Modern Western Philosophy Multiple Choice Questions
1. ———- is considered as the father of modern philosophy
A. descartes
B. kant
C. hegel
D. plato
Answer: A. descartes
2. According to, ——– experience is the only source of knowledge
A. rationalism
B. empiricism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: B. empiricism
3. Who has said that mind has innate ideas
A. spinoza
B. kant
C. descartes
D. hume
Answer: C. descartes
4. ‘Meditations’ is the work of——
A. kant
B. descartes
C. spinoza
D. all these
Answer: B. descartes
5. Who among the following is a representative of Rationalism?
A. hegel
B. kant
C. leibniz
D. all these
Answer: C. leibniz
6. Interactionism is the Mind body theory of ——–
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: C. descartes
7. Who among the following is not a German Philosopher?
A. kant
B. berkeley
C. hegel
D. none of these
Answer: B. berkeley
8. —— is not a representative of Rationalism
A. kant
B. descartes
C. spinoza
D. all of these
Answer: A. kant
9. John Locke is —–Philosopher
A. rationalist
B. empiricist
C. idealist
D. none of these
Answer: B. empiricist
10. Generally the rise of modern Philosophy had been marked by———-
A. critical thinking
B. reflective spirit
C. revolt against authority
D. all these
Answer: D. all these
11. Leibniz defines substance or monads as
A. physical object
B. active force
C. geometrical figure
D. none of these
Answer: B. active force
12. As an empiricist, Locke claims that all our knowledge is derived either through sensation or
A. perception
B. reflection
C. thinking
D. none of the above
Answer: B. reflection
13. Who among the following is a French Philosopher
A. kant
B. descartes
C. plato
D. aristotle
Answer: B. descartes
14. Who introduced the concept ‘Cogito ergosum’
A. spinoza
B. leibniz
C. kant
D. descartes
Answer: D. descartes
15. ‘Monadology’ is the work of——-
A. kant
B. descartes
C. leibniz
D. hegel
Answer: C. leibniz
16. Who among the following is a German philosopher
A. plato
B. spinoza
C. kant
D. none of these
Answer: C. kant
17. ———— is an Idealist philosopher
A. spinoza
B. locke
C. kant
D. none of these
Answer: C. kant
18. Whose ideal is ‘Real is Rational, Rational isReal’
A. descartes
B. kant
C. locke
D. hegel
Answer: D. hegel
19. Who among the following propounded the theory of Psycho physical parallelism
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. none of these
Answer: C. spinoza
20. —— developed his philosophy on the foundation laid by Fichte
A. descartes
B. hegel
C. aristotle
D. none of these
Answer: B. hegel
21. Who is considered as the founder of Rationalism
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: C. descartes
22. Which one of the following is not a work of Kant?
A. critique of practical reason
B. critique of pure reason
C. meditations
D. none
Answer: C. meditations
23. Who among the following is the author of ‘Monadology’
A. spinoza
B. descartes
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
24. According to Descartes———–as an absolute substance
A. mind
B. soul
C. god
D. none of these
Answer: C. god
25. The rationalism of——–is heightened by Spinoza
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: C. descartes
26. — recognizes mind and matter as relative substances which are created by God
A. kant
B. descartes
C. leibniz
D. hegel
Answer: B. descartes
27. —– believes that there are no innate ideas in the mind
A. plato
B. spinoza
C. kant
D. locke
Answer: D. locke
28. Who among the following is obsessed with the intellectual love of God?
A. spinoza
B. leibniz
C. kant
D. descartes
Answer: A. spinoza
29. Who said ‘substance is a product of human imagination’
A. spinoza
B. descartes
C. locke
D. hume
Answer: D. hume
30. ——-suggests that the idea of substance is a complex idea
A. spinoza
B. berkeley
C. hume
D. locke
Answer: D. locke
31. According to ———- , only mind and their ideas exist
A. hume
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. berkeley
Answer: D. berkeley
32. According to —– God is an absolute substance
A. kant
B. descartes
C. plato
D. none of these
Answer: B. descartes
33. ’Ethics’ is the work of ———
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: C. spinoza
34. Berkeley rejects Locke’s distinction between primary and secondary qualities because:
A. all qualities are subjective
B. only secondary qualities are subjective
C. qualities are created by god
D. qualities in here in substance
Answer: A. all qualities are subjective
35. For Descartes, the idea of soul
A. is not related to reason
B. is identical with reason
C. contradicts reason
D. does not contradict reason
Answer: A. is not related to reason
36. According to Kant belief in God is:
A. accidental to ethics
B. totally irrelevant to ethics
C. contingent to ethics
D. a presupposition of ethics
Answer: D. a presupposition of ethics
37. For Descartes the proposition ‘I think’ is self-verifying because
A. it is a necessary truth.
B. it is a logical truth.
C. doubting it confirms it.
D. thinking is my essence.
Answer: C. doubting it confirms it.
38. The primary aim of Descartes is
A. to explain the relation between body and mind.
B. to prove the existence of god.
C. to refute the reality of the external world.
D. to reach clear and certain knowledge.
Answer: D. to reach clear and certain knowledge.
39. Who called God as Natura Naturata?
A. locke
B. kant
C. spinoza
D. hume
Answer: C. spinoza
40. Who said that ‘Reason must approach nature not as a pupil, but as a judge’?
A. kant
B. locke
C. hegel
D. spinoza
Answer: A. kant
41. According to Kant _________ the proper objects of faith
A. phenomena
B. noumena
C. both phenomena and noumena
D. neither
Answer: B. noumena
42. Which one of the following is not the work of Immanuel Kant?
A. critique of pure reason
B. foundations of metaphysics of morals
C. critique of practical reason
D. the phenomenology of spirit
Answer: D. the phenomenology of spirit
43. Who highlighted the problem of personal identity first in modern western philosophy?
A. berkeley
B. locke
C. spinoza
D. descartes
Answer: B. locke
44. The concept of categories was advocated by :
A. kant
B. kant and aristotle
C. kant and locke
D. kant and berkeley
Answer: B. kant and aristotle
45. Who among the following held that space and time are apriori percepts ?
A. pythagoras
B. spinoza
C. kant
D. hegel
Answer: C. kant
46. According to Descartes, the idea of God is ——-
A. finite
B. fictitious
C. innate
D. none of these
Answer: C. innate
47. According to Descartes, the infinite substance stands related to finite substance as —– to —–
A. universal, particular
B. many, one
C. one, particular
D. none of these
Answer: C. one, particular
48. Who has said that the mind has innate ideas
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. leibniz
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
49. The secondary properties of substance are known as
A. attributes
B. modes
C. relative property
D. none of these
Answer: B. modes
50. Spinoza claims that the things which make up the world related to God as the properties of —— to its concepts
A. quality
B. theorem
C. geometrical figure
D. none of these
Answer: C. geometrical figure
51. Who introduced the term ‘natura naturata’
A. spinoza
B. leibniz
C. kant
D. descartes
Answer: A. spinoza
52. —— is not an Idealist
A. hegel
B. kant
C. leibniz
D. all these
Answer: C. leibniz
53. Who advocated the theory of Pre-established Harmony?
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: B. leibniz
54. Berkeley belongs to ————school
A. rationalism
B. empiricism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: B. empiricism
55. Who among the following is not an empiricist
A. leibniz
B. hume
C. locke
D. berkeley
Answer: A. leibniz
56. Tabula rasa refers to——–
A. empty cabinet
B. subtle emotion
C. knowledge
D. none of these
Answer: A. empty cabinet
57. According to Locke, which one of the following is a secondary quality
A. solidity
B. colour
C. extension
D. none of these
Answer: B. colour
58. The subject matter of Kant’s Rational Psychology is
A. the idea of world
B. the idea of god
C. unity of self
D. none of
Answer: C. unity of self
59. Who among the following is an empiricist philosopher
A. leibniz
B. spinoza
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: C. hume
60. —— admits innumerable monads or spiritual atoms
A. hegel
B. kant
C. leibniz
D. all these
Answer: C. leibniz
61. In Transcendental aesthetic, Kant discusses the theory of—–
A. morality
B. existence of god
C. space and time
D. none of these
Answer: C. space and time
62. ———– viewed the universe pantheistically as a single infinite substance God
A. leibniz
B. hume
C. spinoza
D. none of these
Answer: C. spinoza
63. ——- thinks that substance is to be defined by active force
A. berkeley
B. leibniz
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: B. leibniz
64. According to Locke, Colour is a —–
A. primary quality
B. secondary quality
C. both
D. none of these
Answer: B. secondary quality
65. Absolute Idealism is conceived as the philosophy of ——
A. kant
B. berkeley
C. hegel
D. none of these
Answer: C. hegel
66. Psycho physical parallelism is propounded by ——-
A. hume
B. kant
C. hegel
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
67. —– is not an Idealist philosopher
A. kant
B. berkeley
C. hegel
D. none of these
Answer: B. berkeley
68. ‘Geist’ is the key notion of —–
A. hume
B. kant
C. hegel
D. none of these
Answer: C. hegel
69. Kant and Hegel belong to ——- school
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: C. idealism
70. Who defines an idea as ‘whatever is meant by phantasm, notion, species, or whatever it is
which the mind can be employed about in thinking’.
A. hume
B. locke
C. kant
D. hegel
Answer: B. locke
71. Which among the following is not the group of categories of understanding fewer than four
heads according to Kant?
