Category: Interview Questions

1. 1. What Is Erp?

   ERP is an acronym that stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP is package software solution that addresses the enterprise needs of an organization by tightly integrating the various functions of an organization using a process view of the organization.

   It is a package software and not a custom made software for a specific firm. It understands the needs of any organization within a specific industry segment. Many of the processes implemented in an ERP software are core processes such as order processing, order fulfillment, shipping, invoicing, BOM processing, purchase order processing, preparation of Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss statement etc., that are common to all industry segments.

   That is the reason why the package software solution works so well. The firm specific needs are met through a process of customization. ERP addresses not merely the needs of a single function such as finance, marketing, production or HR. Rather it addresses the entire needs of an enterprise that cuts across these functions to meaningfully execute any of the core processes. ERP integrates the functional modules tightly. It is not merely the import and export of data across the functional modules.

   The integration ensures that the logic of a process that cuts across the function is captured genuinely. This in turn implies that data once entered in any of the functional modules (whichever of the module owns the data) is made available to every other module that needs this data. This leads to significant improvements by way of improved consistency and integrity of data. ERP users the process view of the organization in the place of function view which dominated the enterprise software before the advent of ERP.

   The process view provides a much better insight into the organizational systems and procedures and also breaks the “kingdoms” that work at cross-purposes in many organizations. To implement such a demanding software one needs high performance computing, high availability systems, large, high speed high availability on line storage and high speed, high reliable net works, all at affordable cost. Though many ERP software vendors have been around for more than two decades, ERP software started to make major inroads into the corporate world only in the last couple of years. Interestingly Indian corporate houses are taking the ERP route exceptionally fast, even by world standards in the past two years.

   The investments on a complete ERP implementation for a Rs. 100+ core corporation would easily run into Rs 10+ crores. ERP is the only software whose deployment decisions are made in the corporate boardrooms and not by EDP / MIS departments. ERP software today represents possibly the single most expensive piece of general-purpose software.

2. 2. Why Erp?

   Corporations go for ERP either to solve the existing problems or to explore new opportunities. I call these two approaches as negative & positive approach respectively. One aspect of the negative approach forces some corporations to go for ERP to solve their Y2K problem.

   This is particularly true of those corporations that are heavily dependent on legacy systems running on old main frames. The second aspect of the negative approach is to get over the problems of islands of heterogeneous and incompatible information systems that were developed over the past several years in many organizations.

   Functional IS modules representing areas such as Finance, Marketing, HR, and Production in these organizations would be running on diverse hardware and software platforms leading to nearly insurmountable problems of reconciling data locked up among the diverse systems. From a positive perspective many organization look at the great opportunity provided by ERP software that lead to almost instant access of transactional information across the corporation.

   Such an information rich scenario permits organization to reduce inventory across multiple units/ departments/ plants; reduce cycle times from weeks to hours; and improve customer satisfaction by orders of magnitude. All these translate to increased profitability or increase in market share and in turn much larger market capitalization. However ERP is only means and not an end by itself.

   ERP provides an opportunity for a corporation to operate as an agile entity to improve production / operation, customer service and customer satisfaction. The creative ingenuity of an organization to drive towards these corporate goals determines the extent of success an ERP implementation can deliver.


Financial Accounting Interview Questions

3. 3. Does Can Packaged Software Fit Business Needs Well?

   Many IS professionals perceive ERP as a paradox. “How can a software company located in Germany, Netherlands or U.S.A understand the needs of my organization operating in Bangalore?” is the question they generally ask.

   Many of them feel that custom software should work far better than packaged software. For many of them holding this view, the success of ERP is a paradox. What they miss out is the point that the core processes of most organizations are by and large, the same. Thanks to globalization, there has been a significant amount of uniformity, standardization and simplification of the core processes across the industry.

   Some of the technologies such as EDI have even standardized the contents of critical documents, such as shipping and purchase orders. Standard processes and procedures, for example, Letter of Credit, have seen a great level of standardization to suit International Trade. These developments permit companies in Germany and Netherlands to develop the world-class software that can be profitably used by a corporation in Bangalore also. By pumping in billions of dollars in understanding the business processed used by thousands of corporations worldwide, the ERP software vendors also bring in world-class practices to any company that implements the ERP software.

   In a similar vein, large ERP software vendors such as SAP & BaaN are also able to employ and retain thousands of software professionals who can continuously improve their ERP software product. No individual end user company can afford such large pool of software professionals. This is the secret of success of ERP. A possible analogy may drive home the point better. An average Indian has already realized the fact that a ready-made garment made using sophisticated technology can indeed fit him/her better than a street corner tailor. The highly sophisticated technology of Computer Aided Design to model human anatomy and Computer Aided Manufacturing tools to cut complex contours effortlessly at high speed, explain the better fit. Similar is the case of packaged software.

