Category: Interview Questions

1. Explain Mobile Marketing?

Mobile Marketing is new channel of marketing that uses smart phones, tablets, or other mobile devices to reach the customers. The medium could be SMS, MMS, videos, email, social media or mobile application.

2. What Are The Advantages Of Mobile Marketing?

Mobile marketing has a lot of advantages which is why the marketers choose this channel of marketing. Some of them are as follows:

1. Less expensive –
   Creating and broadcasting the SMS is easier, simpler and faster than laptop and desktop.
2. Easy Adaptability –
   Simple content makes it easy to adapt to various screen size.
3. Instant Message –
   The message sent will be received by the receiver instantly. If the mobile is on standby mode the receiver will receive the message immediately as he/she puts it on.
4. Viral Effect –
   Mobile messages can have viral effect. If you send a good discount or offer or some good news, people instantly share it.
5. Deeper Penetration –
   With almost everyone possessing a mobile phone these day, getting the message far and wide has become easier.
6. Easy Tracking –
   The data received can be tracked easily and helps the marketer to understand and analyze the buyers or users behavior.
7. High Click Rate –
   As compared to other marketing channels mobile marketing has high click rate for the ads.

3. What Are The Limitations Of Mobile Marketing?

Yes, there are certain things that make mobile marketing less preferred.

Some of them are:

1. Limited Ads –
   While sending a message on phone you cannot send all types of ads. You have to limit your content, images, and videos while sending a message on mobile. This limits the communication.
2. Navigation –
   Using a mobile phone makes it difficult to navigate from one link to another which can be done on Laptop and desktop easily.
3. Privacy –
   Most of the mobile users use their phone for personal messaging and many of them are subscribed to Do Not Disturb service that bars you from sending commercial messages.
4. Different platforms –
   These days, mobile phones are available in different screen sizes making it difficult to create a campaign which can fit on all of them.

4. What Is The Difference Between Mobile Responsive And Mobile Friendly?

When people talk about “mobile,” they may ask you if your website and emails are “mobile friendly” or “mobile responsive.” This is basically a technology question that addresses how different platforms and devices display content. You can also achieve a mobile-friendly email without worrying about the technology behind it. Mobile friendly can be as simple as choosing a single-column template, writing concise subject lines, or creating short, to-the-point content.

5. How Do I Create Simple And Effective Messages For Mobile Devices?

If you want your audience to open and engage with your emails, you need to create messages that are short and easy to read. Don’t use too much text because mobile users don’t want to scroll through a long page of content. Try using a photo or a video to tell the story instead of a long article. Also, avoid small fonts. The optimal size is 22 point for headlines and 16 point body text.

6. How Would You Plan Your Mobile Marketing Strategy For A New Product Launch?

While preparing a mobile marketing strategy you need to bear following things in mind:

1. Know your audience
   – Know how the audience uses their mobile to know your brand. Each one uses their mobile phone for a different purpose.
2. Know your business objective
   – Knowing your business objective is very important. It will help you create an engaging app for your users. Your mobile strategy should fulfill the business objective and have a wider audience.
3. Know the best mobile marketing channel
   – Know which channel of mobile marketing is the best for your audience.

7. What Are The Most Important Things To Know Before You Start Developing Your Mobile App?

 There are two very important things that you need to know before you jump into developing your app. 

• Why are you building this app? – The Purpose.
• Who will be using it? – The User.

Without having these two things right, the chances of failure increase.

8. Explain Push Notification?

As the name suggests, push notification is a message for a user to use the mobile app which he/she is not currently using. It aims to push the user’s attention which can increase the traffic to the mobile app.

9. What Possible Outcomes Can Business Houses Expect From Mobile Marketing?

Mobile marketing should be used as a long-term marketing channel for the company.

The main expected outcomes can be:

1. Retention of existing customers
2. Generating new customers
3. Brand Engagement
4. Provide information about the company
5. Help with product launch
6. Help with future planning

10. Explain Opt In And Opt Out?

Opt-in is a permission given by the mobile app user to be a part of the campaign and opt-out is the decision to be out of the campaign.

11. How Would You Attract Facebook Users Through Mobile Phones?

The number of people using mobile phones to access Facebook is increasing. Promoting yourself on Facebook sends traffic to the website which results in a better ROI. While advertising for mobile phones through Facebook you should use attractive images, mobile-friendly landing pages, and short video to get the attention of the users.

12. How Can Nonprofits Use Mobile For Community Outreach?

Keep the best practices listed above for mobile design and content in mind. Make your messages easy to read and interact with. Provide your audience with valuable information about your mission and updates on what you’re doing. Tell them how they can help with their time or money. If you have a fundraising campaign, make it easy for your readers to donate with a direct link to online giving. Tell them how their donations will impact the people you serve.

13. We Don’t Want To Spend On Advertising. What’s The Best Way To Get Our App Found?

For businesses running on tight marketing budget, app stores are the main channels to get found.

To do this:

1. Build a good ranking for your app in its app store. 
2. Try to optimize the listing for your app by following best practices for app store optimization.

14. Explain Mms?

MMS stands for Multimedia Message Service. Here the sender sends multimedia messages. An MMS has audio, video, and images.

15. Explain Sms Marketing?

SMS stands for ‘Short Message Service’ which is a small text message sent to our phones. This marketing channel is widely used to pass on important information by the government and business houses. The companies also communicate their special offers, new launches etc. to their customer through SMS.

16. Is It Ok To Attract Incentivized Downloads For Your Mobile App?

Many business do offer incentives on downloading their app. However, the problem with this type of customers is that they are usually low value users and many of them stop using the app after availing the benefit. This inflates the download figures usually but doesn’t turn into return.

17. What Are The Different Ways To Make Money From My Mobile App?

You can do various things to monetize your app: 

1. Pay to use
   – Ask users to pay to use your app. However, this would reduce the number of downloads. 
2. Pay to Upgrade
   – Basic app is free but for additional features the user has to pay. 
3. Advertising
   – Run advertisements in your app. 
4. Sell
   – The customers can purchase.

18. What Are Your Top Cost-effective Mobile Marketing Recommendations?

You don’t have to spend money on text-message marketing or building an app. If you’re already using email marketing, you’re already investing in mobile marketing. As noted above, the key is to send mobile-friendly communications to your readers. Next, invest time in the mobile search. Claim your listing on search apps and websites. Finally, enlist your readers to do mobile marketing for you. Encourage them to use their phones at your business or events to take photos, write reviews, and share with their networks.

19. Can You Spot The Future Mobile Marketing Trends?

Every channel of digital media is evolving. Mobile marketing is also growing at a very fast pace.