A. quality, spirit, modality and matter
B. quantity, quality, relation and modality
C. substance, matter, spirit and quality
D. relation, spirit, substance and quantity
Answer: B. quantity, quality, relation and modality
72. Descartes’ assertion, ‘I have an idea of a most perfect being’, is a premise in his
A. cosmological argument
B. ontological argument
C. argument from design
D. cosmological and ontological argument both
Answer: B. ontological argument
73. Descartes is considered as the founder of———-
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: B. rationalism
74. Descartes is a—————-Philosopher
A. greek
B. french
C. german
D. american
Answer: B. french
75. Cogito ergo sum is a key concept in the philosophy of———-
A. leibniz
B. spinoza
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: C. descartes
76. ——- are the affections or modifications of substance
A. modes
B. god
C. attributes
D. none of these
Answer: A. modes
77. The term ‘naturanaturans’ is introduced by——-
A. leibniz
B. spinoza
C. descartes
D. kant
Answer: B. spinoza
78. Whose philosophy is conceived as Absolute Idealism
A. kant
B. hegel
C. descartes
D. spinoza
Answer: B. hegel
79. Who wrote ‘An Essay concerning human Understanding’
A. spinoza
B. descartes
C. locke
D. none of these
Answer: C. locke
80. Descartes and Spinoza belong to ————school
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: B. rationalism
81. Which among the following is the work of Spinoza?
A. meditations
B. ethics
C. critique of pure reason
D. none of these
Answer: B. ethics
82. Who among the following is a Rationalist Philosopher?
A. berkeley
B. leibniz
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: B. leibniz
83. Hegel’s philosophy is generally conceived as——–
A. idealistic
B. absolute idealism
C. rationalism
D. none of these
Answer: B. absolute idealism
84. According to ——-, matter is an Abstract idea
A. hume
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. berkeley
Answer: D. berkeley
85. ———- is a rationalist
A. spinoza
B. berkeley
C. hume
D. kant
Answer: A. spinoza
86. Immanuel Kant belongs to—-
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: C. idealism
87. ——– is considered as the Subjective Idealist
A. locke
B. kant
C. spinoza
D. berkeley
Answer: D. berkeley
88. Transcendental method is adopted by —–
A. hume
B. kant
C. hegel
D. berkeley
Answer: B. kant
89. ————–is a solution to mind- body problem
A. categories
B. interactionism
C. dualism
D. abstraction
Answer: B. interactionism
90. The subject matter of Kant’s Rational theology is—–
A. the idea of god
B. unity of self
C. the idea of world
D. none of these
Answer: A. the idea of god
91. According to ———- , Colour is a secondary quality
A. kant
B. locke
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: B. locke
92. According to Kant ———–judgments are always aposteriori
A. analytical
B. synthetic
C. ethical
D. none of these
Answer: B. synthetic
93. —– took mathematics as the model of his philosophical method
A. socrates
B. aristotle
C. descartes
D. locke
Answer: C. descartes
94. The subject matter of Kant’s Rational cosmology is———-
A. unity of self
B. the idea of god
C. the idea of one world
D. all these
Answer: C. the idea of one world
95. Spinoza treats the soul as
A. a sum of ideas
B. god
C. infinite attributes
D. none of these
Answer: C. infinite attributes
96. ——– claims that substance is the aggregate of qualities
A. hume
B. locke
C. kant
D. hegel
Answer: B. locke
97. Who among the following rejected matter as an abstract idea
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: B. berkeley
98. According to Kant, the ideas of ‘reason’ are —-
A. regulative and constitutive
B. affirmative and negative
C. negative and probable
D. constitutive and regulative
Answer: D. constitutive and regulative
99. According to Kant, moral duty is —–
A. a command of god
B. given by one’s intuition
C. the imperative of pure reason
D. determined by morality
Answer: C. the imperative of pure reason
100. According to whom ‘to start with, mind is a clean state’?
A. plato
B. descartes
C. spinoza
D. locke
Answer: D. locke
101. ‘Reality which is Absolute is a coherent thought system with logical connectivity’ is the
view that can be ascribed to :
A. hegel
B. berkeley
C. moore
D. spinoza
Answer: A. hegel
102. The distinction between impression and idea was made by
A. kant
B. locke
C. hume
D. berkeley
Answer: C. hume
103. “Ideas are of two kinds; ideas imprinted on the senses and ideas formed by memory
and imagination.” ____ is the view advocated by;
A. locke
B. berkeley
C. hume
D. leibnitz
Answer: C. hume
104. Pineal gland is the ———— of the soul according to Descartes
A. subject
B. controller
C. seat
D. none of these
Answer: C. seat
105. According to Spinoza the most important modifications of extension are —– and —
–
A. shape and rest
B. attributes and motion
C. rest and motion
D. none of these
Answer: C. rest and motion
106. There are infinite number of substances which are called as monads according to ——
—
A. leibniz
B. spinoza
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: A. leibniz
107. Berkeley thinks that the objective ideas are impressed upon finite sprits by the ——
from without
A. mind
B. physical objects
C. infinite spirit
D. none of these
Answer: C. infinite spirit
108. ——- claims that mind and their ideas exist.
A. berkeley
B. locke
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: A. berkeley
109. The doctrine of force relates to———
A. monads
B. interactionism
C. scholasticism
D. all these
Answer: A. monads
110. According to Berkeley matter is an———-
A. immanent idea
B. abstract idea
C. pure idea
D. none of these
Answer: B. abstract idea
111. Hume is ————- philosopher
A. empiricist
B. rationalist
C. idealistic
D. none of these
Answer: A. empiricist
112. According to Kant , knowledge of things – in –itself is called——-
A. phenomena
B. substance
C. noumena
D. none of these
Answer: C. noumena
113. Which one of the following is a work of Kant
A. ethics
B. monadology
C. critique of purereason
D. all ofthese
Answer: C. critique of purereason
114. Kant’s Rational Psychology deals with——
A. the idea of world
B. the idea of god
C. unity of self
D. none of these
Answer: C. unity of self
115. —– is the method adopted by Kant
A. inductive
B. deductive
C. empirical
D. transcendental
Answer: D. transcendental
116. To whom the term ‘tabula rasa’ relates
A. berkeley
B. locke
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: B. locke
117. —— developed his philosophy on the foundation laid by Fichte
A. descartes
B. hegel
C. aristotle
D. none ofthese
Answer: B. hegel
118. Descartes took———- as the model of his philosophical method
A. religion
B. mathematics
C. sociology
D. arts
Answer: B. mathematics
119. Kant’s Rational cosmology deals with———-
A. unity of self
B. the idea of god
C. the idea of one world
D. all these
Answer: C. the idea of one world
120. ‘An Essay concerning human Understanding’ is the work of———-
A. spinoza
B. descartes
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
121. Leibniz belongs to ———school
A. rationalism
B. empiricism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: A. rationalism
122. ‘To be is to be perceived’ is a theory of———
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. berkeley
Answer: D. berkeley
123. .——- suggests that the ideas are of two types, simple and
complex
A. locke
B. spinoza
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: A. locke
124. To solve the mind body problem, Descartes has introduced ——-
A. psycho-physiological theory
B. psycho-physical interactionism
C. dualism
D. none of these
Answer: B. psycho-physical interactionism
125. Who among the following was obsessed with the intellectual love of God
A. hume
B. spinoza
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: B. spinoza
126. ‘A good clockmaker can construct two clocks which will keep such perfect time that they
for ever strike the hours at the same moment.’ This position is acceptable to :
A. spinoza
B. leibnitz
C. descartes
D. locke
Answer: B. leibnitz
127. Who says that space and time are empirically real but transcendentally ideal?
A. pythagoras
B. spinoza
C. kant
D. hegel
Answer: C. kant
128. The Philosopher who is associated with the Law of Sufficient Reason:
A. locke
B. berkeley
C. leibnitz
D. plato
Answer: C. leibnitz
129. Who said that the relation between cause and effect is not logical, but only psychological?
A. hume
B. kant
C. russell
D. heidegger
Answer: A. hume
130. Who among the following rejected matter as an abstract idea
A. hume
B. locke
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
131. Locke and Berkeley belong to ——- school
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: A. empiricism
132. The key notion of Hegel is—–
A. sensation
B. world
C. idea
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
133. ———— claims substance as ‘one and infinite’
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: C. spinoza
134. The rationalist philosopher —– wants to give philosophy a stable character like mathematics
A. kant
B. descartes
C. plato
D. aristotle
Answer: B. descartes
135. According to Kant ———-judgments are always aposteriori
A. analytical
B. synthetic
C. ethical
D. none of these
Answer: B. synthetic
136. The rationalist philosopherDescartes whowants to give philosophy stable characters like—–
—
A. science
B. mathematics
C. ethics
D. none of these
Answer: B. mathematics
137. The view that ‘God as both naturanaturansandnatura naturata is maintained by
A. spinoza
B. leibniz
C. kant
D. descartes
Answer: A. spinoza
138. Descartes suggests—- as absolute substance
A. mind
B. matter
C. god
D. none of these
Answer: C. god
139. The philosopher that distinguishes between ‘matters of fact’ and ‘association of ideas’ is:
A. descartes
B. hume
C. leibnitz
D. spinoza
Answer: B. hume
140. Locke suggests that the idea of substance is
A. simple idea
B. complex idea
C. particular idea
D. none of the above
Answer: B. complex idea
141. The ideas imprinted on the senses by God are called real things according to :
A. locke
B. berkeley
C. hume
D. leibnitz
Answer: B. berkeley
142. The entire universe is mirrored in each unit of the substance except for the difference that
it is mirrored only slightly differently from unit to unit.’ This position is acceptable to
