Category: Most Asked Questions

Icwai Interview Questions And Answers

Question: 1. What Is Marginal Cost And Marginal Costing?

Answer:

Marginal Cost is the amount at any given extent of output by means of which aggregate expenses are modified if the quantity of output is expanded or decreased by using one solidarity. The aggregate expenses consists of both, constant value and variable price. In simple words, marginal fee suggests the in step with unit variable fee.

Marginal Costing is then again is the ascertainment, by using differentiating among fixed charges, variable fees, of the marginal expenses and of the impact on earnings of modifications in extent and kind of output.

Question: 2. What Is Sunk Cost?

Answer:

Sunk fee suggests the historic price which has been incurred within the beyond. This kind of value isn’t applicable within the decision making procedure. For instance-at the same time as figuring out approximately the alternative of a device, the depreciated book cost of the device won’t be applicable in the form of sunk value.

General Accounting Interview Questions
Question: 3. What Do You Understand By Cost Accountancy? What Are The Objectives Of Cost Accountancy?

Answer:

Cost accountancy is the software of Costing and Cost accounting standards, methods, and strategies to the science, artwork and practice of fee manage and the ascertainment of profitability as well as the presentation of information for the reason of managerial choice making. 

Following are the goal of value accountancy:

Ascertainment of fee and profitability with the help of various standards, methods and strategies.
Cost control
Presentation of records to permit managerial decision making.
Question: 4. What Do You Understand By Cost Center? What Are The Types Of Cost Centers?

Answer:

Cost center is described as a region, individual, or object of device in terms of which expenses may be ascertained and used for the motive of price manipulate. Identification of a value center is a prerequisite for the a hit implementation of the cost accounting manner as the costs are ascertained and managed with recognize tot the cost centers. In many cases cost centers are termed as Responsibility Centers.

Types of price facilities:

Impersonal fee center :Consists of area or object of equipment. 

Example :branch, branch etc.

Personal fee middle : Consists of a person or a set of men and women. 

Example :finance supervisor, income manager and many others.

Production fee center :Is the one wherein the manufacturing activity is carried on. 

For instance : paint save, a system store, and so on.

Service price facilities: Is the only which assists the manufacturing activity. 

For example : shop branch, inner shipping department, labour workplace, accounts branch, etc.

Financial Reporting and Analysis Tutorial
Question: 5. What Are The Different Types Of Cost?

Answer:

Cost indicates the amount of expenditure incurred on a given aspect. 

Following are the unique forms of price:

Direct Cost : also termed as Prime cost. It indicates that fee which may be diagnosed with the character cost middle. It consists of direct material fee, direct labour cost and direct fees.

Indirect Cost : additionally termed as Overhead. It shows that price which can’t be recognized with the individual price center. It consists of indirect fabric fee, oblique labour fee and oblique fees.

Fixed Cost :suggests that part of total value which remains steady at all the levels of manufacturing. As the extent of manufacturing increases, per unit constant fee may also lessen, but no longer the full fixed cost.

Variable indicated that part of the overall cost which varies at once with the level of manufacturing. The better the quantity of manufacturing, the higher the variable price and vice versa, although per unit variable fee remains regular at all the levels of production.

Semi-variable value : indicates that part of the entire price which is partly constant and partially variable on the subject of the volume of manufacturing.

Controllable cost : shows that price which can be managed through a selected number of men and women within the organization

Uncontrollable cost : suggests that cost which can’t be controlled by means of a selected range of humans in the business enterprise.

Normal cost : indicates that price which is generally incurred at a sure degree of output below everyday occasions.

Abnormal value : shows that price which is normally now not incurred at a sure stage of output under everyday instances.

Financial Reporting and Analysis Interview Questions
Question: 6. Which Factors Should Be Considered Before Installing A Costing System?

Answer:

Nature of the Product
Nature of the Organization
Manufacturing Process
Simplicity and Cost
Reporting Systems
Question: 7. What Are The Elements Of Costs?