Some trends that we can expect in the future are:

1. Increasing Mobile Apps –
   Mobile apps are increasing at a very fast pace as most of them want their customers to stay connected with them all the time. Mobile app helps to engage the customers. It also helps to generate traffic and increase sales. You can see a growing trend as more and more businesses opting for their mobile app.
2. Increasing Messaging Apps –
   Messaging apps help us stay connected. Messaging apps such as Whatsapp are more private than Facebook. It is a connection medium and most of the businesses soon will use these apps to stay connected with their customers.
3. Focus on location-based marketing –
   Location-based marketing will focus more on location than on brand. This kind of marketing is more targeted and it adds a more personal touch. It is also timed well. Hence we can expect to see a lot of focus on this kind of marketing. 
4. Increasing mobile video market –
   You can see so many videos on Facebook and Google. You will see an increase in the mobile video market in near future as the audience is attracted to it.
5. Google Accelerated Mobile Pages –
   In order to improve the user experience marketers will use Google Accelerated Mobile pages. This will help the brands to stay ahead of their competitors in the mobile search.
6. Social Media –
   Whatsapp, Snapchat, and Instagram -These are the platforms that are specific to use for mobile only. You can see an increase in these types of platforms in near future.

20. What Are The Qualities Of A Good Content For Mobile Marketing?

While preparing content on the mobile phone you should remember that a mobile is a small compact device with a small screen.

You need to ensure the following things in your message:

• Readable
  – Your content on the phone must be easily readable. It should be clear.
• Catchy headlines
  – Keep your headline short to fit into the small screen. The attention span of readers on mobile is really short so it is very easy to loose them.
• Short Paragraphs
  – It is not possible to read long text paragraphs on phone. Keep your paragraphs short and crisp.

21. What Is Geo-targeting?

Geo-targeting is a way of targeting its customers based on their location.  You can send app messages based on their relevant country, state or street.

1. Name Two Respiratory Diseases That Have Been Associated With Foundry Operations?

1. Silicosis.
2. Pneumoconiosis.

2. Name Two Common Substances Used In The Home That Can Cause Dermatitis?

1. Detergents.
2. Paints.
3. Thinners and solvents.
4. Petrol.
5. Oils.

3. What Is The Chief Danger For A Person Who Is Continually Handling Epoxy Resins?

Dermatitis.

4. What Diseases May Be Caused By Lack Of Care When Using Lubricating Oils & Cutting Oils?

Dermatitis; Cutting oil is a suspected Carcinogen.

5. Why Wear Gloves When Handling Cement?

To prevent Dermatitis.

6. Give Six Causes Of Industrial Diseases Which Are Reportable To The H.s.a.?

1. Lead.
2. Phosphorus.
3. Arsenical.
4. Mercurial.
5. Anthrax.
6. Manganese.
7. Compressed Air.

7. Name The 4 Stages In The Practice Of Occupational Hygiene?

1. Recognition.
2. Measurement.
3. Evaluation.
4. Control

8. What Is Banned From Blasting By Abrasives?

Sand or any substance containing free silica.

9. Give Four Methods Of Controlling The Risk Of Lead Poisoning?

1. By the removal of dust and fume.
2. Control of handling.
3. Control of eating and smoking.
4. The wearing of protective clothing.
5. Good washing accommodation.

10. Name Four Substances In The Home That May Cause Dermatitis?

1. Detergents.
2. Paints.
3. Thinners.
4. Petrol and Oils.
5. Bleaches.

11. Give Two Important Precautions When Using Synthetic Resins?

1. Keep them off the skin.
2. Remove from the skin immediately if splashed.
3. Keep tools perfectly clean to prevent skin contamination.

12. Give Two Ways To Prevent Dermatitis In The Home?

1. Wear gloves.
2. Wash and dry hands.
3. Keep out of contact with suspect substances.

13. Name Two Dusts That Are Most Harmful To Health And Have Been Associated With Fire Protection And Metal Cleaning Respectively?

1. Asbestos.
2. Silica.

14. What Is Thought To Cause The High Incidence Of Nose Cancer In Wood Workers?

Wood dust particles, particularly hardwoods. It is uncertain whether it is the size, shape, or chemical composition.

15. What Is The Most Common Work Related Disease?

Occupational Dermatitis.

16. Give Another Name For Sensitivity Dermatitis?

Allergic Dermatitis.

17. Dermatitis Is A Non-infectious Inflammatory Skin Condition, Caused By Contact With Chemicals Or Physical Agents. Name The Two Categories Of Occupational Dermatitis?

1. Contact Dermatitis.
2. Sensitisation Dermatitis.

18. What Four Actions Could You Take To Prevent Dermatitis?

1. Avoid contact with dangerous materials.
2. Find a substitute material, non-dermatic if possible.
3. Wear protective clothing.
4. Use barrier creams.

19. When Working With Possible Sensitising Materials, Name 5 Ways Of Preventing Infection?

1. Wear protective gloves.
2. Wash and dry the hands carefully.
3. Use an appropriate barrier cream.
4. Avoid unnecessary contact.
5. Change to a less hazardous material if possible.

20. Give Four Precautions To Be Taken If Working In An Oily Occupation?

1. Wash overalls regularly.
2. Do not put oily rags in pockets.
3. Inspect the body regularly.
4. Maintain a high standard of personal hygiene.

1. What Is A Spring?

Spring is set to be a framework which helps Java programmer for development of code and it provides IOC container, Dependency Injector, MVC flow and many other APIs for the java programmer.

2. What Are Advices In Spring?

It is the execution of an aspect. Advice is like making your application learn a new trick. They are usually introduced at joinpoints.

3. What Is The Default Scope Of Bean In Spring Framework?

The default scope of bean is Singleton for Spring framework.

4. Name The Types Of Transaction Management That Are Supported By Spring?

Transaction management supported by Spring are :

• Declarative transaction management.
• Programmatic transaction management.

5. Is Singleton Beans Are Thread Safe In Spring Framework?

No, singleton beans are not thread-safe in Spring framework.

6. What Are The Benefits Of Spring Framework?

Following are the benefits of Spring framework:

• Extensive usage of Components
• Reusability
• Decoupling
• Reduces coding effort by using pattern implementations such as singleton, factory, service locator etc.
• Removal of leaking connections
• Declarative transaction management
• Easy to integrate with third party tools and technologies.

7. What Is Bean Factory?

Bean Factory is core of the spring framework and, it is a Lightweight container which loads bean definitions and manages your beans.  Beans are configured using XML file and manage singleton defined bean. It is also responsible for life cycle methods and injects dependencies. It also removes adhoc singletons and factories.

8. Define Bean Wiring?

Bean wiring is the creation of associations between application components that are between the beans in a particular spring container.

9. What Is Called Spring Mvc?

A Spring MVC is a single shared controller instance and it is used to handle request type controllers, interceptors which run in the IoC container. It also allows multiple Dispatcher Servlets which can share application context interface but not class based interface.

10. Why Spring Framework Is Needed?

Spring framework is needed because it is –

• Very Light Weight Container
• Framework
• IOC
• AOP

11. Name The Various Modules Used In Spring Framework?

• AOP module (Aspect Oriented Programming)
• JDBC abstraction and DAO module
• The Core container module
• MVC framework module
• Application context module
• O/R mapping integration module (Object/Relational)
• Web module

12. Explain The Rowcallbackhandler In Spring?

The RowCallbackHandler is called for each row in ResultSet and is used to read values from the ResultSet.

13. Define Application Context Module?

This is a very important module and supplies various necessary services like EJB integration, remoting, JNDI access and scheduling. It transforms spring into a framework. It also broadens the idea of BeanFactory by application of lifecycle events, providing support for internationalization messages and validation.