A. spinoza
B. leibnitz
C. descartes
D. st. thomas aquinas
Answer: B. leibnitz
143. According to ——- God is regarded as the only cause and bearer of all qualities
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: C. spinoza
144. —— thinks that substance is to be defined by active force
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: B. leibniz
145. —— admits innumerable monads or spiritual atoms
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: B. leibniz
146. As an empiricist, Locke claims that all our knowledge is derived either through sensation
or ———
A. reflection
B. perception
C. thinking
D. none of these
Answer: A. reflection
147. The Critique of Pure Reason is really a treatise on —– with special reference to
science
A. epistemology
B. metaphysics
C. axiology
D. none of these
Answer: A. epistemology
148. According to the Absolute Idealism of Hegel, there —–
A. are many realities
B. is one reality
C. reality is relative
D. none of these
Answer: B. is one reality
149. Kant has called his epistemological enquiry as —–
A. empirical
B. transcendental
C. rational
D. none of these
Answer: B. transcendental
150. —– is not a Rationalist
A. kant
B. descartes
C. leibniz
D. allthese
Answer: A. kant
151. Locke and Berkeley belong to ——– school
A. empiricism
B. rationalism
C. idealism
D. none of these
Answer: A. empiricism
152. Who among the following is considered as the Subjective Idealist?
A. spinoza
B. leibniz
C. berkeley
D. none of these
Answer: C. berkeley
153. Psycho physical parallelism is a theory of—–
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. none ofthese
Answer: C. spinoza
154. —- is a mind body theory of Descartes
A. psycho physical parallelism
B. interactionism
C. pre-established harmony
D. all
Answer: B. interactionism
155. According to Kant ——— judgments are always apriori
A. synthetic
B. ethical
C. analytical
D. none of these
Answer: C. analytical
156. ‘Real is Rational, Rational is Real’ is the concept of———-
A. locke
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: D. hegel
157. —— is not a secondary quality according to Locke
A. taste
B. colour
C. extension
D. none of these
Answer: C. extension
158. ‘All our reasoning about causality is derived from nothing but custom’. This relates to—–
A. kant
B. hegel
C. leibniz
D. hume
Answer: D. hume
159. ———– is the view that God is the immanent principle of universe
A. pluralism
B. dualism
C. pantheism
D. atheism
Answer: C. pantheism
160. Theory of Pre-established harmony is postulated by
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: B. leibniz
161. According to Kant , knowledge begins with sense, proceeds thence
to —– and ends in ———-
A. reason, understanding
B. understanding, reason
C. phenomena, noumena
D. none of these
Answer: B. understanding, reason
162. The key notion of Hegel is
A. god
B. mind
C. world
D. none of these
Answer: D. none of these
163. For Hegel, Idea means —–
A. concreteuniversal
B. concrete particular
C. abstract particular
Answer: A. concreteuniversal
164. . Which among the following is not included under the Berkeley’s classification of sprit?
A. god
B. myself
C. animal spirit
D. none of these
Answer: C. animal spirit
165. ——— defines monads as Centres of force or energy
A. kant
B. hegel
C. leibniz
D. hume
Answer: C. leibniz
166. According to —–, monads are windowless
A. descartes
B. leibniz
C. spinoza
D. hegel
Answer: B. leibniz
167. Locke believes that there —– innate ideas in the mind
A. are no
B. are
C. must be
D. none of these
Answer: A. are no
168. According to —– the idea of substance is a complex idea
A. locke
B. spinoza
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: A. locke
169. Berkeley is ——–
A. pragmatist
B. rationalist
C. empiricist
D. none of these
Answer: C. empiricist
170. According to Leibniz the monads are —— and everything is potential or implicit in it
A. modifications
B. windowless
C. strong
D. none of these
Answer: B. windowless
171. Locke suggests that the idea of substance is a —idea
A. complex
B. particular
C. simple
D. none of these
Answer: A. complex
172. Berkeley claims that, all things of the world are the ideas of the —–
A. mind
B. physical objects
C. divine mind
D. none of these
Answer: C. divine mind
173. Locke suggests that the ideas are of two types, simple and —–
A. complex
B. particular
C. simple
D. none of these
Answer: A. complex
174. ’Reason must approach the nature not as a pupil but as a judge’ is the view of —–
A. berkeley
B. kant
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: B. kant
175. Locke has divided the qualities of things into —– and —–
A. empirical, intuitive
B. a priori, a posteriori
C. primary, secondary
D. none of
Answer: C. primary, secondary
176. In Transcendental Aesthetic, Kant discusses the theory of —–
A. space and time
B. morality
C. god
D. none of these
Answer: A. space and time
177. Who is the principal exponent of representative realism
A. berkeley
B. locke
C. hume
D. none of these
Answer: B. locke
178. . Berkeley suggests, as all beings are particular , so all ideas are —-
A. empirical
B. universal
C. particular
D. none of these
Answer: B. universal
179. Who among the following western philosophers attempted to refute matter
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: B. berkeley
180. . —— claims a material world which exists apart from perceiving mind, is unnecessary
and false
A. hume
B. berkeley
C. descartes
D. none of these
Answer: B. berkeley
181. ——— is not a representative of Rationalism
A. Kant
B. Descartes
C. Spinoza
D. All these
Answer: A. Kant
182. Descartes is considered as the founder of ———-
A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Idealism
D. None of these
Answer: B. Rationalism
183. Generally the rise of modern Philosophy had been marked by ———-
A. Critical thinking
B. Reflective spirit
C. Revolt against authority
D. All these
Answer: D. All these
184. Descartes is a ————– Philosopher
A. Greek
B. French
C. German
D. American
Answer: B. French
185. John Lock is ———- Philosopher
A. Rationalist
B. Empiricist
C. Idealist
D. None of these
Answer: B. Empiricist
186. Cogito ergo sum is a key concept in the philosophy of ———-
A. Leibniz
B. Spinoza
C. Descartes
D. None of these
Answer: C. Descartes
187. The term ‘natura naturans’ is introduced by ——-
A. Leibniz
B. Spinoza
C. Descartes
D. Kant
Answer: B. Spinoza
188. The doctrine of force relates to ———
A. Monadology
B. Interactionism
C. Scholasticism
D. All these
Answer: A. Monadology
189. ——— is not a Rationalist
A. Kant
B. Descartes
C. Leibniz
D. All these
Answer: A. Kant
190. ———- are the affections or modifications of substance
A. Modes
B. God
C. Attributes
D. None of these
Answer: A. Modes
191. Whose philosophy is conceived as Absolute Idealism
A. Kant
B. Hegel
C. Descartes
D. Spinoza
Answer: B. Hegel
192. ‘An Essay concerning human Understanding’ is the work of ———-
A. Spinoza
B. Descartes
C. Locke
D. None of these
Answer: C. Locke
193. Locke and Berkeley belong to ———- school
A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Idealism
D. None of these
Answer: A. Empiricism
194. According to Berkeley matter is an ———-
A. Immanent idea
B. Abstract idea
C. Pure idea
D. All these
Answer: B. Abstract idea
195. ‘To be is to be perceived’ is a theory of ———
A. Descartes
B. Leibniz
C. Spinoza
D. Berkeley
Answer: D. Berkeley
196. ‘Ethics’ is written by ——–
A. Leibniz
B. Spinoza
C. Descartes
D. None of these
Answer: B. Spinoza
197. ——– is the view that God is the immanent principle of universe
A. Pluralism
B. Dualism
C. Pantheism
D. Atheism
Answer: C. Pantheism
198. Hume is ———– philosopher
A. Empiricist
B. Rationalist
C. Idealistic
D. None of these
Answer: A. Empiricist
199. Which one of the following is a secondary quality according to Locke
A. Solidity
B. Colour
C. Extension
D. Solidity
Answer: B. Colour
200. Who among the following is considered as the Subjective Idealist
A. Spinoza
B. Leibniz
C. Berkeley
D. None of these
Answer: C. Berkeley
201. ‘All our reasoning about causality is derived from nothing but custom’. This relates to —–
A. Kant
B. Hegel
C. Leibniz
D. Hume
Answer: D. Hume
202. Kant’s Rational theology deals with ———
A. The idea of God
B. Unity of self
C. The idea of world
D. None of these
Answer: A. The idea of God
203. Who among the following is an Idealist philosopher
A. Descartes
B. Kant
C. Locke
D. None of these
Answer: B. Kant
204. Descartes took ——– as the model of his philosophical method
A. Religion
B. Mathematics
C. Sociology
D. Arts
Answer: B. Mathematics
205. —— is not a secondary quality according to Locke
A. Taste
B. Coluor
C. Extension
D. None of these
Answer: C. Extension
206. ‘Real is Rational, Rational is Real’ is the concept of ———-
A. Locke
B. Leibniz
C. Spinoza
D. Hegel
Answer: D. Hegel
207. Who is considered as the father of modern philosophy
A. Kant
B. Descartes
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. Neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: B. Descartes