Answer:

Elements of expenses

1.Material Cost : is the cost of commodities and fabric used by the corporation. It may be direct and oblique fabric. Direct material suggests that cloth which can be recognized with the man or woman fee middle and which becomes an necessary a part of the finished items. Indirect material suggests that cloth which can’t be diagnosed with the character cost center. This cloth assists the producing procedure and does no longer end up an imperative part of completed goods.

2.Labour Cost : is the fee of remuneration paid to the personnel of the business enterprise. It may be direct or indirect. Direct labour cost indicates that labour cost which may be identified with the individual cost middle and is incurred for those personnel who’re engaged within the manufacturing system. Indirect labour fee suggests that labour cost which can’t be identified with the character fee center and is incurred for the ones personnel who aren’t engaged within the production system but most effective help inside the identical.

3.Expenses : is the fee of offerings furnished to the organization. It may be direct or oblique. Direct prices are the ones fees which may be diagnosed with the character price centers. Indirect fees are those charges which cannot be diagnosed with that individual cost centers.

Accounts and Finance for Managers Tutorial Financial Accounting Interview Questions
Question: eight. What Is Overhead? What Items Are Included In Overhead?

Answer:

Overhead is an aggregate of indirect fabric value, oblique labour value and indirect expenses. 

Overheads are further categorized as:

Factory Overheads:  Consists of all overhead charges incurred from the stage of procurement of cloth until the stage of production of completed items
Office and Administration Overheads : Consists of all overhead expenses incurred for the general management of the organization.
Selling and Distribution Overheads : Consists of all overhead prices insured from the degree of final production of completed goods till the degree of sale of products in the market and series of dues from the customers.
Question: nine. What Are The Main Consequences Of Overstocking?

Answer:

It will block a massive amount of working capital.
More storage centers might be required.
Risk of degradation of nice and obsolescence of cloth.
More interest could be required in cloth coping with and up keeping.
Additional Insurance price.
Book Keeping Interview Questions
Question: 10. What Is The Difference Between Bin Card And Stores Ledger?

Answer:

Bin Card is a quantitative record of receipts, problems and closing stability of an object of material. Whereas Stores ledger records now not simplest portions acquired or issued or in inventory however additionally the economic expressions of the identical.
Bin Card is maintained via stores department while shops ledger is maintained with the aid of costing branch.
Maintenance of stores ledger offers a second check on upkeep of bin cards.
Accounting Basics Tutorial
Question: eleven. What Are The Various Ways To Classify Overhead?

Answer:

Element wise Classification:

Indirect Material
Indirect Labour
Indirect Expenses
Function wise Classification:

Factory Overheads
Administration Overheads
Selling and Distribution Overheads
Variability smart Classification:

Fixed Overheads
Variable Overheads
Semi-variable Overheads
Controllability smart Classification:

Controllable Overheads
Uncontrollable Overheads
Normality smart Classification:

Normal Overheads
Abnormal Overheads
Accounts and Finance for Managers Interview Questions
Question: 12. What Is The Difference Between Simple Average Method And Weighted Average Method?

Answer:

Under Simple average approach the simple average of the prices of the masses available for making the issues is considered for pricing the troubles. After the receipt of new lot, a brand new common fee is labored out. This technique is suitable if the cloth is received in uniform amount.

Under Weighted common technique the fee of every lot and the amount of the identical is considered. This technique proves to be very useful within the event of varying fees and quantities. It is very simple to calculate.

General Accounting Interview Questions
Question: thirteen. What Are The Limitations Of Marginal Costing?

Answer:

The category of general fee as variable cost and fixed fee is hard as no price can be absolutely variable or absolutely fixed.
Fixed expenses are removed for the valuation of stock of completed items and semi-completed goods in spite of the truth that they could were truely incurred.
It does no longer provide any widespread for the evaluation of overall performance.
Fixation of selling fee on marginal price basis may be beneficial for brief term only and can be risky ultimately.
It does not recollect the fixed overheads.
It may be used for evaluation of profitability most effective within the quick run.
Question: 14. What Is P/v Ratio?