4. 4. How Are Erp & Bpr Related?

   BPR as an acronym stands for Business Process Reengineering. It used to be a buzzword until a few years ago. Overzealous BPR pundits caused so much havoc through job cuts, it is a controversial subject today in many countries. An organization can go for standalone BPR or they can choose ERP. Since ERP anyway comes bundled with several of the best practices, a well implemented ERP exercise leads to some amount of BPR, though the reengineering effort may not be full-blown. However, reengineering through ERP, generally termed package enabled process reengineering (PEPR) leads to less drastic change in an organization. Such package enabled reengineering through ERP has been received much better by the end users rather than stand alone BPR in many companies around the world.

5. 5. Should Bpr & Erp Be Taken In Any Order?

   There is no easy algorithm that can give a simple answer. A BPR exercise preceding the ERP implementation can help the organization significantly. It may also increase a combined time of implementing BPR and ERP significantly. There is also a risk that a particular ERP software selected later may not be able to implement the reengineered processes.

   A simultaneous BPR and ERP exercise saves time and also minimizes the risk of sequential implementation of BPR followed by ERP. One rarely comes across the instance where BPR is followed by ERP. As such the ordering of ERP & BPR must be based on the needs of a specific organization.


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6. 6. What Are The Typical Modules Of Erp?

   Typical Modules of ERP include sales (sales forecasting, customer prospecting, customer follow-up, support for telemarketing, database marketing), order processing (inquiry handling, order taking) shipping, transportation, invoicing, finance (G/L, AR, AP), asset management, cost accounting, financial accounting, manufacturing and materials management. Optionally quality project, warehouse, continuos production and other modules are also present in different ERP software. Industry specific modules to cater to hospitals, retail, banking, insurance, oil, shipping and transportation are also available from some vendors.

7. 7. Why Is Top Management Commitment Necessary For The Success Of Erp?

   ERP will ultimately affect everyone in the organization. An ERP implementation represents a major organizational intervention. The process view of ERP would remove many of the “kingdoms” in the organization. This would lead to a shift in power centers; naturally ERP represents a major change. Managing change of such high order cannot be done without top management commitment.

   ERP exercise is also a major exercise and can cost anyway from several lakhs to several crores of rupees. Such large resource requirements also necessitate commitment from top management. Last, but not the least, ERP implementation is a long process, generally running into several months. Keeping an activity alive for such long duration would be nearly impossible without top management commitment.


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8. 8. What Is Top Management Commitment In Erp Context?

   The top management commitment in ERP is not limited to writing a big cheque, which is very much necessary. But it has to go much beyond that. ERP exercise in India represents a paradigm shift in the way many CEO’s run their corporations. ERP software implementation vendors often make it mandatory for the chief executive and his / her team to spend a full one week listening to ERP consultants. Such an exercise is unheard of at least in the Indian corporate history. The core committee of ERP needs champions who are well respected, very knowledgeable and often impossible to spare for any organization.

   The success of ERP implementation needs the full-time attention of these champions who must be drawn from the key functions and detained for ERP project implementation for a long period of six to nine months. ERP project cannot be managed by people who “can be spared”; it must be managed by the “indispensable” personnel.

   Top Management commitment must ensure the release of such key people for the ERP core committee. The ERP software often brings the best practices from the industry. To benefit from such best practices, existing business practices may have to be altered. Top management commitment should include the political will to implement such changes.

9. 9. Why Is Change Management Necessary For Erp?

   ERP being a major initiative costing significant amount of money, lasting several months and ultimately affecting everyone in the organization, change management is the key for the success of any ERP project. ERP software brings along with them some of the best practices. Implementing such practices would need change. To profit from ERP such change must be managed. That is the reason ERP needs top management commitment.


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10. 10. Is Erp Too Expensive For Indian Companies?

    It is a loaded question. The cost of ERP software should not be viewed as an expense. It is an investment towards an ability that provides better profitability, market share or customer service. Of course, the up-front cost of ERP software is very high.

    Most software pieces used by the corporations for commercial applications never had price tags of crores of rupees which ERP software carry. ERP decisions are a “high-risk high reward” decision. The view that ERP is expensive only looks at the risk but not the rewards.

11. 11. How Do You Cost Justify Erp?

    It is difficult to calculate return on investment for ERP decisions, though several successful installations of ERP had dramatic returns on investment. For example, Microsoft estimates that the investments in ERP will be paid back by way of better performance in flat two years. It must be realized that the ERP is an enabler.

    ERP gives agility to organization, which can be exploited to improve profitability, market share or customer service. Without ERP, the organization may not be in a position to handle larger business or provide faster response to customers. The results from enlarged business or faster customer response should pay back for ERP investment. It is predicated on the fact that the organization would leverage the agility towards such corporate goals. ERP helps in pursuing such goals often successfully.