14. Write About Aop Module?

AOP module is utilized for creating aspects for Spring applications. It also enables support for metadata programming in Spring.

15. What Is A Beanfactory Interface?

Bean factory interface is used to provide configuration framework for object creation and basic functionality around object management.

16. State The Differences Between Applicationcontext And Beanfactory In Spring?

• ApplicationContext allows more than one config files to exist while BeanFactory only permits one.
• ApplicationContext can print events to beans registered as listeners. This feature is not supported by BeanFactory.
• ApplicationContext also provides support for application of lifecycle events, internationalization messages and validation and also provides services like EJB integration, remoting, JNDI access and scheduling. These features too are not supported by Bean Factory.

17. What Is Auto Wiring?

Autowiring is used to build relationships between the collaborating beans. Spring container can automatically resolve collaborators for beans.

18. What Are The Different Modes Of Autowiring?

Autowiring has five different modes:

• no: no autowire
• byName : Autowiring that can be done by property name
• byType : property type as autowired
• constructor: It is similar to byType and it is property is in constructor
• autodetect :  Spring is allowed to select autowiring from byType or constructor

19. How To Start Using Spring?

Following steps needs to be done to start with the Spring:

• Download Spring and its dependent file from spring’s site.
• Create application context xml to define beans and its dependencies
• Integrate application context xml with web.xml
• Deploy and Run the application

20. What Are The Methods Of Bean Life Cycle?

There are two important methods of Bean life cycle:

• Setup – called when bean is loaded into container
• Teardown – called when bean is unloaded into container

21. What Are The Different Types Of Events Of Listeners?

Following are the different types of events of listeners: 

ContextClosedEvent –
This event is called when the context is closed.

• ContextRefreshedEvent – This event is called when context is initialized or refreshed
• RequestHandledEvent – This event is called when the web context handles request

22. Differentiate Between Singleton And Prototype Bean?

Singleton means only one bean is defined per object instance while Prototype means one definition to more than one object instances in Spring.

23. What Are The Types Of Dependency Injection?

Two types of dependency injection are supported by spring framework:

• Setter Injection
• Constructor Injection

24. Write About Core Container Module?

Core container module is responsible for the basic functionality of the spring framework. The whole Spring framework is built with this module as a base.

25. What Is Aop Module?

This AOP module is used for spring enabled application. Support has been provided AOP alliance to ensure the interoperability between spring and other AOP frameworks.

It instructs spring to add annotations to the source code and tell how to apply aspects.

26. What Is Aop Alliance?

AOP alliance is an open-source project which is aimed at promoting adoption of AOP. The AOP alliance’s goal is to define a common set of components and interfaces so as to improve interoperability among different AOP implementations.

27. What Is Called Spring Configuration File?

Spring configuration file is an XML file and it contains class information. It also describes how these classes are configured and interact with each other.

28. What Are Different Types Of Autowire?

There are four different types of Auto wire:

• byName
• byType
• constructor
• autodetect

29. What Are The Types Of The Transaction Management That Is Supported By Spring?

Following are the types of transaction management that has been supported by spring:

• declarative
• programmatically

30. When Are Declarative And Programmatic Transaction Management Used?

When only a small amount of transactional operations is there, it is advised to use Programmatic transaction management. But if there is a big amount of transactional operations to be taken care of, declarative transaction management is preferred.

31. What Is Ioc?

IOC (Inversion of Control pattern) is also known as dependency injection. IOC directs the programmers to depict how to create objects instead of actually creating them. But in this design pattern, this control has been given to assembler and assembler will instantiate required class if needed.

32. Write About The Different Types Of Listener Related Events?

The different types of events related to listeners are:

• ContextRefreshedEvent – This gets called when the context is refreshed or initialized.
• RequestHandledEvent – This gets called when the web context is handling a request.
• ContextClosedEvent – This gets called when the context gets closed.

33. What Is An Aspect?

Aspect is also called as logging which is required throughout the application. Logging or aspect is a cross cutting functionality in an application using AOP.

34. What Is A Joinpoint?

The point where an aspect can be introduced in the application is known as a joinpoint. This point could be a field being modified, a method being called or even an exception being thrown. At these points, the new aspect’s code can be added to introduce a new behavior to the application.

Aspect code can be inserted at this point into normal flow of application to change the current behavior.

35. What Is Called An Advice?

Advice will tell application on new behavior and it is the implementation of an aspect. It is inserted into an application at the joinpoint.

Advice is the implementation of an aspect. It is something like telling your application of a new behavior. Generally, the advice is inserted into an application at joinpoints.

36. What Is A Pointcut?

Pointcut is used to allow where the advice can be applied.

37. What Is Weaving?

Weaving is used to create new proxy object by applying aspects to target object.

38. What Is Difference Between Singleton And Prototype Bean?

Singleton Bean:
– Single bean definition to a single object instance per Spring IOC container

Prototype Bean:
– Single bean definition to any number of object instances per Spring IOC Container

39. In What Points, Can Weaving Be Applied?

Following are the points where weaving can be applied:

• Compile Time
• Class load Time
• Runtime

40. What Are The Different Types Of Autoproxying?

Following are the different types of AutoProxying:

• BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
• DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
• Metadata autoproxying

41. How Can Beans Be Made Singleton Or Prototype?

The bean tag has an attribute called ‘singleton’. The bean is singleton if its value is ‘TRUE’, otherwise the bean is a prototype.

42. What Classes Are Used To Control The Database Connection?

Following are the classes that are used to control database connection:

• Data Source Utils
• SmartData Source
• AbstractData Source
• SingleConnection DataSource
• DriverManager DataSource
• TransactionAware DataSourceProxy
• DataSource  TransactionManager

43. Describe About Dao In Spring Framework?

DAO is used to provide integration of Java database connectivity and Object relational mapping objects. DAO is spring framework provides connection for JDBC, hibernate, JDO, JPA, Common client interface and Oracle.

44. What Is Autoproxying?

Autoproxying is used to create proxy automatically for the spring users.

It provides following two classes to support this automatic proxy creation:

• BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
• DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator

45. What Is Metadata Autoproxying?

Metadata Autoproxying can be performed inspiring which can be driven by metadata. This is determined by source level attributes and keeps metadata inside the source code.

This maintains metadata in one place and mainly used for declarative transaction support.

46. What Is ‘throws Advice’ In Spring?

‘Throws Advice’ define the behavior when an exception occurs. It is an interface and it has no methods which need to be implemented.

A class that implements this interface should have method with this signature:

• Void samplethrow (Throw table t)
• Void samplethrow(Method m, Object[] o, Object target, Throw tablet)

47. What Are The Various Editors Used In Spring Work?

The various custom editors provided by the Spring Framework are:

• PropertyEditor
• URLEditor
• ClassEditor
• CustomDateEditor
• FileEditor
• LocaleEditor
• StringArrayPropertyEditor
• StringTrimmerEditor

48. What Are The Advantages Of Spring Framework?

Following are the advantages of spring framework:

• Layered Architecture
• Enables Plain Old Java Object (POJO) Programming and it enables continuous integration and testability
• Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control that simplifies JDBC
• Open source framework which can be used for commercial purpose

49. How Is Hibernate Accessed Using The Spring Framework?

Hibernate can be accessed in the following two ways:

• By IOC with a Callback and HibernateTemplate.
• By applying an AOP Interceptor and broadening the HibernateDaoSupport.