208. According to Kant ——— judgments are always a priori
A. Synthetic
B. Ethical
C. Analytical
D. None of these
Answer: C. Analytical
209. Which one of the following is a primary quality according to Locke
A. Colour
B. Figure
C. Extension
D. None of these
Answer: C. Extension
210. Tabula rasa refers to ——–
A. Empty cabinet
B. Subtle emotion
C. Knowledge
D. None of these
Answer: A. Empty cabinet
211. Kant’s Rational cosmology deals with ———-
A. Unity of self
B. The idea of God
C. The idea of one world
D. All these
Answer: C. The idea of one world
212. Which one of the following is a work of Kant
A. Ethics
B. Monadology
C. Critique of pure reason
D. All of these
Answer: C. Critique of pure reason
213. Psycho physical parallelism is a theory of —–
A. Descartes
B. Leibniz
C. Spinoza
D. None of these
Answer: C. Spinoza
214. Hegel developed his philosophy on the foundation laid by ——-
A. Descartes
B. Fichte
C. Aristotle
D. None of these
Answer: B. Fichte
215. Kant’s Rational Psychology deals with ——
A. The idea of world
B. The idea of God
C. Unity of self
D. None of these
Answer: C. Unity of self
216. ——– is the method adopted by Kant
A. Inductive
B. Deductive
C. Empirical
D. Transcendental
Answer: D. Transcendental
217. ——— is a mind body theory of Descartes
A. Psycho physical parallelism
B. Interactionism
C. Pre-established harmony
D. All these
Answer: B. Interactionism
218. According to Kant , knowledge of things – in –itself is called ——-
A. Phenomena
B. Substance
C. Noumena
D. None of these
Answer: C. Noumena
219. Modern western philosophers unlike the medieval thinkers were critical about ___________.
A. scientific advance
B. dogmatic theology
C. rationalism
D. all these
Answer: B. dogmatic theology
220. Transcendentalism 3. Descartes
4. Dialectical materialism 4. Hegel
A. 4, 2, 3,1
B. 1, 3, 4, 2
C. 2, 4, 3, 1
D. 3, 4, 1, 2
Answer: C. 2, 4, 3, 1
221. Modernism marked a clear shift ___________.
A. from faith to reason
B. from reason to faith
C. from science to religion
D. from religion to science
Answer: A. from faith to reason
222. European __________ is subdivided into the Humanistic and the Natural Science period.
A. Philosophy
B. Theology
C. Renaissance
D. None of these
Answer: C. Renaissance
223. Modern western philosophers showed increased interest in ___________.
A. theology
B. scientific inquiry
C. astronomy
D. all these
Answer: B. scientific inquiry
224. In the ___________ era, freedom of thought and rational inquiry became the watchwords of
philosophy.
A. ancient
B. classical
C. medieval
D. modern
Answer: D. modern
225. _____________ is considered as the father of modern western philosophy as well as rationalism
A. Descartes
B. Kant
C. Hume
D. Socrates
Answer: A. Descartes
226. Find the odd one out.
A. Aristotle
B. Kant
C. Hume
D. Descartes
Answer: A. Aristotle
227. _________ is/are not applicable to Descartes.
1. French 2. Medieval 3. Empiricist d) Rationalist
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 4
C. Only 2
D. 2 and 3
Answer: D. 2 and 3
228. _________ is/are applicable to Descartes and Locke. 1. Medieval 2. Modern 3. Rationalist 4. Empiricist
A. 1 and 4
B. Only 2
C. Only 3
D. 2 and 4
Answer: B. Only 2
229. __________ propositions need no proof.
A. Universal
B. Self-evident
C. Particular
D. None of these
Answer: B. Self-evident
230. According to Descartes, deduction and _________ are the means to attain true knowledge.
A. experience
B. logic
C. intuition
D. all these
Answer: C. intuition
231. According to Descartes, ___________ ideas are clear and distinct.
A. innate
B. adventitious
C. factitious
D. none of these
Answer: A. innate
232. ‘Cogito ergo sum’ refers to the idea of __________.
A. God
B. World
C. the Self
D. Reason
Answer: C. the Self
233. Cartesian skepticism is precisely _____________.
A. ontological
B. methodological
C. ethical
D. axiological
Answer: B. methodological
234. Dualism recognizes ____________.
A. one and only one substance
B. two substances
C. many substances
D. none of these
Answer: B. two substances
235. ___________ is not applicable to Spinoza.
1. Monism 2. Rationalism 3. Dualism 4. Pluralism
A. Only 3
B. Only 1
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 and 4
Answer: D. 3 and 4
236. ‘A substance cannot depend on anything else, and hence there can be only one substance.’ This
position is precisely termed ______________.
A. Rationalism
B. Dualism
C. Monism
D. Empiricism
Answer: C. Monism
237. Psychophysical ___________ is the view of Spinoza.
A. dualism
B. parallelism
C. interactionism
D. none of these
Answer: B. parallelism
238. According to Spinoza, Reality is ____________.
A. God or Nature
B. Neither God nor Nature
C. Only God
D. Only Nature
Answer: A. God or Nature
239. ‘Mind and matter are not substances’. This is the point of Spinoza’s disagreement with _______.
A. Kant
B. Hume
C. Hegel
D. Descartes
Answer: D. Descartes
240. Leibnitz conceived plurality of __________ substances.
A. spiritual
B. physical
C. material
D. all these
Answer: A. spiritual
241. ‘No two monads can ever have any causal relation to each other’. Hence, they are __________.
A. interactive
B. windowless
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: B. windowless
242. According to Leibnitz, Monads are ___________ in number.
A. two
B. one
C. infinite
D. none of these
Answer: C. infinite
243. According to Leibnitz, ____________ pre-established the harmony between monads.
A. None
B. God
C. Mind
D. Matter
Answer: B. God
244. Spinoza’s monism is a solution suggested to resolve the problem of ____________ in Cartesian
philosophy.
A. Rationalism
B. God
C. Dualism
D. Cogito
Answer: C. Dualism
245. ___________ was suggested as a hypothesis to solve the problem of mind-body interaction.
A. Dualism
B. Rationalism
C. Occasionalism
D. all these
Answer: C. Occasionalism
246. According to Descartes, the very idea of a perfect being implies His existence. This is the
_______ proof of the existence of God.
A. Ontological
B. Cosmological
C. Causal
D. All these
Answer: A. Ontological
247. ___________ recognize sense perception as the source and standard of knowledge.
A. Rationalists
B. Empiricists
C. Idealists
D. Intuitionists
Answer: B. Empiricists
248. ____________ is the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
A. Spinoza
B. Descartes
C. Hegel
D. Locke
Answer: D. Locke
249. Sensation and reflection are the primary sources of all ideas. This is the postulate of _________.
A. Rationalism
B. Idealism
C. Empiricism
D. None of these
Answer: C. Empiricism
250. According to Locke, we understand the internal states of mind by __________.
A. Sensation
B. Intuition
C. Reflection
D. All these
Answer: C. Reflection
251. For ______________, knowledge is a posteriori.
A. Rationalists
B. Idealists
C. Intuitionists
D. Empiricists
Answer: D. Empiricists
252. For ______________, true knowledge is a priori.
A. Empiricists
B. Idealists
C. Intuitionists
D. Rationalists
Answer: D. Rationalists
253. According to Locke, qualities are divided into __________.
A. a priori and a posteriori
B. physical and mental
C. primary and secondary
D. empirical and spiritual
Answer: C. primary and secondary
254. ____________ is the dictum of Subjective Idealism.
A. Cogito ergo sum
B. esse est percipi
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: B. esse est percipi
255. The term Tabula rasa implies the rejection of _____________.
A. sense experience
B. empiricism
C. innate ideas
D. primary qualities
Answer: C. innate ideas
256. Mentalism is another term for _____________.
A. Subjective Idealism
B. Rationalism
C. Absolute Idealism
D. None of these
Answer: A. Subjective Idealism
257. Ideas do not exist without a perceiving mind. This is the argument of __________.
A. Locke
B. Spinoza
C. Berkeley
D. Marx
Answer: C. Berkeley
258. _________ rejected the existence of a material substance apart from the perceiver’s idea.
A. Berkeley
B. Locke
C. Spinoza
D. None of these
Answer: A. Berkeley
259. Hume divided all perceptions into ____________.
A. primary and secondary
B. impressions and ideas
C. matter and mind
D. innate and acquired
Answer: B. impressions and ideas
260. __________ proposed the Law of Association of Ideas.
A. Locke
B. Spinoza
C. Berkeley
D. Hume
Answer: D. Hume
261. According to Hume, our idea of causation is only the result of a constant __________ of ideas.
A. impression
B. dissociation
C. separation
D. conjunction
Answer: D. conjunction
262. According to Hume, our idea of causation does not imply ________.
A. perception
B. necessity
C. contingency
D. any of these
Answer: B. necessity
263. In Locke’s system, __________ is a primary quality.
A. colour
B. sound
C. smell
D. extension
Answer: D. extension
264. According to Locke, solidity and extension are ___________ qualities.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: A. primary
265. _________ is not included in Locke’s catalogue of primary qualities.
A. extension
B. solidity
C. colour
D. figure
Answer: C. colour
266. According to Locke, there are no _________ ideas and hence mind is a tabula rasa.
A. clear
B. sensible
C. innate
D. complex
Answer: C. innate
267. ‘If no one perceives a thing, God always perceives everything’. This is the view of ________.
A. Berkeley
B. Spinoza
C. Descartes
D. Hume
Answer: A. Berkeley
268. Both Locke and Berkeley are ____________.
A. Empiricists
B. Idealists
C. Occasionalists
D. Rationalists
Answer: A. Empiricists
269. ___________ ends up in skepticism regarding any certain knowledge.
A. Spinoza
B. Descartes
C. Locke
D. Hume
Answer: D. Hume
270. ___________ is the author of the Critique of Pure Reason.