Answer:

P/V Ratio is Profit Volume Ratio which shows the contribution earned with recognize to one rupee of income. The fundamental property of P/V Ratio is that it stays regular at all of the tiers of sports, provided according to unit income fee and variable value remains constant. A excessive P/V ration suggests that a moderate increase in sales with out corresponding boom in fixed fees will result in better profits while a low P/V ratio indicates low profitability so that efforts may be made to boom the earnings with the aid of increasing promoting fee or via decreasing variable fee.

Question: 15. What Are The Basic Assumptions Made By Marginal Costing?

Answer:

Marginal Costing is based on the following the basic assumptions

Variable cost varies in direct percentage with the extent of pastime while in keeping with unit variable price stays consistent at all of the tiers of sports.
Per unit promoting price stays consistent at all of the degrees of activities.
There aren’t any variations due to the inventory.
Cost Accounting Interview Questions
Question: sixteen. What Do You Understand By Margin Of Safety?

Answer:

Margin of protection are the sales beyond Break Even Point. In simple words, this is the amount of sales which generates earnings. The soundness of the business is indicated by way of the margin of protection. A excessive margin of protection indicates that the Break Even Point is much underneath the real sales or even if there may be reduction in income, enterprise may be nevertheless in income whereas a low margin of protection observed by means of high fixed price and excessive P/V ration suggests that efforts are required to be made for decreasing the constant price or increasing income extent.

Question: 17. What Are The Different Methods Of Remunerating The Workers?

Answer:

Remuneration on time foundation

High Wage Plan
Differential Time Rate
Remuneration on work foundation

Straight Piece Rate System
Piece Rate with Guaranteed Time Rate
Differential Piece Rate System
Incentive/Bonus systems

Individual Incentive systems
Group Incentive structures
Indirect economic remuneration

Profit Sharing
Co-partnership
Finance Interview Questions
Question: 18. Explain Maximum Level And What Are The Main Factors Considered While Fixing This Level?

Answer:

Maximum stage is the extent above which the real stock ought to no longer exceed. 

Following factors are considered at the same time as fixing this degree:

Maximum Usage.
Lead Time
Price of Material
Cost of Storage
Availability of Funds
Economic Order Quantity.
Financial Reporting and Analysis Interview Questions

Immunology Interview Questions And Answers

Question: 1. What Is Immuno Electrophoresis?

Answer:

The resolving strength of immuno diffusion become greatly more desirable bye immuno electrophoresis. This entails the electrophoretic separation of antigen into its constituent proteins observed via immuno diffusion.

This technique is performed on 1% agarose gel. Antigen combination is first electrophori zed and separated primarily based on price, troughs are then cut inside the agarose gel, and antiserum is brought to the troughs.

The agarose gel is then incubated 1824hrs at some point of which the antigen and antibody diffuse closer to each other. The formation of precipitin bands can be determined for the character antigen additives.

Question: 2. How Is Immuno Electrophoresis More Advance Than Paper Electrophoresis?

Answer:

In paper electrophoresis, serum proteins can be separated into 5 one of a kind bands but the identical protein using immuno electrophoresis can be separated into 30 exclusive proteins.

Microbiology Interview Questions
Question: three. Give Some Applications Of Immuno Electrophoresis?

Answer:

This method is beneficial for checking out ordinary and strange proteins in serum and urine.
It is beneficial to decide whether or not a affected person produces abnormally a low amount of one or greater proteins.
It is also used if a patient over produces a few serum proteins.
Question: 4. What Is Counter Current Immuno Electrophoresis?

Answer:

This technique includes the simultaneous electrophoresis of antigen and antibody in the gel in the contrary direction ensuing in precipitation of point where there is top-rated attention of antigenantibody.

This approach produces visible precipitin with in half-hour and is 10 times more sensitive than the usual double diffusion method.

Question: five. Give Application Of Counter Current Immuno Electrophoresis?

Answer:

This method is carried out to stumble on the antibody towards hepatitisB and to detect antibodies against SLE (systemic leupus erythromotosis) and used to locate unique antigen foemeningo coccus in cerebrospinal fluid.