50. What Are The Various Channels Supported By Spring 2.0?

Following are the channels supported by spring version 2.0:

• Pollable Channel
• Subscribable Channel
• PublishSubscribe Channel
• Queue Channel
• Priority Channel
• Rendezvous Channel
• Direct Channel
• Executor Channel
• Scoped Channel

51. Why Is Declarative Transaction Management Preferred In Spring?

Declarative transaction management has minimum impact on the application code and, therefore, is an idealistic lightweight container.

52. Explain The Concept Of A Beanfactory?

BeanFactory applies the idea of a factory pattern that utilizes IOC to separate the application’s dependencies and configuration from the actual code.

53. What Are The Different Scopes Of Spring Bean?

Scopes of spring bean are Singleton, prototype, request, session and global session.

54. What Are All The Ways To Access Hibernate By Using Spring?

There are two ways to access hibernate using spring:

• Inversion of Control with a Hibernate Template and Callback
• Extending HibernateDAOSupport and Applying an AOP Interceptor node.

55. What Is Inversion Of Control (ioc)?

Inversion of Control (IOC) is also called as dependency Injection which is nothingbut a design pattern that gives control to the assembler of classes. In general, class will instantiate another class if required.

But in this design pattern, this control has been to given to assembler and assembler will instantiate required class if needed.

56. Write The Benefits Of Using Ioc?

The major benefits of dependency injection or IOC are that it reduces the amount of coding required for the application. This allows the testing of the application to be done quickly and easily as no JNDI lookup mechanism or singletons are required. IOC containers also support lazy loading and eager installation of services.

57. What Is Inner Bean? What Is The Drawback Of Inner Bean?

If a bean element is directly embedded in a property tag while wiring beans, then the bean is called Inner Bean. Its drawback is that it cannot be reprocessed.

58. What Are The Different Types Of Injection In Spring?

There are three types of Injection in spring:

• Setter Injection
• Constructor Injection
• Getter or Method Injection

59. What Are The Types Of Advice?

There are five types of Advice:

• Before Advice
• After returning advice
• After throwing advice
• Finally advice
• Around advice

60. What Is Called Preparedstatementcreator?

PreparedStatementCreator is one of the most commonly used interfaces for writing data to the database. createPreparedStatement() is a method that can be used to create and return PreparedStatement from the Connection argument, and exception handling is automatically taken care of. When this interface is implemented, a different interface SqlProvider can also be implemented which has a method called getSql(). This method is useful for providing sql strings to the JdbcTemplate. It does not handle SQLExceptions.

61. What Is Sqlprovider?

SQLProvider has only one method called getSql()and it is implemented using PreparedStatementCreator implementers. It is mainly used for debugging.

62. Write About Batchpreparedstatementsetter?

BatchPreparedStatementSetter is used to update more than a single row in one go, they can use BatchPreparedStatementSetter. This interface provides two methods they are

• setValues( PreparedStatement ps, int i) throws SOL exception
• int getBatchSize

63. What Is The Better Method Of Using Jdbc In Spring?

If JDBC is used with the template class called JdbcTemplate, it gives a better performance.

64. Explain The Advantages Of Using Dao Module?

The database code can be kept clean and simple by using the DAO module. This helps in preventing problems that rise because of poor handling of closures of database resources. Also, the DAO module utilizes the AOP module to enable objects in the Spring application to use transaction management services.

65. Name The Significant Applicationcontext Implementations Used In The Spring Framework?

They are:

• ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
• FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
• XmlWebApplicationContext

66. What Are Orm Integration Modules?

Object/relational mapping (ORM) tool is supported by Spring over straight JDBC by implementing the ORM module. Spring can join various important ORM frameworks, including JDO, iBATIS SQL Maps and Hibernate.

67. Mention And Explain The Types Of Advice In Spring?

Types of advice are:

• Before advice: Advice that is executed prior to a joinpoint is called the ‘before advice’.
• After returning advice: Advice that is executed after the normal completion of a joinpoint is called the ‘after returning advice’.
• After throwing advice: Advice that is executed only if a method exits abnormally by throwing an exception, is called the ‘after throwing advice’.
• After (finally) advice: Advice that is executed irrespective of how a joinpoint exits is called ‘after finally advice’.
• Around advice: Advice that borders a joinpoint, for example, a method invocation, is called an ‘around advice’. This can be used to perform special activities before and after the invocation of method.

68. What Is The Web Module?

The web module enables the creation of a web application without XML. The web.xml file needs to be configured for using the web module.

69. What Is Dataaccessexception?

DataAccessException is a RuntimeException. It is an Unchecked Exception. The user cannot be forced to handle these kinds of exceptions.

70. What Is Xmlbeanfactory?

Spring includes several applications of Bean factory. Out of these, org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanFactory is a very important one. It loads the beans on the basis of the definitions stored in an XML file. For the creation of an XmlBeanFactory, a java.io.InputStream is passed to the constructor. The InputStream provides the XML to the factory. For example, for retrieval of the bean, the getBean() method is called by passing the name of the desired bean.

71. Name The Exception Class Which Is Connected To The Exceptions Thrown By The Applications?

It is the DataAccessException given by org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException

72. Mention The Types Of Loc (dependency Injection)?

The different types of loC are: –

• Setter Injection: With the help of JavaBeans properties.
• Constructor Injection: Dependencies are given in the form of constructor parameters.
• Interface Injection: With the help of an interface, an Injection is performed.

Out of these three, only construction and setter are being used in Spring.

73. What Are The Important Beans Lifecycle Methods?

All in all, two bean lifecycle methods are there. The first method is the setup method which is called during the loading of the bean into the container. The second is when the bean is unloaded from the container, and this method is called the teardown.

74. What Is A Target?

A target is the class that is advised. This class can either be a class to which we want to add a special behavior to or a third party class. The target class is free to center on its major concern using the AOP concepts, regardless of any advice that is being applied.

75. Explain The Term Proxy?

The term proxy refers to an object which is produced the application of an advice to the target object.

76. What Is Cross Cutting Concern And Concern In Spring Aop?

Cross cutting concern:
 It is a concern which is applicable throughout the application and it affects the entire application. E.g Security, logging and data transfer are the concerns which are needed in almost every module of an application.

Concern:
Concern is a behavior that we want to have in a module of an application. Issues in which we are interested defines our concern.

1. What Is Rtgs System?

The acronym “RTGS” stands for Real Time Gross Settlement. RTGS system is a funds transfer mechanism where transfer of money takes place from one bank to another on a “real time” and on “gross” basis. This is the fastest possible money transfer system through the banking channel.

Settlement in “real time” means payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. “Gross settlement” means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching with any other transaction. Considering that money transfer takes place in the books of the Reserve Bank of India, the payment is taken as final and irrevocable.