    But mere ERP implementation does not necessarily translate to benefits. Better health enables a human being to do things, which would have been difficult, if not impossible, without such sound health. But if the individual does not make use of his improved status towards the pursuit of any goal, he or she is not capitalizing on the improved health. ERP must also be viewed as a way of providing a better health to an organization.


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12. 12. What Is The Erp Life Cycle?

    The set of activities through which ERP is implemented in an organization constitutes the ERP life cycle. This can be compared to the well developed System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in the traditional Structured System Analysis and Design (SSAD). Typical ERP project consists of the following steps: 

    Step 1: ERP readiness assessment

    Step 2: Preparing the organization for ERP

    Step 3: ERP Feasibility Study

    Step 4: Process modelling and documenting the “AS IS” processes & “TO BE” processes (along with BPR)

    Step 5: Detailed plan for ERP implementation (includes ERP software selection, selection of implementation partners, implementation methodology – “Big Bang” or Modular Implementation – and the final and precise extent of implementation)

    Step 6: Detailed implementation including development, quality assurance and production system

    Step 7: Preparing to “go live” including data migration

    Step 8: Going live

    Step 9: Performance assessment, documentation, training (continues in early stages also) and future plans.


Financial Accounting Interview Questions

13. 13. Is There A Good Time To “go Live”?

    Yes. Most implementations of ERP include financial module. Every organization has a financial (fiscal) year both for internal use as well as far legal / governmental consolidation. Since the account books must be closed and financial reports prepared (including the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement) for the financial year, most ERP implementations try to synchronize their “go live” date with that of the financial year. (April 1 in India).

    If for some reason it cannot be on (April 1), many organizations “go live” on October 1 at the end of the half-year. Technically ERP software doesn’t impose any restrictions. Any day is good enough to “go live” as long as it is not ” tomorrow”!

14. 14. Why Do Erp Consultants Charge A High Fee?

    ERP consultants operate in the “high risk high reward” area. Contemporary ERP software are complex pieces which need years to master. ERP consultants invest significant amount of time and effort, which need to be rewarded. ERP Consultancy is also given to the highest levels of management often at the level of CEO. CEO level consulting cannot come cheap. A well-implemented ERP can translate to crores of rupees of saving for an organization justifying once again the high cost of ERP consultants.

    ERP consultants also combine a rare combination of communication skill, domain knowledge and software expertise, once again justifying the high cost. Last, but not the least, ERP sales are growing fast and the demand for ERP consultants is all time high. The gap in supply-demand also explains the unusually high cost of ERP consultants.

15. 15. What Is The Role Of Process-modeling Tools Erp Implementation?

    Process Modelling provides a means to map the organization processes and visualize it in a graphical manner. This helps in communication, clarification and documentation of the “AS IS” and “TO BE” processes. Process modelling can be used to reinforce the central theme of ERP, namely, a shift from function orientation to process orientation.


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16. 16. How Do You Decide A Fit Between An Organization And Erp Software?

    There is no precise algorithm that can measure the fit for an organization to particular ERP software. One generally goes by experiences of similar organizations that have implemented ERP. In general, every ERP software has exceptional strengths in some area. It is better to stay with that ERP software which has special strengths for your area. For example, BaaN & Oracle have outstanding manufacturing modules; People Soft and Marshall have outstanding HR modules. If your core business centers around one of these modules your choice becomes easier.

    An academic way to evaluate the fit is to carefully study all the business processes that characterize your business and to look for matching business processes that are supported by particular ERP software. Often such an exercise would call for several man-years of effort. The skill set needed for such an exercise may not be easily available within the organization. Getting an outside consulting group to do this exercise may be very expensive.

    Often most organizations decide the ERP software vendor based on the broad needs of the industry in which they operate and the support offered by particular ERP software for that industry.

17. 17. Why Implement An Erp System?

    ERP software integrates all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments’ particular needs.  ERP combines finance, HR, manufacturing and distribution all together into a single, integrated software program that runs off a single database so that the various departments can more easily share information and communicate with each other.  This integrated approach can have a tremendous payback provided the software is installed and used correctly.


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18. 18. How Much Does It Cost To Go For Erp?

    The cost of ERP project would vary significantly from one instance to other. The actual cost depends on the nature of the industry, the size of the firm, the geographical distribution of the organizational units such as offices, plants, warehouses and distribution points, the number of user licenses and the extent of ERP implementation (the number of functional modules implemented).

    A typical mid-size Indian company with about Rs 100- 300 crores of annual business will have to invest about five to twenty crores of rupees in the ERP project. This includes ERP software licenses, server cost, communication network cost and the cost of consultants who would do the implementation. Large corporations with Rs 1000+ crores of annual business might invest Rs 100+ crores in ERP project.