BioChemistry Interview Questions
Question: 6. What Is Immuno Fluorescence?

Answer:

Fluorescence is the belongings of absorbing light ray of precise wavelength and emitting rays in distinctive wavelength.

Antigens that are certain to cells or tissue sections can be visualized through tugging the antibody molecule with a fluorescent dye or fluorochrome.

Question: 7. What Are The Most Commonly Used Fluorescent Dyes?

Answer:

The most commonly used fluorescent dyes are fluorescin or rhodamine. Both dyes may be conjugated to Fc place of antibody without affecting the specificity of the antigen.

Clinical Research Interview Questions
Question: eight. Into How Many Types Is Immuno Fluorescence Is Divided?

Answer:

Immuno fluorescence is split into 2 kinds

Direct immuno fluorescence
Indirect immuno fluorescence
Question: 9. What Are Heterophile Antigens?

Answer:

Heterophile antigens are polysaccharides, which are structurally comparable because of their restricted complexity. They are derived from participants of extensively separated taxonomic businesses.

Genetics Interview Questions
Question: 10. What Is Horseman Antigen?

Answer:

The glycolipid antigens are found in maximum tissues of guinea pigs however not in the RBC. They are determined in gastrointestinal mucosa in some humans. This horseman antigen will not set off antibody formation.

Question: 11. Into How Many Types Is Antigen-antibody Reactions Are Broadly Classified?

Answer:

It is widely categorized into 5.

Precipitation
Agglutination
Complement fixation
Immunoassay using labeled reagents
Immunohistrochemistry (Immunoflourescence)
Clinical trial management gadget Interview Questions
Question: 12. Briefly Describe About Precipitation Reaction?

Answer:

When a soluble antigen combines with corresponding antibody in the presence of electrolyte at a suitable temperature and pH, the antigenantibody complex forms an insoluble precipitate Antibodies that shape precipitate ate called precipitants.

Microbiology Interview Questions
Question: 13. Give The Mechanism Of Precipitation?

Answer:

Marrak proposed the lattice speculation to give an explanation for the mechanism of precipitation.

The amount of precipitate shaped is greatly prompted by means of relative proportions of antigens and antibodies.

The valency of antigens is multivalent.

When antigenantibody is in most appropriate attention, the precipitation is entire. So that, massive lattice is shaped.

Question: 14. What Are The Three Distinct Phases That A Precipitation Shows?

Answer:

The three wonderful levels are

Ascending component referred to as ‘region of antibody excess’.
A peak called ‘zone of equivalence’.
A descending part referred to as ‘sector of antigen extra’.
Question: 15. What Is Zone Of Antibody Excess?

Answer:

In this, the first available antigen is absolutely crammed by way of antibody molecules. Hence, no antigenic determinant is ignored unfastened. Unreacted antibody is visible in large quantity, hence poor lattice formation.

Cell Biology Interview Questions
Question: sixteen. What Is Zone Of Equivalence?

Answer:

In this, ratio of antigenantibody is seen best which results in large multimolecular lattice, as a result most precipitation is determined.

Question: 17. What Are The Applications Of Precipitation Reactions?

Answer:

Precipitation reaction is the primary response for a number of techniques.
It is less sensitive for detecting antibodies.
Precipitation reactions in gels have numerous benefits as opposed to in liquid medium.
They have forensic application in identity of blood and seminal stains.
Clinical Laboratory Technician Interview Questions
Question: 18. What Are Immuno Diffusion Reactions?

Answer:

These reactions may be used to determine relative concentrations of antigens and antibodies to evaluate antigens and to determine the relative purity of an antigen. They are mainly preformed in 1% agarose gels.

BioChemistry Interview Questions
Question: 19. Name The Two-immuno Diffusion Techniques?

Answer:

Radial immuno diffusion approach and
Double immuno diffusion in two dimensions
Question: 20. What Is Radial Immuno Diffusion Method?