2. How Rtgs Is Different From Electronic Fund Transfer System (eft) Or National Electronics Funds Transfer System (neft)?

EFT and NEFT are electronic fund transfer modes that operate on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis which settles transactions in batches. In DNS, the settlement takes place at a particular point of time. All transactions are held up till that time. For example, NEFT settlement takes place 6 times a day during the week days (9.30 am, 10.30 am, 12.00 noon. 1.00 pm, 3.00 pm and 4.00 pm) and 3 times during Saturdays (9.30 am, 10.30 am and 12.00 noon).

Any transaction initiated after a designated settlement time would have to wait till the next designated settlement time. Contrary to this, in RTGS, transactions are processed continuously throughout the RTGS business hours.

3. Is There Any Minimum / Maximum Amount Stipulation For Rtgs Transactions?

The RTGS system is primarily for large value transactions. The minimum amount to be remitted through RTGS is Rs.1 lakh. There is no upper ceiling for RTGS transactions. No minimum or maximum stipulation has been fixed for EFT and NEFT transactions.

4. What Is The Time Taken For Effecting Funds Transfer From One Account To Another Under Rtgs?

Under normal circumstances the beneficiary branches are expected to receive the funds in real time as soon as funds are transferred by the remitting bank. The beneficiary bank has to credit the beneficiary’s account within two hours of receiving the funds transfer message.

5. Would The Remitting Customer Receive An Acknowledgement Of Money Credited To The Beneficiary’s Account?

The remitting bank receives a message from the Reserve Bank that money has been credited to the receiving bank. Based on this the remitting bank can advise the remitting customer that money has been delivered to the receiving bank.

6. Would The Remitting Customer Get Back The Money If It Is Not Credited To The Beneficiary’s Account? When?

Yes. It is expected that the receiving bank will credit the account of the beneficiary instantly. If the money cannot be credited for any reason, the receiving bank would have to return the money to the remitting bank within 2 hours. Once the money is received back by the remitting bank, the original debit entry in the customer’s account is reversed.

7. Till What Time Rtg S Service Window Is Available?

The RTGS service window for customer’s transactions is available from 9.00 hours to 15.00 hours on week days and from 9.00 hours to 12.00 noon on Saturdays i.e. to accept the customer transactions for settlement at the RBI during 9.00 hours to 15.00 hours on week days and between 9.00 hours and 12.00 noon on Saturday.

However, the timings between these hours would vary depending on the customer timings the branches have. For inter-bank transactions, the service window is available from 9.00 hours to 17.00 hours on week days and from 9.00 hours to 14.00 hours on Saturdays.

8. What About Processing Charges/service Charges For Rtgs Transactions?

While RBI has waived its processing charges for all electronic payment products till March 31, 2008, levy of service charges by banks is left to the discretion of the respective banks. The bank-wise details of charges levied are available on the RBI website – www (dot) RBI (dot) org (dot) in.

9. What Is The Essential Information That The Remitting Customer Would Have To Furnish To A Bank For The Remittance To Be Effected?

The remitting customer has to furnish the following information to a bank for effecting a RTGS remittance:

1. Amount to be remitted
2. His account number which is to be debited
3. Name of the beneficiary bank
4. Name of the beneficiary customer
5. Account number of the beneficiary customer
6. Sender to receiver information, if any
7. The IFSC code of the receiving branch

10. How Would One Know The Ifsc Code Of The Receiving Branch?

The beneficiary customer can obtain the IFSC code from his branch. The IFSC code is also available in the cheque leaf. This code number and bank branch details can be communicated by the beneficiary to the remitting customer.

11. Do All Bank Branches In India Provide Rtgs Service?

No, all the bank branches in India are not RTGS enabled. As on January 31, 2007 more than 26,000 bank branches are RTGS enabled.

12. Is There Any Way That A Remitting Customer Can Track The Remittance Transaction?

It would depend on the arrangement between the remitting customer and the remitting bank. Some banks with internet banking facility provide this service. Once the funds are credited to the account of the beneficiary bank, the remitting customer gets a confirmation from his bank either by an e-mail or by a short message on the mobile.

13. How Much Volume And Value Of Transactions Are Routed Through Rtgs On A Typical Day?

On a typical day, RTGS handles about 14000 transactions a day for an approximate value of Rs.1, 50,000 crore.

14. How Can A Remitting Customer Know Whether The Bank Branch Of The Beneficiary Accepts Remittance Through Rtgs?

For a funds transfer to go through RTGS, both the sending bank branch and the receiving bank branch would have to be RTGS enabled. The lists are readily available at all RTGS enabled branches. Considering that more than 26,000 branches at more than 3,000 cities/ towns and taluka places are covered under the RTGS system, getting this information would not be difficult.

15. What Is Rtgs?

RTGS stands for real time gross settlement, which means that it enables money to move from one bank to another on a real time and gross basis. Simply put, real time means the beneficiary bank receives the instructions for fund transfer immediately and gross means that it is not bunched with any other transaction and settlements of funds transfer instructions happen individually. Since the funds settlement takes place in the books of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), keep in mind that the payments are final and irrevocable.

16. What Is Neft?

Neft stands for National Electronic Funds Transfer and is a payment system which facilitates one-to-one funds transfer. Like RTGS, Neft also transfers funds from one bank, but unlike RTGS the settlement takes place in batches (that may include transfers from various individuals) rather than individually. The batches are settled in hourly time slots.

17. How Is Rtgs Different From Neft?

Timing:
As mentioned above, Neft operates in hourly batches. Currently, it has 11 settlements from 9am to 7pm on weekdays and five settlements from 9am to 1pm on Saturdays. So, in case you initiate a transaction after a settlement time you have no option but to wait till the next settlement time. But that’s not the case with RTGS transactions, since they are processed constantly throughout the RTGS business hours. The service window for RTGS at banks is available from 9am to 4.30pm on week days and from 9am to 1.30pm on Saturdays for settlement at the RBI end. Keep in mind that the timings that each bank follows may vary.

Amount:
As far as Neft goes, it does not have a minimum or maximum limit of amount you can transfer. But the maximum amount per transaction is limited to Rs 50,000 for cash-based remittance and remittance to Nepal.

As far as RTGS goes, it is mostly meant for large transactions. The minimum amount that can be remitted through it is Rs 2 lakh. RTGS does not have an upper ceiling for transactions. 

Charges:
For Neft, inward transactions (when you receive funds via Neft) are free, as no charges are to be levied from the person to who fund are being transferred to. When you use Neft to make an outward transaction (when you send funds via Neft) at a bank branch for amounts up to Rs 1 lakh, the charge is up to Rs 5 plus service tax. For transactions above Rs 1 lakh and up to Rs2 lakh, the charge is up to Rs 15 plus service tax. For transactions above Rs 2 lakh, the charges can’t exceed Rs 25 plus service tax.

For RTGS, inward transactions (when you receive funds through RTGS) are free. For outward transactions (when you send funds via RTGS), if the amount is between Rs 2 lakh and Rs 5 lakh, the charges will be up to Rs 30 per transaction. If the amount transferred is above Rs 5 lakh, the charges can’t exceed Rs 55 per transaction.

