billing is the group of processes of communications service providers that are responsible to collect consumption data, calculate charging and billing information, produce bills to customers, process their payments and manage debt collection.

44. What Is The Need Of Cpg Message In Isup Protocol?

Consider any call forwarding scenario…. As soon as switch receives Setup, it checks that the Called Party has forwarded option activated and so tries to forward the call. Meanwhile, Switch sends CPG message towards originator saying that Call is in Progress.

A message, sent in either direction during the setup or active phase of the call (ex.inbetween ACM and ANM), indicating that an event, which is of significance, and should be relayed to the originating or terminating access, has occurred.

45. What Is A Superheterodyne Receiver?

Superheterodyne receiver is one which has same carrier frequency as the transmitter otherwise the original signal recovery will not be possible.

46. A 2mb Pcm (pulse Code Modulation) Has How Many Channels?

30 voice channels, 1 signaling channel, & 1 synchronization channel.