Answer:

It is used to qualitate the antigen. Suitable dilution of antiserum is included in the agar gel. Antigen is added to the wells cut at the floor of the gel. As the antigen diffuses into the agar area, equivalence is set up and ring of precipitation is shaped. The vicinity of precipitin ring is immediately proportional to the concentration of antigen. By evaluating the area of precipitin with a fashionable curve acquired by means of measuring the precipitin area of known awareness of antigen, the awareness of antigen within the given sample can be determined.

Question: 21. What Is The Limitation For Radial Immuno Diffusion Method?

Answer:

This technique cannot the antigens found in attention underneath 510 micro grams/ml.

Question: 22. What Is Double Immuno Diffusion Method?

Answer:

In this method, both antigens and antibodies diffuse greatly from wells closer to every other with the aid of organising a attention gradient. As equivalence is reached, a visible line of precipitation is located.

The styles of precipitin lines that are shaped while  specific antigens are placed in adjoining wells suggest whether or not they percentage any commonplace epitope or no longer.

Identity takes place while two antigens proportion identical epitopes? consequently, the line of precipitation shaped through them will fuse to provide unmarried curve line of identification.

Nonidentity happens when  antigens are unrelated. The antiserum form independent precipitin strains that go each different.

Partial identification takes place whilst two antigens share not unusual epitope. The antiserum paperwork line of identification with the not unusual epitope and a curved spur with the precise epitope.

Question: 23. What Is An Epitope?

Answer:

The smallest unit of antigenesity is referred to as antigenic determinant or epitope. The a part of the antigen at which the antibody reacts is known as epitope or antigenic determinant.

It is a small region possessing precise chemical shape and stereo configuration on the antigen able to sensitizing on immuno website and of reacting with its complimentary web page at the particular antibody.

Question: 24. What Is A Paratope?

Answer:

The part of the antibody molecule that binds to the epitope is called as paratope. Epitope and paratope determine the specificity of immunological reactions.

Clinical Research Interview Questions
Question: 25. What Are The Forces That Are Responsible For Antigen-antibody Reactions?

Answer:

The system that holds antigenantibody collectively is known as nonspecific interactions. Inter molecular forces can be labeled into four1.

Electrostatic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic interactions
Vander Val interactions
Question: 26. Explain In Brief About Electrostatic Bonds In Antigen-antibody Interaction?

Answer:

These are shaped due to the enchantment among opposite charged protein side chains.

Question: 27. Explain In Brief About Hydrogen Bonds Antigen-antibody Interaction?

Answer:

Reversible hydrogen bonds are shaped among hydrophilic companies which includes hydroxyl, amino and carboxylic institution. Although hydrogen bonds are pretty susceptible, they play an important position in interaction of antigenantibody.

Genetics Interview Questions
Question: 28. Explain In Brief About Hydrophobic Interactions In Antigen-antibody Interaction?

Answer:

Contribute as much as 50% of the whole electricity of antigenantibody interactions. These reactions are located when ever the side chains of nonpolar amino acids of antigenantibody come together.

Question: 29. Explain In Brief About Vander Val Interactions In Antigen-antibody Interaction?

Answer:

Temporary transfer of electrons from one molecule to some other will bring about the force of appeal among them. This is seen whilst the interacting molecules come close to each different.

Question: 30. What Is Affinity Of An Antibody?

Answer:

The electricity of binding of an antibody to a monovalent antigen or unmarried antigenic determinant is referred to as affinity of an antibody.

Question: 31. What Is Avidity?

Answer:

The capacity of an antiserum containing various antibodies to mix with the whole antigen is called avidity. Thus, avidity is used to indicate the general potential of an antibody to mix with multivalent antigen.

A multivalent antigen has many forms of antigenic determinants, whilst that is injected into the blood each antigenic determinant stimulate the manufacturing of unique antibody.

Question: 32. What Is A Cross-response?

Answer:

Antigenantibody reactions are unique, but in a few instances antibody elicited by way of one antigen can move react with every other antigen. This reaction is known as as crossreaction and the antigen that produces crossreaction is called as crossreactive antigen. Crossreaction is due to the presence of two or greater antigenic determinants at the related antigen.