18. What Is Golden Slam?

A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam. Serena Williams is the only player to have achieved a career golden slam in both singles and doubles.

19. What Is The ‘quick Ratio’?

The quick ratio is an indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. For this reason, the ratio excludes inventories from current assets, and is calculated as follows:

Quick ratio = (current assets – inventories) / current liabilities, or

= (cash and equivalents + marketable securities + accounts receivable) / current liabilities

The quick ratio measures the dollar amount of liquid assets available for each dollar of current liabilities. Thus, a quick ratio of 1.5 means that a company has $1.50 of liquid assets available to cover each $1 of current liabilities. The higher the quick ratio, the better the company’s liquidity position. Also known as the “acid-test ratio” or “quick assets ratio.”

20. Difference Between Nationalized Banks & Private Bank?

A public sector bank is a bank in which the government holds a major portion of the shares.

Government holdings are more than 50% in public sector banks. 

Private Sector Banks:

• Private sector banks are owned by private lenders.
• The private banks are managed and controlled by private promoters.

21. What Is Kyc?

KYC Stands for “Know Your Customer”. The objective of KYC is to enable banks to know and understand their customers better and help them manage their risks prudently. The process of KYC entails identifying the customer and verifying the identity by using reliable and independent documents or information.

Commercial bank’s balance sheet has two main sides i.e. the liabilities and the assets. From the study of the balance sheet of a bank we come to know about a system which a bank has followed for raising funds and allocation of these funds in different asset categories.

22. What Is Financial Inclusion?

Rangarajan committee (2008)1 defined financial inclusion as, “the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost.”

Role of banks in Financial Inclusion programme:–

Given the evidence that financial access varies widely around the world, and that expanding access remains an important challenge even in advanced economies, it is clear that there is much for policy to do. The need for coordination on collective action, and concentrations of poor people, mean that banks in India everywhere have an extensive role in supporting, regulating, and sometimes directly intervening in the provision of financial services.

The role of commercial banks to be performed as part of financial inclusion programme:

Financial literacy
– Providing financial literacy is the core function of financial inclusion, as the main reason for exclusion is the lack knowledge about formal financial system. Financial literacy refers to knowledge required for managing personal finance. The ultimate goal is empowerment of people to take action by them that are in their self interest.

Credit counseling
– There are two types of credit counseling, one is preventive counseling and the other is curative credit counseling.

Preventive counseling will include bringing awareness regarding cost of credit, availability of backward and forward linkages, etc., need to avail of credit on the basis of customer’s repaying capacity.

In case of curative counseling the credit counseling centre will work out individual debt management plans for resolving the unmanageable debt portfolio of the clients by working out effective debt restructuring plan in consultation with branch of the bank, taking into account income level and size of the loans.

BC/BF model
– With an effort to focus commercial banks, to reach rural household and farm household, banks were permitted to use infrastructure of civil society organizations, rural kiosks, and adopt Business Facilitator (BF) and Business Correspondent (BC) models for providing financial services.

KYC norms
– In order to ensure that persons belonging to the low income group both rural and urban areas do not encounter difficulties in opening bank accounts, the Know Your Customer procedure (KYC) for opening bank account was simplified asking banks to seek only a photograph of the account holder and self certification of addresses (the amount of outstanding balance in these accounts would be limited to 50000 rupees and total transactions would be limited to one lakh rupees in one year

KCC/GCC
– Banks were asked to introduce a general credit card (GCC) scheme for issuing GCC to their constituents in rural and semi-urban areas based on the assessment of income and cash flow of the household similar to that prevailing under normal credit card without insisting on security and the purpose or end use of credit (as Point Of Sale-POS and ATM facilities) with similar products are not feasible or available and limited infra structure in rural areas. The limit under GCC is up to 25000 rupees. Banks were advised to utilize the services of Schools, healths, etc.

No-frill accounts financial literacy
– In November 2005 RBI advised banks to make available a basic banking “No-frill Account” with low or nil minimum balances as well as charges to expand the outreach of such accounts to vast sections of the population.

Branch expansion.

Mobile banking
– Mobile banking is a term used for performing accounting transactions, balance checks, payments via mobile device such as mobile phone. mobile banking enables: 

• Users to perform banking transaction using mobile phone like balance checks, fund transfers, bill payment etc. 
• Purchase goods over internet or phone delivery 
• Person to person fund transfers 
• To pay goods at merchant location point of sale.

23. What Is Plastic Money?

Plastic money is a term that is used predominantly in reference to the hard plastic cards we use every day in place of actual bank notes. They can come in many different forms such as cash cards, credit cards, debit cards, pre-paid cash cards etc.

24. What Is Mclr?

The Reserve Bank of India has brought a new methodology of setting lending rate by commercial banks under the name Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR). It has modified the existing base rate system from April 2016 onwards.

As per the new guidelines by the RBI, banks have to prepare Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR) which will be the internal benchmark lending rates. Banks have to set five benchmark rates for different tenure or time periods ranging from overnight (one day) rates to one year.

25. Why The Mclr Reform?

At present, the banks are slightly slow to change their interest rate in accordance with repo rate change by the RBI. Commercial banks are significantly depending upon the RBIs LAF repo to get short term funds. But they are reluctant to change their individual lending rates and deposit rates with periodic changes in repo rate.

Whenever the RBI is changing the repo rate, it was verbally compelling banks to make changes in their lending rate. The purpose of changing the repo is realized only if the banks are changing their individual lending and deposit rates.

26. How To Calculate Mclr?

In economics sense, marginal means the additional or changed situation. While calculating the lending rate, banks have to consider the changed cost conditions or the marginal cost conditions. For banks the cost for obtaining funds is basically the interest rate given to the RBI for getting short term funds.

Following are the main components of MCLR:

1. Marginal cost of funds;
2. Negative carry on account of CRR;
3. Operating costs;
4. Tenor premium

• Negative carry on account of CRR:
   Is the cost that the banks have to incur while keeping reserves with the RBI. The RBI is not giving an interest for CRR held by the banks. The cost of such funds kept idle can be charged from loans given to the people.
• Operating cost:
  is the operating expenses incurred by the banks Tenor premium: denotes that higher interest can be charged from long term loans.
• Marginal Cost:
  The marginal cost that is the novel element of the MCLR. The marginal cost of funds will comprise of Marginal cost of borrowings and return on net worth. According to the RBI, the Marginal Cost should be charged on the basis of following factors: 
• Interest rate given for various types of deposits
  – savings, current, term deposit, foreign currency deposit.
• Borrowings
  – Short term interest rate or the Repo rate etc., Long term rupee borrowing rate.
• Return on net worth
  – in accordance with capital adequacy norms.

27. What Is S4a?

“S4A” new scheme has been introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for resolution of stressed assets and bad loans of large projects.

The S4A will cover those projects which have started commercial operations and have outstanding loan of over Rs.500 crore. The purpose of the S4A is to strengthen the lenders’ ability to deal with stressed assets and put real assets back on track by providing an avenue for reworking the financial structure of entities facing genuine difficulties. The scheme is an optional framework for resolution of large stressed account.