A. Berkeley
B. Kant
C. Locke
D. Descartes
Answer: B. Kant
271. In a/an ___________ proposition, the predicate is part of the subject.
A. synthetic
B. analytic
C. empirical
D. None of these
Answer: B. analytic
272. ___________ knowledge is independent of sense experience.
A. a priori
B. a posteriori
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: A. a priori
273. According to Kant, causality is a/an ____________ concept.
A. empirical
B. synthetic a priori
C. synthetic a posteriori
D. none of these
Answer: B. synthetic a priori
274. Noumena refer to ___________.
A. thing-in-itself
B. sensible objects
C. empirical reality
D. all these
Answer: A. thing-in-itself
275. According to Kant, sensibility and __________ constitute knowledge.
A. perception
B. causality
C. understanding
D. noumena
Answer: C. understanding
276. According to Kant, space and time are the ___________ conditions of all knowledge.
A. possible
B. a priori
C. a posteriori
D. perceived
Answer: B. a priori
277. According to Kant, human reason cannot have genuine knowledge about the ____________.
A. phenomena
B. noumena
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: B. noumena
278. In Kant’s table of judgments, universal, particular and singular represent ___________.
A. quality
B. modality
C. relation
D. quantity
Answer: D. quantity
279. __________ is/are applicable to Hegel.
1. German 2. Materialist 3. Idealist 4. Absolutist
A. Only 1
B. All except 2
C. All except 4
D. Both 1 and 2
Answer: B. All except 2
280. Dialectic has a central place in the philosophy of ____________.
A. Hegel
B. Marx
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: C. both (a) and (b)
281. Marx had rejected the __________ in Hegelian philosophy.
A. idealism
B. dialectic
C. materialism
D. all these
Answer: A. idealism
282. “The real is rational and the rational is real”. This is the crux of _________ philosophy.
A. Cartesian
B. Kantian
C. Hegelian
D. Marxian
Answer: C. Hegelian
283. The first of the dialectical triad is ___________.
A. thesis
B. antithesis
C. synthesis
D. all these
Answer: A. thesis
284. In Hegelian dialectic, __________ is the synthesis stage.
A. Being
B. Non-being
C. Becoming
D. None of these
Answer: C. Becoming
285. Dialectical development involves the negation of ____________.
A. Becoming
B. reasoning
C. relation
D. negation
Answer: D. negation
286. Berkeley and Hegel are ____________.
A. Empiricists
B. Idealists
C. Materialists
D. Skeptics
Answer: B. Idealists
287. In Hegel’s philosophy, ____________ is the ultimate reality.
A. God
B. Dialectics
C. Material world
D. Absolute Idea
Answer: D. Absolute Idea
288. The source of Marxian materialism is ____________.
A. Feuerbach
B. Hegel
C. Engels
D. None of these
Answer: A. Feuerbach
289. __________ is the author of Phenomenology of Spirit.
A. Feuerbach
B. Engels
C. Hegel
D. Marx
Answer: C. Hegel
290. Marx insisted on the philosopher’s task of ____________ the world.
A. interpreting
B. changing
C. understanding
D. negating
Answer: B. changing
291. According to Marx, ___________ is the lever of social change.
A. Absolute Idea
B. Class war
C. Love
D. God
Answer: B. Class war
292. The necessary and basic cause of class war, according to Marx, is ___________.
A. economic
B. cultural
C. religious
D. none of these
Answer: A. economic
293. Marxian revolution aims at the liberation of the ____________ class.
A. ruling
B. bourgeois
C. working
D. noble
Answer: C. working
294. Marx conceived ____________as the necessary culmination of class war.
A. dialectics
B. proletariat dictatorship
C. capitalism
D. historical materialism
Answer: B. proletariat dictatorship
295. __________ was closely associated with Marx in developing his philosophy.
A. Engels
B. Hegel
C. Feuerbach
D. Lenin
Answer: A. Engels
296. Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat determines the class conflict in ___________ society.
A. Feudal
B. Communist
C. Capitalist
D. none of these
Answer: C. Capitalist
297. Who among the following is NOT a rationalist thinker?
A. John Locke
B. Rene Descartes
C. Benedict Spinoza
D. W. Leibniz
Answer: A. John Locke
298. Who among the following is an empiricist thinker?
A. Rene Descartes
B. Benedict Spinoza
C. William Leibniz
D. David Hume
Answer: D. David Hume
299. Who among the following is a rationalist thinker?
A. John Locke
B. George Berkeley
C. David Hume
D. Rene Descartes
Answer: D. Rene Descartes
300. The view that knowledge is attained through reason not the senses is called:
A. Idealism
B. Positivism
C. Rationalism
D. Empiricism
Answer: C. Rationalism
301. The view that knowledge is attained through sense experience is called:
A. Idealism
B. Positivism
C. Rationalism
D. Empiricism
Answer: D. Empiricism
302. Which among the following is the characteristic of Modern Philosophy
A. A revolt against authority and tradition
B. Demand for freedom in thought, feeling, and action
C. Scientific
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
303. Who authored ‘Essay on Human Understanding’
A. Rene Descartes
B. John Locke
C. Immanuel Kant
D. David Hume
Answer: B. John Locke
304. Modern philosophy began in
A. Renaissance
B. The Enlightenment
C. The idealistic period
D. Natural Science Period
Answer: A. Renaissance
305. The father of modern western philosophy
A. Aristotle
B. Socrates
C. Descartes
D. Spinoza
Answer: C. Descartes
306. Descartes advocated the philosophy of:
A. Pluralism
B. Empiricism
C. Dualism
D. Idealism
Answer: C. Dualism
307. Descartes is a
A. skeptic
B. empiricist
C. rationalist
D. All of the above
Answer: C. rationalist
308. The concept of innate ideas is put forward by:
A. Spinoza
B. Leibniz
C. Kant
D. Descartes
Answer: D. Descartes
309. …………. Is advocated theory of interactionism
A. Descartes
B. Pre-established harmony
C. Berkeley
D. Kant
Answer: A. Descartes
310. According to Descartes, the Absolute substance refers to:
A. God
B. Mind
C. Matter
D. Mind and Matter
Answer: A. God
311. According to Descartes, the idea of God is :
A. Adventitious
B. fictitious
C. Demonstrative
D. Innate
Answer: D. Innate
312. Which one of the following views is held by Descartes?
A. Mind and body are the two substances which exist independently of each other
B. Mind is the only substance and matter is only a fiction
C. Mind is the only substance and matter is only a fiction
D. Matter is the only substance and mind is one of its modes of existence
Answer: A. Mind and body are the two substances which exist independently of each other
313. Which one of the following statements adequately sums up Descartes’ philosophy?
A. Mind and matter are two aspects of the same reality
B. The world is made of two radically different kinds of substance, mind and matter.
C. Matter alone is real and mind is only an illusion.
D. Mind creates matter
Answer: B. The world is made of two radically different kinds of substance, mind and matter.
314. Which one of the following types of substances is NOT admitted by Descartes?
A. Infinite and uncreated
B. Perpetually changing
C. Finite and spiritual
D. Finite and material
Answer: B. Perpetually changing
315. In order to escape …………………, Descartes has introduced the idea of God
A. Spiritualism
B. Solipsism
C. Empiricism
D. Dualism
Answer: B. Solipsism
316. The rationalist philosopher …………. wants to give philosophy a stable character like mathematics.
A. Descartes
B. Kant
C. Spinoza
D. Leibnitz
Answer: A. Descartes
317. ………. defines substance as “ an existent thing which requires nothing but itself in order to exist”.