    A number of small companies have managed to implement ERP in about Rs 1 crore. It may be noted here that in a typical installation the cost of ERP software accounts for only about 20% of the overall cost. A major component in ERP project is the cost of the implementation consultant (both internal and external).


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19. 19. What Does “going Live” Mean?

    After many months of implementation plan every organization would decide a particular date when they would shift from their legacy system to the ERP system. Up to that time the ERP software would be under development followed by testing and quality assurance.

    Once by ERP implementation team feels convinced that the development is complete and testing is satisfactory, they would decide to “go live”. In a sense “go live” date marks the end of ERP project completion. Generally most ERP project “go live” on the starting of the fiscal/ financial year, namely April 1 in India.

20. 20. Who Are The Project Champions?

    Project champions (for the crore processes that are taken up for implementation) would be those individuals who would take the ownership of implementation. They are expected to provide the leadership so as to sustain the trials and tribulations of ERP implementation.


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21. 21. What Is An Erp Project Team?

    ERP project team would be charged with the responsibility of implementing the ERP for the specific organization. A champion, who is skilled in communication and understands the organization well should head the ERP team.

    The leader must be well accepted by the most employees of the organization. The leader also must be a person who can keep the motivation level of the implementation team at fairly high levels throughout the several months of implementation.

    The implementation team would consist of dozens of people. There will be a number of teams for each of the functional area with every team consisting of key users and IT personnel to provide technology support.

22. 22. How To Prepare An Organization For Erp Implementation?

    There is no easy magic through which one can prepare an organization for ERP implementation. Exposing the top management to the benefits of ERP through the real world case studies, sharing of experience by other corporations that have successfully implemented ERP and creation of awareness is the first step. Convincing the top management to use a high risk, high reward scheme such as ERP is a major challenge.

    Almost all the members of the organization should get the excitement about ERP project implementation. Communicating and sharing of the ERP vision is the most important organizational preparation for a successful ERP implementation.

23. 23. Is There A Benchmarking Tool To Fine Tune Erp Performance?

    Every ERP vendor provides performance guidelines that can be used by system administrators to fine tune performance. Some of them are very comprehensive and address fine-tuning at the application, database, operating system, processor and even the network level. Other ERP vendors provide tools that can leverage the leading edge database tuning, operating system tuning and network performance tuning tools.


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24. 24. Why Do Consultants Recommend Changing Business Practice To Suit The Erp Software Rather Than Customizing The Software To Every User Needs?

    A key contribution of ERP software is the bundled business process knowledge that come along with ERP software. These processes have evolved over the past two decades of ERP implementation in some of the most well-managed corporations around the world.

    By adapting to those processes that have proved successful in some of the finest corporations around the world, an organization implementing ERP would get the advantage of these “best of the breed” practices. That is the reason behind the consultant recommendations.


VAT Interview Questions

25. 25. Why Are “financials”, The First Module Implemented In Many Indian Erp Implementations?

    Financial modules provide the basic pulse of an organization. It also impacts all other modules. Successful implementations of financials show up immediately reinforcing the faith of an organization in ERP. Other modules cannot be implemented without the financial module in place. All these factors explain the fact that financial modules are taken up first.

26. 26. Erp Being Integrated Software Does One Benefit By Implementing Only Specific Modules?

    Yes. The full benefit of ERP would accrue if all the ERP modules are implemented. However many organizations implement ERP only in those functions, which are, considered to be of strategic importance. Some of the modules, though they appear to be limited to specific functions, in fact integrate with many other functions indirectly.

    For example finance module primarily targets the accounting and finance functions. However the accounts payable module address all the material purchases and in turn impacts the entire materials management functions. Many more examples can be quoted to reinforce our viewpoint. The process orientation of ERP software definitely contributes to a better management of the organization. Even partial implementation of the ERP therefore leads to significant benefits.


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27. 27. What Are The Three Dominant Approaches To Erp Implementation?

    The three dominant approaches to ERP implementation are “big bang”, location-wise and module-wise implementation.

    In the big bang approach the organization decides to implement all relevant modules, for example – Financials, Logistics & HR- all at the same time. This has the advantage of getting the full benefit of the integrated software across all functions of the organization. However there is a risk of the implementation getting out of control.

    In “Location-wise” implementation, the organization chooses a specific location, say, the head office, one of the new plants etc. The choice could be based on better infrastructure, better IT culture, more co-operative set of users, higher level of automation etc.

    In “module-wise” implementation individual modules are taken up for implementation in a phased manner depending on the criticality of applications. Once again a module taken up for implementation can be implemented across all locations or just one location. Later they can be rolled out to other locations.