28. What Is Mission Indradhanush?

Finance Minister in its attempt to revamp functioning of public sector banks has launched a seven prolonged plan known as – Indradhanush. The seven elements include appointments, board of bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, and empowerment, framework of accountability and governance reforms.

1. When Do I Start Vaccinating My Pet And Which Vaccines Are Needed?

Most vaccines are given as a series up to a certain age then continued as boosters either annually or in the case of rabies vaccines for dogs and cats (in Oregon), every 3 years. The following information outlines general guidelines in the 3 species of pets that are commonly vaccinated.

Dogs :

DHLPP – (Distemper, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza, Parvo virus) – This vaccine containing 5 components is begun during adolescence and is given at monthly intervals 2 or 3 times depending on the dog.

2. How Old Do Puppies And Kittens Have To Be Before Taking Them Away From Their Mom?

Weaning usually occurs at 5 to 6 weeks of age.

3. Is There A Cheap Place To Take My Pet (for Health Care)?

Though prices can vary from one clinic to another, all veterinary facilities in our area are private businesses that must support their existence and pay their staff by charging fees for services. That is to say, no tax dollars go to government funded programs to support health care of companion animals. Pets do indeed constitute a financial commitment that is best considered before adoption.

4. How Do I Know When My Pet Has A Problem Serious Enough To Justify Bringing Him To See The Doctor?

The problem here of course is that there is a language barrier between humans and animals. You would like to just ask him how badly he feels and how long he has felt that way. People have a hard enough time deciding when they should see their own doctor. A general rule is that if you spot a problem that you know would cause you to seek medical attention if it were you instead of your pet, then your pet needs to be seen. More subtle problems that persist for more than a day or so at least warrant.

5. Will My Pet Miss Her Baby?

Mother dogs and cats do seem to “miss” their offspring. They seem to search for them and may eat poorly for a few days. You can help them through this period by spending more time with them, doing various “jolly routines” as they adjust to life without their offspring.

6. When Can I Walk My Puppy In The Park?

Some dogs do not become adequately immunized against certain preventable diseases (Parvo most notably) until 18 to 20 weeks of age. Therefore avoidance of locations where many dogs of unknown background congregate or have been seems to make sense. However puppies do need to to be socialized by being exposed to many sites, sounds, and experiences so we recommend taking them to less “canine intensive” sites and exposing them to known healthy, vaccinated dogs belonging to friends.

7. How Can I Tell If My Pet Is In Heat And How Long Will It Last?

Dogs :
The first heat cycle in dogs usually occurs around 7 to 8 months of age and is signaled by swelling of the vulva and a bloody vaginal discharge (though the discharge can be quite variable from breed to breed). The entire cycle is about 3 weeks from start to finish. Most dogs repeat their cycle about every 6 months.

Cats :
The first heat cycle in cats usually occurs around 6 to 7 months of age. The cat may often be seen rolling on the floor or ground.

8. Is There Any Medication I Can Give To Make My Pet Feel Better Without Bringing Him In For An Examination?

We cannot prescribe or dispense medication without a diagnosis.

9. How Much Should I Feed My Pet?

All reputable pet food manufacturers include a feeding guide with their foods. One must remember that these guidelines provide a starting point only and that you will know within a relatively short period of time( 1 to 2 weeks ) if your animal is being over or under fed simply by observing his body. He should of course not appear gaunt but his ribs should be easily felt with your fingers. Unfortunately, far too many of the animals we see are overweight which predisposes them to a number of healt.

10. Should I Spay Or Neuter My Pet?

We answer this question with a definite “yes”. Thousands of companion animals are put to death in this small city every year due to over population. In addition to that benefit, certain medical conditions are prevented by spaying and neutering.

11. How Big Will My Dog Get?

We can usually come fairly close by looking at the general body structure at a given age and comparing that size to a known breed of similar body structure. As one might expect, a bit of experience is required.

12. What Is Veterinary Science?

Veterinary Science is the science of diagnosing, treating and curing the diverse types of diseases in birds and animals. The subject broadly covers the study of animal physiology, treatment and prevention of diseases among animals. The basic principles of this specialized branch of study are quite similar to that of human medical sciences. But the job profile of a veterinary doctor or a vet is much more than that of a general physician or a surgeon.

13. If I Spay Or Neuter My Pet Will His Or Her Behavior Change?

The short answer to this question is yes.Sterilization surgery affects sexual behavior and inter dog aggressive behavior primarily. His or her ability to be a companion to a person will not change.

14. How Old Should My Pet Be Before Spaying Or Neutering Is Performed?

In most cases between 4 and 6 months of age.

15. How Do I Know When My Animal Is In Pain?

Crying out or vocalizing repetitively when touched or picked up may be an obvious sign of pain although, a very frightened animal might react similarly. More subtle signs may include restlessness, panting when not hot ( in the case of dogs ), trembling, refusal to eat or reluctance to do a common activity. All of these signs must be viewed in the context of any given situation to be identified as induced by pain since anxiety can produce very similar signs.

16. Why Did You Decide To Become A Veterinary Nurse?

What they’re trying to find out with this question is whether you’re an animal person. There are a lot of unpleasant tasks associated with being a veterinary nurse, and your love for animals has to overcome that. You can’t just choose veterinary nursing because you couldn’t think of anything else to do; you have to have a passion for it.

17. What Do Think A Typical Day On The Job Would Be Like?

Your prospective employer wants to make sure you have a realistic expectation of what the job is like. It isn’t just sitting around cuddling puppies and kittens all day. It’s also holding down whimpering puppies for shots and empathizing with pet owners who are trying to determine the best course of action for their sick or elderly dog. You have to realize that there is good mixed in with the bad.

18. How Would You Handle A Dog That Tried To Bite You?

This question is designed to find out a couple of things:

How you would handle a stressful situation, and whether you can balance responsibility with diplomacy. Your answer needs to involve standard safety procedures – like using a muzzle – while respecting the animal’s right to treatment as well as the owner’s pride. One good answer could be, “I would just say something like, “I’m sure he’s a sweetheart at home, but being here is obviously really stressful for him. Let’s take some precautions that will make sure we can do what we need to do to take care of him.” It would also be a good idea to reference learning that particular clinic’s policies.

19. What Would You Do If An Owner Rushed In With A Dog That Was Obviously Seriously Injured?

The purpose of this question is to, again, get a feel for your technical competence as we as your ability to stay calm in stressful situations. As with other situations, you want to make reference to understanding and following clinic policies. But you also need to demonstrate that you know the steps you need to take to stabilize the animal before the vet gets there.

20. What Would You Do If You Couldn’t Save The Animal?

Your prospective employer is probably trying to find out if you can deliver devastating news in a way that’s empathetic while not sugar-coating the facts. They also want to make sure that you realize the loss isn’t yours. Even if you’re upset, you can’t compare your feelings to those of the family. They’re looking for someone who can be compassionate without breaking down.

21. How Would You Advise A Family Considering Euthanasia?

Your interviewer is probably trying to learn more about your ability to communicate both the facts and any other factors the pet owner should consider – without conveying your personal opinion. They want to know that you can objectively discuss things like whether the animal is in pain and what will happen if you do nothing.