A. Spinoza
B. Locke
C. Descartes
D. Hume
Answer: C. Descartes
318. Descartes claims God as the …………..substance, and mind and matter as ……… substance.
A. absolute , created
B. absolute, finite
C. Only, created
D. created, absolute
Answer: A. absolute , created
319. Descartes suggests ……………… as absolute substance
A. God
B. Mind
C. Soul
D. All of these
Answer: A. God
320. Which one of the following statements is NOT supported by Descartes?
A. Mind and matter are independent substance
B. Mind and matter are two separate substances alongside God.
C. Mind and matter are inter-related to one another
D. Mind and matter are both identical
Answer: D. Mind and matter are both identical
321. The doctrine of Occassionalism advocated by
A. Descartes
B. Malebranche
C. Spinoza
D. Leibnitz
Answer: B. Malebranche
322. Which one of the following statements is entitled by Descartes’ cogito ergo sum?
A. Only I exist
B. Only God exists
C. I exist while I think
D. Only matter exists
Answer: C. I exist while I think
323. Descartes recognizes mind and matter as ……. substances which are created by God.
A. Absolute
B. Relative
C. Neutral
D. Real
Answer: B. Relative
324. Descartes suggests mind and matter are ………..
A. Opposed on each other
B. Dependent on each other
C. Independent of each other
D. None of the above
Answer: A. Opposed on each other
325. Descartes advocates …………..by admitting mind and matter as two substances
A. Dualism
B. Individualism
C. Rationalism
D. None of these
Answer: A. Dualism
326. To solve mind and body problem, Descartes has introduced ……….
A. Mind Body Dualism
B. Psycho-physical Interactionism
C. Occassionalism
D. Psycho-physical parallelism
Answer: B. Psycho-physical Interactionism
327. Which among is NOT included Descartes three kinds of ideas
A. Innate Ideas
B. Complex Ideas
C. Factitious Ideas
D. Adventitious Ideas
Answer: B. Complex Ideas
328. Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that ………
A. They never directly deceive him
B. They sometimes deceive him
C. God allows sensory deception
D. Sense perception is indubitable
Answer: B. They sometimes deceive him
329. Descartes declares that he is …………
A. A body
B. a dream
C. a thing that thinks
D. a thing that cannot exist
Answer: C. a thing that thinks
330. Descartes reasons that the very fact that he is thinking shows that ……
A. He does not exist
B. He is not being deceived
C. He exists
D. He is dreaming
Answer: C. He exists
331. The view that we consist of two distinct substances (body and mind) and that these two interact
is known as ………
A. Functionalism
B. Identity theory
C. Substance dualism
D. Materialism
Answer: B. Identity theory
332. Descartes believed that interaction between body and mind took place in ……
A. Ectoplasm
B. the brain stem
C. the pineal gland
D. the nervous system
Answer: C. the pineal gland
333. Descartes says that the chief characteristic of physical things is that …..
A. They cannot be measured
B. Science can study them
C. They do not have extension
D. They have extension
Answer: D. They have extension
334. Which of the following do Cartesian dualists reject?
A. That minds and bodies exist
B. That mind and bodies can exist independently of each other
C. That minds exist in time
D. That mind exist in space
Answer: D. That mind exist in space
335. According to Descartes, knowledge is
A. Power
B. Unattainable
C. Certain
D. Fleeting
Answer: C. Certain
336. For Descartes, cogito ergo sum is
A. A proof for the existence of God
B. An indubitable truth
C. An obvious falsehood
D. A way to make money
Answer: B. An indubitable truth
337. Which claim did Descartes use to establish the certainty of his own existence?
A. To be is to be perceived
B. I think, therefore I am
C. Nothing exists except bodies in motion
D. Every created thing has both mental and physical properties.
Answer: B. I think, therefore I am
338. What was clarity and distinctness a mark of, for Rene Descartes?
A. God
B. Goodness
C. Truth
D. Rationality
Answer: C. Truth
339. Who authored the book Discourse on Method ?.
A. Descartes
B. Spinoza
C. Immanuel Kant
D. Hegel
Answer: A. Descartes
340. Which book authored Rene Descartes
A. Critique of Pure Reason
B. Ethics
C. Meditations on First Philosophy
D. The Principles of Human Knowledge
Answer: C. Meditations on First Philosophy
341. Descartes uses the method of doubt to cast doubt on
A. The existence of the external world
B. The existence of God
C. The existence of dream
D. The existence of demons
Answer: A. The existence of the external world
342. Spinoza equates substance with ——- and ——–
A. Qualities, God
B. Nature, God
C. Nature, Soul
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Nature, God
343. By admitting only God, Spinoza fails to explain plurality, diversity, motion and change of the …..
A. Individual souls
B. Objects of the world
C. Empirical world
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Objects of the world
344. Which one of the following statements is associated with Spinoza?
A. Mind and body are two independent entities in perfect harmony with each other.
B. Mind and body interact and there is a causal relation between the two.
C. Mind and body are not two independent substances but are two parallel manifestations of the same reality.
D. Mind is an epiphenomenon of the body
Answer: C. Mind and body are not two independent substances but are two parallel manifestations of the same reality.
345. Which one of the following statements is true, according to Spinoza?
A. Substance can exist outside of God
B. Substance and God are independent realities
C. There can be no substance outside of God
D. Substance and God are imaginary.
Answer: C. There can be no substance outside of God
346. By ‘mode’ Spinoza means that which
A. Is in itself and is conceived through itself
B. Exists in itself
C. Is a being that is absolutely infinite
D. Exists through something other than itself
Answer: D. Exists through something other than itself
347. What is true of Spinoza’s parallelism?
A. It explains the mental by the physical
B. It explains the physical by the mental
C. It is double aspect theory accepting both the mental and physical realms as manifestations of the same substance.
D. It accepts the mental and the physical as two stages of evolution.
Answer: C. It is double aspect theory accepting both the mental and physical realms as manifestations of the same substance.
348. Spinoza claims substance is …………. and ………………
A. Many, finite
B. One, infinite
C. Many, limited
D. One, limited
Answer: B. One, infinite
349. By ………….. Spinoza understands that which is in itself and which is conceived by means of itself.
A. Matter
B. Body
C. Substance
D. Attribute
Answer: C. Substance
350. ………… points out that if Descartes, definition of substance is to be strictly adhered to, there can be only one substance, i.e., God.
A. Spinoza
B. Hume
C. Locke
D. Berkeley
Answer: A. Spinoza
351. According to Spinoza, body and mind
A. Are causally independent
B. interact with each other
C. are parallel to each other
D. are providentially synchronized by God
Answer: C. are parallel to each other
352. The view that one may consider God both as Naturanaturans and Natruanaturata is maintained
by:
A. Thomas Aquinas
B. Spinoza
C. Leibnitz
D. Berkeley
Answer: B. Spinoza
353. The fundamental property of substance is known as:
A. Modes
B. Attribute
C. Thought
D. Extension
Answer: B. Attribute
354. …….. declares that there are no substances other than God.
A. Spinoza
B. Kant
C. Hume
D. Locke
Answer: A. Spinoza
355. Who declares that there are no substances other than God
A. Spinoza
B. Kant
C. Hume
D. Locke
Answer: A. Spinoza
356. Spinoza is an advocate of
A. Dualism
B. Pantheism
C. Materialism
D. Empiricism
Answer: B. Pantheism
357. What did Benedict Spinoza think a person is
A. a mode of God/Nature
B. an immaterial mind
C. a physical body
D. an immaterial mind in a physical body.
Answer: A. a mode of God/Nature
358. ‘There can only one substance which is causasui (cause of itself) and this single substance must
be identified with the universe a whole. This unique all inclusive totality is therefore God or Nature’ whose statement?
A. Hegel
B. Marx
C. Hume
D. Spinoza
Answer: D. Spinoza
359. The position of psycho-physical parallelism is advocated by:
A. Descartes
B. Spinoza
C. Leibniz
D. Locke.
Answer: B. Spinoza
360. God according to Leibniz is:
A. Central Monad
B. Queen Monad
C. Soul Monad
D. Monad of Monads
Answer: D. Monad of Monads
361. Monadology is the famous work of:
A. Descartes
B. Spinoza
C. Leibniz
D. Berkeley
Answer: C. Leibniz
362. A monad is explained as:
A. Physical atom
B. Unit of force
C. Matter
D. Mind
Answer: B. Unit of force
363. Leibniz advocated the theory of:
A. Interactionism
B. Pre-established harmony
C. Parallelism
D. Monism
Answer: B. Pre-established harmony
364. Doctrine of monads is advocated by:
A. Spinoza
B. Leibniz
C. Berkeley
D. Hume
Answer: B. Leibniz
365. For Leibnitz, monad is windowless because
A. It is absolutely free from external influence
B. It is extended
C. It is composite body
D. It is something material
Answer: A. It is absolutely free from external influence
366. …………. Admits innumerable monads or spiritual atoms
A. Leibnitz
B. Hume
C. Berkeley
D. Locke
Answer: A. Leibnitz
367. ………….. thinks that substance is to be defined by active force
A. Spinoza
B. Hume
C. Descartes
D. Leibnitz
Answer: D. Leibnitz
368. The monads are …… and everything is potential or implicit in it
A. Very strong
B. active
C. Windowless
D. None of these
Answer: C. Windowless
369. Which among is NOT correct regarding monads
A. Windowless
B. Spiritual
C. Perceive each other
D. Active force
Answer: C. Perceive each other
370. Leibnitz defines substance or ‘monad’ as
A. Active force
B. physical object
C. mental object
D. none of these
Answer: A. Active force
371. Every monad is a …… of the universe which generates the images of things by its own activity
A. Clear aspect
B. definite explanation
C. Living mirror
D. none of these
Answer: C. Living mirror
372. Leibnitz philosophy is
A. Monistic
B. Dualistic
C. Pluralistic
D. Materialistic
Answer: C. Pluralistic
373. Which among the following is NOT applicable to Leibnitz
A. God is the creator of harmony
B. Extension is real
C. The monads are eternal and can be destroyed only by miracle on the part of God.
D. No monad has any part and therefore is truly indivisible.
Answer: B. Extension is real
374. Leibnitz claims that there is only a …….. between soul and body, instituted by God
A. Complete substance
B. Complete correspondence
C. Complete interactionism
D. All of these
Answer: B. Complete correspondence
375. Mind is a ‘tabula rasa’ according to:
A. Berkeley
B. Locke
C. Descartes
D. Spinoza
Answer: B. Locke
376. John Locke rejected the concept of:
A. Substance
B. Innate Ideas
C. Experience
D. Primary Qualities
Answer: B. Innate Ideas
377. There must be an unknown and unknowable substratum which supports the existence of ………..
qualities
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Basic
D. Both primary and secondary
Answer: A. Primary
378. The secondary properties of substance are known as ………….
A. Modes
B. Attribute
C. Relative property
D. Substance
Answer: A. Modes
379. Which one of the following according to Locke is correct description of substance?
A. Substance is spiritual in nature
B. Substance has both real and nominal essences.
C. Substance is a known locus of qualities.
D. Substance is the cause of the world
Answer: C. Substance is a known locus of qualities.
380. Locke suggests that mind knows directly the ……. and not the objects themselves.
A. Sensations
B. Ideas of the object
C. Qualities
D. none of the above
Answer: B. Ideas of the object
381. Which one of the following according to Locke justifies the distinction between primary and
secondary qualities?