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28. 28. What Is The Drawback Of Over Customization?

    Customization is the process of fitting the chosen ERP software to the needs of a specific organization. Whenever the processes represented in the ERP software differ significantly from the processes used by the firm one has two options. First is to build the organizational process into the ERP software through customization. The second one is to change the practice followed by the firm to suit the process native to the ERP software. Traditional common sense would force people to customize the software to suit the individual demands of the organization.

    This leads to two problems. The first one arises out of the fact that any customization done locally is outside the core ERP software. Accordingly, the next release of the ERP software would not support local customization. They have to be re-done by the end user for the new release. Second the very purpose of ERP is to take advantage of the best practices in industry that come embedded with the ERP software. By over customizing the implementers would deprive the benefit of world – class practice to the organization that is implementing ERP.

29. 29. What Is The Role Of Implementation Partner?

    Implementation partners generally come from specialized ERP consulting houses that are generally outside the organization. Being experts in a particular area (materials, production, finance or distribution), these experts from outside, not only bring software expertise with respect to particular ERP software, but also bring the extra benefit from their vast prior experiences in other firms where they would have implemented that particular ERP.

    Over the years, the implementation partners have developed enough know-how in the form of templates for implementation. These templates significantly reduce the cost and time of implementation and errors of implementation. Though implementation consultants charge a high fee, they bring significant amount of value, thanks to their prior experiences.


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30. 30. How To Get Erp Training?

    The ERP vendors and their implementation partners deliver most of the ERP training. There are several levels of training. Overview training in ERP concepts and ERP benefits would be necessary for the top management and steering committee members. An in depth software specific training would be necessary for the implementation team. An infrastructure management (hardware, software, networking) and ERP software maintenance training would be necessary for the IT team. Once implemented, detailed user-training would be necessary for a large number of users and potential users throughout the organization. User training would be limited to modules specific to individual users.

31. 31. What Is Meant By India Version Of Specific Erp Software?

    ERP software must address all the enterprise needs of an organization within the social context in which the enterprise operates. This would imply that the local accounting practices, locally applicable taxation laws (excise, customs, sales tax and income tax) are fully adhered to in implementing the various business processes.

    The software vendor must incorporate India specific features before selling the software. The specific ERP software that has been adopted to suit to Indian statutory laws is called India specific ERP.

1. 1. What Is A Fertilizer?

   fertilizer is a chemical product either mined or manufactured material containing one or more essential plant nutrients that are immediately or potentially available in sufficiently good amounts.

2. 2. What Is Group Concession Scheme Under New Pricing Scheme?

   Group Concession Scheme under NPS introduced from 1.402003 Under NPS, all units were classified into six groups based on vintage and the feedstock. For each group, weighted average group price was worked out excluding the outlier (RPS more than +/- 20% of group average). Each unit will get the concession rate based on the group average or the retention price, whichever is lower. Outlier units to get advantage of 50%n of the difference between the RPS and the group average for a period of three years.

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3. 3. What Is The Retention Price Scheme?

   The Retention Price Scheme (RPS) for fertilizer Industry introduced from 1.11.1977 and remained in force till 31.3.2003. Under the RPS Retention Price was fixed for each unit by the Govt. The difference between the Retention Price of Urea and the maximum retail price of urea was paid as subsidy.

4. 4. Whether Government Gives Subsidy On Freight?

   The Union Government subsidies the urea manufacturing units for the cost of transportation to facilitate the availability of urea at the same maximum retail price all over the country.

5. 5. What Is The Procedure For Taking Action Against Units Manufacturing Sub- Standard Fertilizers?

   Primarily, provisions of FCC are directed towards manufacture, and sale of substances that can be used in the soil as fertilizers having the specifications as laid down there under. A manufacturer/dealer in fertilizers has to get himself registered in the State wherein he intends to carry out such activities in accordance with the conditions of FCC. The FCC apart from disallowing ales of sub-standard fertilizers but for in accordance with the procedure laid down there under for disposal of sub-standard fertilizers, it also authorised suspension or cancellation of registration/licence by the appropriate authority in the case of contravention of the FCC provisions.

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6. 6. Why The States Certifies Sales Of Decontrolled Fertilizers?

   Concession on decontrolled P&K fertilizers is payable only on the quantities sold for agricultural purposes. Sales can be ascertained or verified from the outlet sources namely dealers/retailers and wholesalers registered under FCO. The States already have administrative field machinery for supervision and implementation of Central and State Schemes, as also ensuring compliance of provisions of FCO. Thus, the States have been given the responsibility of certifying the sales of P&K fertilizers including intimation of quantities. found sub-standard for settlement of claims for payment of concession.

7. 7. How Quality Control Is Ensured For Fertilizers?