1. What Is Voip?

VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol or Voice Over IP. VoIP technology makes it possible to convert analog voice signal into digital data and transmits it over the Internet. (There are more likely possible pronunciations, as well as vo-ipp, have been used, but generally, the single syllable – VoIP, as in voice – may be the most common within the industry.)

2. Why Voip Is Better Than Traditional Phone Services?

• Due to its cost efficiency, VoIP is more and more popular largely over traditional telephone networks. VoIP cuts companies’ monthly phone bill by approximately fifty percent. In addition to its cost Efficiency, VoIP technology ensures many advanced features, like conference calling, IVR, call forwarding, automatic redial, call recording, etc. without extra fees.
• VoIP offers cheaper international long distance rates that are generally one-tenth of what is charged by traditional phone companies.
• Due to its portability VoIP is a really good option to avoid expensive hotel phone and cell phone roaming charges. Only a high speed broadband connection (and a plugged adapter) is needed and anyone can reach you at your local number – independently of your location. Most of the times in network calls to other VoIP service subscribers are free even if the calling parties are located in Different parts of the world.
• By using Internet connection for both data traffic and voice calls, it is possible to get rid of one Monthly payment that is usually charged by most Internet service providers. In addition, the Internet based Voice and data transmission enables to avoid wireless roaming fees and long distance rates.

3. What Are The Advantages Of Voip?

In addition to its cost efficiency, the feature-rich services and the metaphorical disappearance of geographical boundaries as that were mentioned above; VoIP has many other benefits as follows:

• VoIP technology enables to detect and process touch tones and DTMF responses.
• VoIP systems can be automated easily
• VoIP systems allow using more than one codec
• VoIP provides rich media service as more file formats can be used with these systems
• VoIP ensures a much more flexible system than hardware based solutions
• Most VoIP service providers provide a user control interface, typically a web GUI, to their customers so that they can change features, options, and services dynamically.
• VoIP protocols run on the application layer and are able to integrate or collaborate with other applications such as email, web browser, instant messenger, social-networking applications, etc.

4. How Does Voip Work?

VoIP is usually based on the SIP system that is the recognized standard. Any SIP compatible device can talk to any other. Any SIP telephone can call another over the Internet – any additional equipment is not needed for this. You only need to plug your SIP phone into the Internet connection, configure it then dial the other person. You can also connect traditional analog phones to your VoIP network – in this case and ATA device is needed.

In VoIP systems, your analog voice is converted into packets of data (as little files), and then transmitted to the recipient through the Internet and decoded back into your voice at the other end. To make it quicker, these packets are compressed before transmission, a bit like zipping a file (it will be decompressed of course at the other party).

The advantages of converting analog signals into digital data can be summarized as follows: Digital format can be better controlled as it can be compressed, routed, converted, etc. In addition, digital signals are more noise tolerant than analog signals. Quality of Service (QoS) ensures real-time errorless data streaming that allows interactive data voice exchange as well.

5. What Is The Actual Cost Of Voip Telephony?

If you only want to use VoIP to communicate with other users in your VoIP network, you can do that free of charge. If however you want to be able to use VoIP to make and receive calls to/from people who are out of your VoIP network or do not have VoIP, you will need to subscribe to a VoIP service provider plan, and a gateway service may be also needed that provides a bridge between VoIP and the conventional phone networks.

6. Is It Possible To Replace The Current Traditional Corporate Pbx With A Voip One?

Definitely yes. VoIP is a very cost-effective option for those companies who want to upgrade their old PBX systems and VoIP ensures new features that traditional PBX systems simply do not. To change to a VoIP system, companies can buy an IP PBX, but it is also possible to add some VoIP functionalities into an existing phone system.

7. What Kind Of Equipment Do I Need For Creating A Voip System?

Getting started with VoIP is fairly simple. Assuming that you already have the 2 most important ingredients (a Windows PC or Mac computer and a broadband Internet connection), all you need to get started is the following:

• Some telephone or messaging software
• A microphone
• Headphones or speakers

You can use a headset of course rather than a microphone and speaker to leave your hands free.

In order to choose which software to use, it is worth to consider the followings. Using voice chat in Talk or Yahoo Messenger could be regarded as VoIP, so could the highly publicized Skype; but these are all proprietary systems. You can download them free of charge, but to talk to someone using Talk, the person at the other end also needs G-Talk. The same applies to Yahoo and, to a great extent, to Skype. They use their own special system that is not open and will not connect to other systems easily. So – especially for corporate using – it is rather recommended to use such a soft phone as Counterpart X-Lite with a SIP enabled IP PBX or access to an Internet Service Provider.

8. Which Protocols Describe Voip Connections?

VoIP has been implemented in various ways using both proprietary protocols and protocols based on open standards. You can see the VoIP protocols below:

• H.323
• Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)
• Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
• H.248 (also known as Media Gateway Control (Mega co))
• Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
• Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)
• Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)
• Session Description Protocol (SDP)
• Inter-Asterisk exchange (IAX)
• Jingle XMPP VoIP extensions
• Skype protocol
• Team speak

The most commonly used one is SIP. Session Initiation Protocol is IETF signaling protocol used for VOIP and other text and multimedia communication sessions such as voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP).

SIP can be used for creating, modifying and terminating two-party (unicast) or multiparty (multicast) sessions. These sessions include Internet telephone calls, multimedia distribution, multimedia conferences, instant messaging, file transfer and online games.

9. How To Get Started On Voip Programming?

The best way for creating any VoIP application is using a VoIP development kit. These SDKs are intended to provide a background support for your VoIP project by offering prewritten VoIP components. It is quite effective and comfortable to use these prewritten components, as you can save time and money as well. (During the soft phone development that will be described below, Osaka VoIP SIP SDK has been used for this purpose, that supports all the .NET programming languages, so C# as well.)

For using these toolkits, you have to add your preferred SDK as reference in you IDE. After you have added it, you can reach all VoIP components that are needed to be able to define the behaviour of such VoIP applications as soft phones, call recorders, IVR menu systems, software-based IP phone systems (PBX), etc.

10. How To Make Voip Calls?

In order to be able to make voice calls by using your own software application you need to connect your system to the telephone network.

This can be done in three ways:

1. Option 1: Use a VoIP telephone adapter: 
   A VoIP telephone adapter is a hardware device that can be connected to your Ethernet LAN or to your PC. There are VoIP telephone adapters for GSM lines, for standard analog telephone lines and for ISDN lines. When you connect this hardware to your Ethernet LAN, it will receive an IP address. You need to configure this IP address in your VOIP SDK.
2. Option #2: Use a SIP Account provided by VoIP telephone service provider: 
   There are many VoIP telephone service providers worldwide that offer phone service over the Internet. You need to subscribe to their service, and you will receive a SIP account (including an IP address, a username and a password). You need to configure the SIP account details in your VoIP SDK.
3. Option #3: Use your existing office PBX if it is a VoIP system: 
   If you already have an IP telephone system, you need to connect your VoIP SDK to that over the LAN. The SDK can log in to the phone system by using a SIP account and it can make telephone calls just like any other office desktop phone would.