A. God has created primary qualities
B. Secondary qualities are given in experience
C. Primary qualities and secondary qualities are logically different
D. Primary qualities are objective while secondary qualities are subjective
Answer: D. Primary qualities are objective while secondary qualities are subjective
382. John Locke has divided the qualities of things into ……… and ……..
A. A priori, a posteriori
B. Empirical, intuitive
C. Primary, secondary
D. All of these
Answer: C. Primary, secondary
383. As an empiricist, Locke claims that all our knowledge is derived either through sensation or …….
A. Perception
B. Reflection
C. Thinking
D. None of these
Answer: B. Reflection
384. Which one of the following is true of Locke’s view of substance?
A. Substance is the sum of qualities
B. Substance is the substratum of qualities
C. Substance is the sum of ideas.
D. Substance is the logical construction of sense data
Answer: A. Substance is the sum of qualities
385. Which one of the following arguments is advance by Locke for the rejection of innate ideas?
A. If there were innate ideas, then all human beings would be identical
B. If there were innate ideas then we should find them expressed in infants and untutored savages.
C. If there were innate ideas then there must be a God who generates them
D. If there were innate ideas than human beings should be eternal.
Answer: B. If there were innate ideas then we should find them expressed in infants and untutored savages.
386. Which one of the following is the correct definition of secondary qualities, according to Locke?
A. Secondary qualities are nothing in the objects themselves but powers to produce sensations in us by their primary qualities.
B. Secondary qualities are those which are imposed on the external objects by human mind.
C. Secondary qualities are those that vary according to variations in conditions of perception
D. Secondary qualities are those whose ideas are not exact resemblances of qualities of objects.
Answer: A. Secondary qualities are nothing in the objects themselves but powers to produce sensations in us by their primary qualities.
387. Which among the following is NOT Locke’ view of ideas
A. The mind is active in the reception of simple ideas
B. The mind becomes active, when we get complex ideas
C. Simple ideas are directly known as the contents of actual experience
D. All ideas originate with and from experience
Answer: A. The mind is active in the reception of simple ideas
388. An example for secondary quality
A. colour
B. figure
C. extension
D. solidity
Answer: A. colour
389. An example for primary quality
A. colour
B. taste
C. Sound
D. number
Answer: D. number
390. A …………. is one which ‘being in itself uncompounded, contains in it nothing but one uniform
appearance or conception in the mind and is no distinguishable into different ideas’. In other words it is an unanalyzable simple datum of knowledge.
A. Simple Idea
B. Complex Idea
C. Mode
D. Reflection
Answer: A. Simple Idea
391. Empiricism is the epistemological theory that the only source of knowledge about the external
world is
A. Reason
B. intuition
C. logic
D. sense experience
Answer: D. sense experience
392. The philosophical position of Berkeley is known as:
A. Subjective Idealism
B. Innate Ideas
C. Realism
D. Absolute Idealism
Answer: A. Subjective Idealism
393. ‘To be is to be perceived’ according to:
A. Berkeley
B. Locke
C. Hume
D. Hegel
Answer: A. Berkeley
394. Who claims that only mind and their ideas exist
A. Spinoza
B. Berkeley
C. Locke
D. Kant
Answer: B. Berkeley
395. Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are
A. One and the same thing
B. Both nonexistent
C. Two distinct things
D. Imaginary
Answer: A. One and the same thing
396. Berkeley insists that heat and cold are …..
A. Illusions
B. physical object
C. Only things existing apart from our minds
D. Only sensations existing in our minds
Answer: D. Only sensations existing in our minds
397. What did George Berkeley mean about such things as tables and chairs when he denied the
existence of matter?
A. There are no unperceived tables and chairs.
B. There are no tables and chairs
C. Tables and chairs are really just swarms of particles in motion
D. Everything, including tables and chairs, is an illusion.
Answer: A. There are no unperceived tables and chairs.
398. What was Berkeley’s explanation for the fact that things like rocks and trees seem to continue
to exist even when humans don’t perceive them?
A. They are material objects, so naturally they can exist unperceived.
B. Appearances are deceiving. In fact such things do cease to be when we no longer perceive them
C. Being partly mental, they continue to exist because they can perceive themselves.
D. God always perceives them.
Answer: D. God always perceives them.
399. Berkeley rejects Locke’s distinction between primary and secondary qualities because
A. All qualities are subjective
B. Only secondary qualities are subjective
C. Qualities are created by God
D. Qualities inhere in substances
Answer: A. All qualities are subjective
400. As all beings are particular things, so all ideas are particular ideas, is said by
A. Locke
B. Berkeley
C. Descartes
D. Kant
Answer: B. Berkeley
401. Berkeley is …..
A. Idealist
B. Realist
C. Pragmatist
D. None
Answer: A. Idealist
402. Which one of the following vies truly explains the status of matter in the light of Berkeley’s
thesis ‘esseestpercipii’?
A. Whatever is known is only substance or concrete things
B. Whatever is known is only ideas
C. We experience in perception only objects with qualities.
D. Apart from ideas, matter exists.
Answer: B. Whatever is known is only ideas
403. Berkeley suggests, as all beings are particular, so all ideas are
A. Universal ideas
B. Particular ideas
C. Empirical ideas
D. None of these
Answer: B. Particular ideas
404. Berkeley ……..the assumption of general ideas in the mind and the belief in the existence of a
material world outside it
A. Accepts
B. rejects
C. transforms
D. none of these
Answer: B. rejects
405. Which among the following is NOT true for Berkeley?
A. Matter is not perceived.
B. The existence of matter is not based on inference
C. The existence of matter serves no useful purpose.
D. External objects are real and exist outside our mind.
Answer: D. External objects are real and exist outside our mind.
406. Who claims only minds and their ideas exist
A. Berkeley
B. Hume
C. Bacon
D. Berkeley
Answer: A. Berkeley
407. Which one of the following theses is the most fundamental to Berkeley’s world views?
A. All qualities are ideas and so any object consisting of qualitie4s is an idea.
B. Qualities of an object do not inhere in a material substratum
C. Secondary qualities are the powers to produce sensations in us by their primary qualities.
D. Primary qualities are produced by our minds.
Answer: C. Secondary qualities are the powers to produce sensations in us by their primary qualities.
408. Which one of the following is the view of Berkeley?
A. The nature of body consists not in weight, hardness, colour and the like, but in extension alone
B. Bodies are mere appearances of our outer sense, and not things-in-themselves.
C. Body is only a system of floating ideas without any substance to support them.
D. Body is composed of centres of force that are in a constant process of development.
Answer: B. Bodies are mere appearances of our outer sense, and not things-in-themselves.
409. Which one of the following statements is not implied by Berkeley’s view that ‘to be is to be
perceived’?
A. Ideas can exist only as long as they are being perceived.
B. Qualities cannot exist independently of the perceiving mind.
C. Objects cannot exist when they are not perceived by any mind.
D. Objects cannot exist when they are not perceived by human beings.
Answer: A. Ideas can exist only as long as they are being perceived.
410. Which one among the following does NOT figure in Berkeley’s rejection of abstract ideas?
A. There is no such thing in any mind as an abstract idea
B. Knowledge of external worlds is possible without the abstract idea ‘Matter’.
C. Acceptance of abstract ideas leads to atheism and materialism
D. A particular idea can be made to represent all other particular ideas of the same sort.
Answer: D. A particular idea can be made to represent all other particular ideas of the same sort.
411. Who, among the following western philosophers attempted to refute ‘Matter’?
A. Kant
B. Berkeley
C. Locke
D. Hume
Answer: B. Berkeley
412. Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in …….
A. A mind
B. absolute existence
C. material substance
D. material universe
Answer: A. A mind
413. Which among the following is correct
A. According to Locke God, Mind and Matter are three kinds of substance
B. According to Descartes, Mind and Matter are three kinds of substance
C. According to Berkeley only Mind and their ideas exist
D. All the above
Answer: D. All the above
414. Which among the following is NOT correct statement
A. According to Spinoza there is only one substance, i.e., God
B. According to Berkeley only Mind and their ideas exist
C. According to Descartes there is only one substance, i.e, God
D. According to the Absolute Idealism of Hegel there is only one reality
Answer: C. According to Descartes there is only one substance, i.e, God
415. Who claimed that an abstract idea does not exist.
A. David Hume
B. George Berkeley
C. John Locke
D. Plato
Answer: B. George Berkeley
416. The maxim of ‘esseestpercipii’ is put forward by:
A. Berkeley
B. Locke
C. Spinoza
D. Leibniz
Answer: A. Berkeley
417. Which of the following books is NOT written by David Hume?
A. A Treatise of Human Nature
B. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
C. The Phenomenology of Spirit
D. An Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding
Answer: C. The Phenomenology of Spirit
418. According to Hume there are two kinds of contents of the mind, namely …..
A. Sensations and impressions
B. knowledge and ignorance
C. subjective and objective ideas
D. Impressions and their ideas
Answer: D. Impressions and their ideas
419. According to Hume, ……… is secondary and ….. is primary.
A. Reflection, sensation
B. Complex, simple idea
C. Sensation, reflection
D. simple, complex idea
Answer: A. Reflection, sensation
420. Hume’s theory, that all impressions as such are distinct and separate with no logical connection
between them, is known as ……
A. Humean atomism
B. Humean skepticism
C. Humean agnosticism
D. Humean idealism
Answer: B. Humean skepticism
421. Hume does not believe in ……
A. Causal relation exists
B. External world is unreal
C. Certainty of Knowledge
D. Moral principles and God are man-made entities.
Answer: C. Certainty of Knowledge
422. ‘Substance is a product of human imagination’ is said by …..