   The FCO has laid down fertilizer-wise detailed specifications and no fertilizer, not meeting the said specification, can be sold in the country for agricultural purposes. It also lays down detailed procedure for sampling and analysis of each fertilizer. The Central Fertilizer Quality Control & Training Institute CFQC&TI), Faridabad and its four Regional Fertilizer Control Laboratories (RFCL) under the Department of Agriculture & Co-operation (DAC) take samples of imported fertilizers at the discharge port for analysis thereof. The States also have their own State notified quality control laboratories that analyse samples taken from field (warehouses/dealers/retailers) as well as from the manufacturing plants. Based on the analysis, the labs declare samples as standard or non-standard in terms of specifications laid down in the FCO. The sub-standard quantities are arrived at as per procedure laid down in the FCO and the copies of analysis report are sent to DAC, DOF, the concerned manufacturer/importer etc.

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8. 8. Can You Get Subsidy Just After Import Of Dap/mop?

   No, the concession is payable on sale of decontrolled P&K fertilizers including imported DAP/MOP. For the purposes of claiming concession, enlistment with DOF as an importer under the Concession Scheme is a pre-condition.

9. 9. How Can I Import And Trade Dap And Mop In The Country?

   There is no restriction on import of DAP/MOP. For trading of DAP/MOP as fertilizers in the country, the concerned importer shall. have to obtain licence/registration under FCQ from the States/UTs where the importer proposes to sell the same. For purposes of claiming concession under the Concession Scheme, the importer shall have to . approach Deptt. of Fertilizers for being enlisted as an importer in terms of guidelines on Concession Scheme issued on 5.8.2002.

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10. 10. Whether Subsidy Is Payable To Fertilizer Mixture Manufacturers?

    No subsidy is payable on mixture fertilizers. However, subsidy is paid on urea and decontrolled P&K fertilizers covered under the Concession Scheme if sold to the manufacturers of mixture fertilizers registered under FCO.

11. 11. What Is The Difference Between The Concession Scheme And Subsidy Scheme?

    Urea is the only fertilizer at present with pricing and distribution being controlled statutorily by the Government. Thus, no one can sell urea above the MRP declared by the Govt. Under the Concession Scheme, the MRP for each fertilizer is indicative in nature. The manufacturers/ importers of such P&K fertilizers have to sell these at the indicative MRPs declared under the Scheme in order to meet one of the mandatory conditions for being eligible to claim thereunder. While subsidy on urea is paid on dispatch concession under the Scheme is paid on the quantities sold.

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12. 12. Why Subsidy Is Not Given Directly To Farmers?

    The main objective of the Government is to make available fertilizers at reasonable/affordable prices for agricultural purposes including farmers. This objective is achieved through fixation of statutorily backed uniform MRP for urea and indicative MRP for fertilizers covered under the Concession Scheme on sale of decontrolled P&K fertilizers. Administratively, it is not feasible to disburse subsidy directly to farmers, which would require disbursement at the time of each. purchase and the extent thereof would depend upon the quantity and type of product purchased. Also, in such a scenario, Govt. will have to lift the price control, whether statutory or indicative, as for urea and decontrolled P&K fertilizers, respectively. Then, it would be the market forces that would control the selling price for each product, which could be manufacturer specific as well. This could lead to disparity in actual to be borne by farmers in different regions of the country.

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13. 13. Why Government Is Giving Subsidy On Fertilizers?

    The Government is subsidising fertilizers for their availability at reasonable prices for agricultural purposes.

14. 14. What Is The Selling Price Of Fertilizers?

    Urea is the only fertilizer with statutorily controlled price & movement. the Concession Scheme on sale of phosphatic and potassic (P&K) fertilizers provides for indicative Maximum Retail Price declared by Department of Fertilizers at which these fertilizers are to be sold. MRP for Single Super Phosphate under the Scheme is declared by the respective State/UT Government. These MRPs can be viewed on this site.

15. 15. How Can You Take Dealer License For Trading In Fertilizers?

    The procedural requirements are detailed in Clause 8 of FCO. Application has to be made in Form A/ Al to Controller of Fertilizers of the concerned State/UT for obtaining registration/license as Industrial Dealer in fertilizers or dealer in fertilizers for agricultural sales, respectively, along with fee prescribed under Clause 36 and certificate of source in Form O.

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16. 16. What Is Fertilizer Control Order?

    Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985 which is administered by Deptt. of Agriculture Cooperation, Govt. of India has been issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. The FCO lays ,down as to what substances qualify for use as fertilizers in the soil, product-wise specifications, methods for sampling and analysis of fertilizers, procedure for obtaining license/registration as manufacture/dealer in fertilizers and conditions to be fulfilled for trading thereof, etc.

17. 17. What Is Meant By The Term “balanced Fertilization”?

    The requirement of nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potash are soil and crop specific. The use of right ratio of nutrients as per soil or crop requirement is known as “balanced fertilization”.

18. 18. How Chemical Fertilizers Are Different From Bio-fertilizers?

    Chemical fertilizers are manufactured artificially. They are primarily, chemicals having nitrogen, phosphate and potash as main soil nutrients. Bio-fertilizers are plants such as bacteria (azotobacter, rhizobium etc.), fungi etc. that fix free nitrogen from the atmosphere, which is then ‘used by the crops.

Chemical Engineering Interview Questions

19. 19. Is There Any Expiry Date Of Fertilizers?

    There is no expiry date of chemical fertilizers. However, in case of imported Fertilizers, the container (bag) has. indication regarding month and year of Manufacture/import.

20. 20. What Is Phosphorus?

    Phosphorus used in fertilizers comes from the fossilized remains of ancient marine life found in rock deposits in the U.S. and other parts of the world, or from plant and animal materials. Phosphorus helps plant health, density, and root growth. Phosphorus is the plant world’s equivalent of carbohydrates – it provides the energy that a plant needs to grow.

21. 21. Which Number On The Bag Of Fertilizer Is Phosphorus?

    The three numbers on the label are nitrogen (AND), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Phosphorus-free fertilizer has a zero (0) in the middle.

22. 22. Is Organic Fertilizer The Same As No Phosphorus?

    No. Organic fertilizer is made of natural materials. Examples of organic fertilizer include livestock manure, feather meal , blood meal, cotton seed meal, compost, etc. Organic fertilizers also contain phosphorus. In fact, even if the phosphorus number on the bag is low, often so is the nitrogen number. Turf grass managers will often recommend nitrogen numbers in the twenties (20s); therefore, if organic fertilizers with low nitrogen percentages are used, the recommended application rates (total amount applied) are often high resulting in a larger amount of phosphorus being applied than is ideal. Even low phosphorus products can add up to large loads of phosphorus depending on how much is applied.

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1. 1. Who Is Model?

   A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products (notably fashion clothing) or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art.

2. 2. What Is Modelling?

   Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, such as acting or dancing. Although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play are generally not considered “modelling”.

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3. 3. What Is Portfolios?

   Portfolio is a history of the work you have made.

4. 4. How Do I Put Together Eye Contagious Portfolio?

   At amazing models, we help the models to comprehend on how to put together the right kind of photographs for their head shot.

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5. 5. How Do I Prefer A Photographer?

   If you are just new to the modeling career, then you can afford a famous model photographer. So just hire the photographer who is excellent in taking different stills. If you can afford, then prefer a photographer on experience and skills.

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6. 6. How Can I Get Immense Photos To Start A Modeling Career Without Spending Hundreds Of Dollars?

   We will tell you specifically what agents are looking for, and then show you how to get it step by step. I will give tips that Professional photos when testing with a good photographer run concerning $50-$100 per outfit.

7. 7. How Can I Obtain An Interview With An Agency?

   Top NYC organizations have “open calls” on a usual basis. You, or any one else, can politely walk in devoid of an appointment and get a free personal interview. Several top agencies in other cities also have the same chance. We will help you get the particulars on these “open calls”, and show you to get the best results from this fair opportunity.

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8. 8. What Does Citimodels Achieve?

   As your agent we submit your composite sheet to art directors and photographers to our network of contact locally and global.

9. 9. What Is Meant By Open Call?

   They are free and you will get the agencies’ opinions on your modeling budding and one may even want to sign you.

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10. 10. Tell Me The Meaning Of Compcard?

    A CompCard is a models business card or a company’s brochures of manually.

11. 11. How Greatly Can A Model Earn?

    It differs from city to city and from job to job.

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12. 12. What Kind Of Models And Modeling Are There?

    Sending your photos or visiting agencies near you in person is always recommended, but not always practical. By posting your pictures on theamazingmodels.com you are accessing a large number of top modeling agencies that are located all over the world. Our system matches you to the right type of agency looking for your profile of model.

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13. 13. What Do I Need To Do Before Going To Visit A Modeling Agency?

    It is essential that you research the agency thoroughly. For example, ask them for references and contact these people to ascertain that the agency is legitimate.

14. 14. Do I Need Modeling Classes?

    Nope! Although some agencies encourage them. If yours does, great! But ONLY if they are giving them to you free of charge. You shouldn’t have to pay for them. You can learn a lot, but they are not necessary.

15. 15. Why Is There An Age Requirement?

    It’s a matter of economics. Most models have relatively short careers. Though many work through their late 20s and early 30s, the average “retirement” age is still comparatively young. The earlier a model gets started, the longer he or she can work. For Model Search, girls must be ages 14 to 22 and guys ages 16 to 24.