A. Descartes
B. Spinoza
C. Locke
D. Hume
Answer: D. Hume
423. According to Hume, all knowledge is derived from:
A. Reason
B. Experience
C. Ideas
D. A priori
Answer: B. Experience
424. David Hume is accepted as a:
A. Rationalist
B. Idealist
C. Materialist
D. Skeptic
Answer: D. Skeptic
425. What is the self, according to Hume?
A. A sequence of perceptions
B. An immaterial, unchanging substance
C. A physical body
D. A social entity
Answer: A. A sequence of perceptions
426. Why can’t we have cause and effect knowledge, according to Hume?
A. We can never observe a constant conjunction between events.
B. We can never observe the cause and the effect at the same time.
C. We can never observe a necessary connection between events.
D. We can never observe the atoms that make up the cause and the effect.
Answer: C. We can never observe a necessary connection between events.
427. Which among the following is NOT correct statement
A. If we believe in the causal principle, he says, it is only through habit or custom that we do so, there is no rational basis for it.
B. The mind is a kind of theatre, where perceptions successively make their appearance, pass and re-pass, glide away and mingle in an infinite variety of postures and situations.
C. Hume’s point is that the idea of necessary connection between cause and effect is something that experience can give us.
D. We have no knowledge that an external world exists, that physical substances exist, that a God exists.
Answer: C. Hume’s point is that the idea of necessary connection between cause and effect is something that experience can give us.
428. Synthetic unity of apperception is advocated by:
A. Hegel
B. Kant
C. Leibniz
D. Spinoza
Answer: B. Kant
429. The expression ‘Copernican revolution in thought’ is attributed to:
A. Kant
B. Hegel
C. Berkeley
D. Spinoza
Answer: A. Kant
430. Kant’s Copernican revolution in philosophy is …..
A. The mind must approach the objects to be known at all
B. The objects must approach the mind to be known at all
C. Mind obtained reason because of sun
D. None of the above
Answer: B. The objects must approach the mind to be known at all
431. Which one of the following concepts is associated with Immanuel Kant?
A. Occasionalism
B. tabula rasa
C. esseestpercipii
D. synthetic apriori
Answer: D. synthetic apriori
432. In Transcendental Aesthetic, Kant discusses the theory of ….
A. Knowledge
B. Space and time
C. Existence of God
D. Morality
Answer: B. Space and time
433. According to Kant, knowledge begins with sense proceeds thence to …….. and ends in …..
A. Understanding, reason
B. Reason, Understanding
C. Noumena, phenomena
D. none of the above
Answer: A. Understanding, reason
434. Kant has called his epistemological enquiry …….
A. Critical
B. Agnostic
C. Transcendental
D. Rational
Answer: C. Transcendental
435. Kant’s philosophy is known as
A. Criticism
B. Rationalism
C. Idealism
D. Realism
Answer: A. Criticism
436. A proposition, in which the predicate does not belong to the subject, is known as …..
A. Synthetic
B. Analytic
C. Simple
D. Complex
Answer: A. Synthetic
437. The critique of Pure Reason is really a treatise on …. With special reference to science
A. Metaphysics
B. Epistemology
C. Axiology
D. Aesthetics
Answer: B. Epistemology
438. According to Kant, the laws of nature
A. Do not exist
B. Exist in our minds, and we apply them to construct nature as we experience it.
C. Are intuited by the mind just like the rest of nature.
D. Are abstracted from the judgments we make about nature
Answer: B. Exist in our minds, and we apply them to construct nature as we experience it.
439. Metaphysics is only possible if we can gain knowledge from statement which are
A. Synthetic a posteriori
B. synthetic a priori
C. analytical a priori
D. None of the above: metaphysics is never possible
Answer: B. synthetic a priori
440. How does Kant say that our mind experiences intuitions?
A. Intuitions are sudden flashes of insight about the world
B. Intuitions are formed in the mind from concepts of understanding
C. Intuitions are experienced in space and time
D. Intuitions give us the framework which lets us interpret sense data
Answer: C. Intuitions are experienced in space and time
441. According to Kant we know ourselves
A. Only by the phenomenal self we experience in this world
B. Through the innate obviousness of our own experience
C. As both phenomenal and noumenalbeings
D. Not at all, since all our selves are made up of false and illusory judgements
Answer: A. Only by the phenomenal self we experience in this world
442. According to Kant the ideas of reason are not …. But ….. principles of knowledge
A. Regulative, constitutive
B. Affirmative, negative
C. Negative, affirmative
D. Constitutive, regulative
Answer: D. Constitutive, regulative
443. Why doesn’t Kant think that we can have knowledge of the things-in-themselves (das ding- an-sich)?
A. Because they have not yet been experienced.
B. Because they are not physical in nature.
C. Because they are not mental in nature.
D. Because the organizing principles of the mind do not apply to them.
Answer: A. Because they have not yet been experienced.
444. The a priori conditions of all knowledge is advocated by:
A. Kant
B. Hume
C. Locke
D. Berkeley
Answer: A. Kant
445. Who authored the book Critique of Pure Reason
A. Immanuel Kant
B. Hegel
C. Rene Descartes
D. Russell
Answer: A. Immanuel Kant
446. The concepts come to be applied to the sensible through the ………-schema.
A. Time
B. Space
C. both time and space
D. Neither time nor space
Answer: A. Time
447. ————– means that there are a priori categories of the understanding which determine the objectivity of empirical statements and that by their means alone such statements can ever be
obtained.
A. Transcendental Analytic
B. Transcendental Aesthetic
C. Schema
D. Transcendental Deduction
Answer: D. Transcendental Deduction
448. The knowledge which is constructed by the understanding, by means of its categories, is the
knowledge of ……………
A. Phenomenon
B. Noumenon
C. things-in- themselves
D. Phenomenon and Noumenon
Answer: A. Phenomenon
449. Which of the following is true for Kant
A. Knowledge of the phenomena alone is possible
B. Noumena remain unknown and unknowable.
C. Noumena means a thing so far as it is not an object of our sensible intuition
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
450. According to Kant, moral duty is
A. The commandment of God
B. Given by one’s intuition
C. The imperative of pure reason
D. Determined by majority
Answer: C. The imperative of pure reason
451. According to Kant, we ought to treat humanity
A. always only as an end
B. sometimes as an end
C. never simply as a means
D. always as a means
Answer: A. always only as an end
452. According to Kant, moral law is
A. a priori, and based on reason
B. a priori, and not based on reason
C. a posteriori, and not based on reason
D. a posteriori, and based on reason
Answer: A. a priori, and based on reason
453. A furtherprocess of synthesis is effected a priori by the three ideas of reason, namely,
A. Sense, object, knowledge
B. Intellect, intuition, cognition
C. World, soul, God
D. Mind, body, absolute
Answer: C. World, soul, God
454. The philosopher who put forward the dialectical method is:
A. Descartes
B. Kant
C. Hegel
D. Spinoza
Answer: C. Hegel
455. According to Hegel, there are three stages in the logical development of spirit: subjective mind,
objective mind and …..
A. Absolute God
B. Absolute mind
C. Absolute Spirit
D. Absolute idea
Answer: C. Absolute Spirit
456. Which method is the proper method of philosophy, according to Hegel, is determined by the
subject matter of philosophy itself
A. The synthetical
B. the analytical
C. the dialectical
D. the geometrical
Answer: C. the dialectical
457. The Absolute for Hegel is
A. Substance
B. Soul
C. God
D. Idea
Answer: D. Idea
458. The real is the rational, and the rational is the real’ is the doctrine of
A. Fichte
B. Schelling
C. Kant
D. Hegel
Answer: D. Hegel
459. Having shown that metaphysics is unproved and speculative at best, Kant goes on to argue
that
A. Rather than studying speculative metaphysics to learn about sense perceptions, we ought to study sense perceptions in order to learn about metaphysics.
B. We ought to study metaphysics as a science because it asks good questions.
C. We ought to waste time with that of which we know nothing
D. Metaphysics can only be known innately
Answer: B. We ought to study metaphysics as a science because it asks good questions.
460. What do we directly observe, according to David Hume?
A. Physical objects
B. Sense impressions
C. Ourselves
D. Our brains
Answer: B. Sense impressions
461. Absolute Idealism is advocated by
A. John Locke
B. George Berkley
C. Immanuel Kant
D. Hegel
Answer: D. Hegel
462. According to Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between being real and being
knowable?
A. No reality is knowable
B. All reality is knowable
C. Some reality is knowable and some isn’t
D. Only God is ultimately unknowable.
Answer: B. All reality is knowable
463. There is the final movement in which the spirit reduces Nature to the inwardness, which the
spirit itself is. Only at this stage the spirit rises to self-consciousness in man. According to Hegel this stage is ………
A. Thesis
B. anti-thesis
C. Synthesis
D. Contradiction
Answer: C. Synthesis
464. For Hegel, Idea means
A. Concrete particular
B. Concrete universal
C. Abstract particular
D. Abstract universal
Answer: B. Concrete universal
465. According to the Absolute Idealism of Hegel
A. There is only one reality
B. Reality is relative
C. There are many realities
D. All of these
Answer: A. There is only one reality
466. What is the highest reality (the Absolute), for Hegel?
A. The entire material world
B. A God who exists beyond the world
C. Infinite thought thinking itself
D. A vast group of independent particulars
Answer: C. Infinite thought thinking itself