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16. 16. Why Do Models Have To Be Tall And Slender?

    For both aesthetic and practical reasons, that’s the longtime standard in the modeling industry. A tall, slender body is considered a better “hanger” for a designer’s clothes, both on the runway and in front of the camera (which really does add pounds). Clothing samples are cut to fit tall, slender bodies. For girls, that usually means clothes cut in sizes 4 to 6, fitting for a girl with a minimum height of 5 feet 7 inches. For guys, jacket sizes run from 40 to 42 and clothes are designed for who are minimum height of 5 feet 11 inches. Occasionally, an agency will accept shorter models (especially teenagers who wear large shoe sizes and have tall parents, in hopes that they will continue to grow). Some agencies also have divisions for petite and plus-size models, but the client demand is less for those categories.

17. 17. How Do Model Coach Products Work?

    We believe repetition of video footage is one of the best ways to prepare a model for his/her next professional photo shoot. By looking in on an actual photo shoot, you will benefit from the exact same information that a professional model gets, but at a fraction of the cost of a paid shoot. We want to bring the professional photo shoot experience to you so you can gain the same valuable information and demonstration tips from experienced professionals within the modeling industry. Whether you learn better through watching (visual) or by listening to instruction (auditory) this product can assist you. We have included both methods for each persons learning type.

18. 18. Why Do You Offer Portfolio Test Shoots?

    We need models for commercial work at our studio and always require new faces for shoots. Portfolio test shoots allow us to find new models that we can then book for future shoots at the studio. We are particularly interested in local models from Kent, Sussex and Essex.

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19. 19. Do I Need Good Quality Photos For My Modeling Portfolio?

    Yes! You may be heard that an agency only need amateur photos to judge your potential as a model. This may be true, but these days much promotion of glamour models is done outside of model agencies on the web with online portfolio hosting sites where the best quality portfolio shots will give you an advantage. Your portfolio should show a variety of poses in different styles of modeling you are looking to do, but include a clear head face shot and full length shot to show your figure.

20. 20. What Are The Key Model Portfolio Shots That I Need?

    There are some key shots that you need as a model so that potential clients know what you look like. These include a clear headshot and full height picture. If looking for lingerie and glamour work then this should also include a bikini or lingerie photo.

21. 21. Are There Any Restrictions For Different Categories Of Modeling?

    Different types of modeling have different requirements. For example, catwalk has some specific requirements for size. Atleast, You need to be at 5’8″ to suit to that type and if you are less than 5’8″ it will be extremely difficult for you to model full time. The requirements for glamour modeling are far more relaxed and primarily just a figure that is in proportion.

22. 22. What Qualities Are Required For Modeling?

    You need to want to be a model and be committed to achieving it! It might sound obvious but it is amazing how many prospective models realize they can’t do a shoot for many weeks and then give up. Having the right look and figure is also important but without determination you will not succeed. If you want to be a model then you should always be professional in your attitude. If you provide a phone number or email address you should always return contact promptly.

23. 23. How To Become A Fashion Model?

    I would suggest a few resources from fashion-modeling-online. You can go to the homepage and view the video. You should also look up and call the closest modeling agency to your hometown. Tell them you are interested in becoming a model. They will probably want a few photographs to see what you look like. Make sure you have a headshot picture as well as a body shot.

24. 24. Do Models Get To Travel A Lot?

    Yes. Some assignments are shot on location abroad. Also your UK agent will place you with agents in other capitals, eg Paris, Milan and New York. A spell with one of these can do wonders for your portfolio.

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25. 25. Can You Be A Successful Model Outside?

    There are a few good agents outside. If you join one of them then, once you get going, there is a possibility they may wish to place you with a agency.

26. 26. How Do Models Stay Healthy?

    Models often have very tiring schedules and they need to take of themselves in order to keep up. Models need to take responsibility for their own health and fitness while being supported by the agency who represent them to do this.

27. 27. Why Is The Choice Of Model Agency So Important?

    Models work very closely with their booking agents and often develop a close professional relationship. In a recent AMA survey, UK models represented by an AMA member agency strongly agree that their booking agents treated them in a respectful and professional manner, with an average rating of 45 out of 50.

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28. 28. What Does It Take To Become A Model?

    Models are scouted because they are unusually tall as well as being slim, and physically fit. You have to be fit and healthy to sustain a career in modelling.

29. 29. Why Do I Need An Agent?

    Initially the Talent Agent is employed by you (on a commission basis) to find work on your behalf. They negotiate rates of pay and ensure that the terms and conditions of your employment contract are sound. Your agent sends your details to the casting company or producer. The brief may consist of physical specifications (age, nationality, gender, hair colour, etc) as well as experience.