Question: 33. Give An Example Of Cross-reaction?

Answer:

Cross reactivity is regularly determined in polysaccharide antigens that contain comparable oligosaccharide residue. A, B, O blood group antigens These are glycoprotein expressed on RBC.

Clinical trial management machine Interview Questions
Question: 34. Give The Classification Of Hypersensitivity?

Answer:

Hypersensitivity is classified into 5 kinds:

Anaphylaxis
Antibody dependant cytotoxicity
Immune complicated mediated illnesses
Delayed kind ‘o’ cellular mediated hypersensitive reaction
Stimulatory allergic reaction
Question: 35. What Is Anaphylaxis?

Answer:

It is maximum rapid allergy. It responds within minutes of making use of a stimulus and might get localize. Reactions are mediated by using release of pharmacologically energetic materials.

Question: 36. What Is Hypersensitivity?

Answer:

The inflammatory reaction produced by means of inflammatory molecules result in tissue damage and some times even death. We call this as allergy or hypersensitivity.

Cell Biology Interview Questions
Question: 37. What Is Delayed Hypersensitivity?

Answer:

We can apprehend the Symptoms simplest days after exposure. This is delayed allergy (DTH).

Question: 38. What Is A Myeloma Protein?

Answer:

It is a monoclonal immunoglobulin made out of a myeloma cell.

Question: 39. What Is Opsonin?

Answer:

Opsonin is a substance, which promotes phagocytosis of antigens by binding to them.

Question: forty. What Is An Incomplete Antibody?

Answer:

Antibody can bind to an antigen however cannot result in agglutination is known as incomplete antibody.

Clinical Laboratory Technician Interview Questions
Question: 41. What Are Iccosomes?

Answer:

The debris lined with immune complexes and are launched from follicular dendritic mobile extensions, are referred to as as iccosomes.

Question: 42. Name The Scientists Who Classified Hypersensitivity?

Answer:

Coombs and Gell.

Question: forty three. What Are Hypersensitive Reactions?

Answer:

If humoral or mobile immunity is switch on to high for length of time, tissue harm can also occur. Such reactions are known as hypersensitive reactions.

Question: 44. What Is Auto Immunity?

Answer:

Disease due to immunological reaction to selfantigen. Such form of diseases is assessed either organ precise or nonorgan specific.

Question: forty five. Name Some Of The Immuno Suppressive Agents?

Answer:

Cytotoxic marketers which include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine
Glucocorticoids
Cyclosporine
Antilymphocyte antibodies
Question: 46. What Is Immuno Suppression?

Answer:

Immuno suppression is especially given to the sufferers who’re undergoing organ transplantation inside the remedy of autoimmunity, graft rejection and in hypersensitive reaction conditions.

Question: 47. What Are The Types In Adjuvants?

Answer:

Organic adjuvants
Synthetic adjuvants
Tuftsin
Question: 48. What Is An Adjuvant?

Answer:

Adjuvant potentates the immune reaction Vaccines want to be greater by a few substances, those materials are called adjuvants.

Question: forty nine. What Is Vaccination?

Answer:

Vaccination means exploiting the immune system to defend in opposition to infectious illnesses. Vaccination is completed to protect towards deadly diseases along with mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, small pox and so forth.

Question: 50. What Is Attenuation?

Answer:

Natural behavior of an organism with out causing sickness is called attenuation i.E. Reducing pathogenesity of the organism.

Question: fifty one. What Is Secondary Immune Response?

Answer:

Secondary immune reaction takes place while second publicity to the equal antigen occurs after weeks, months or after years.

Question: fifty two. What Is Inductive Or Latent Period?

Answer:

After immunogen is brought no antibody is detected, this is latent or inductive period. In this era, immunogen is diagnosed as a overseas substance.

Question: 53. What Is Primary Immune Response?

Answer:

First exposure to an antigen produces number one immune reaction.

Question: 54. What Is A Binder?

Answer:

The binding protein (commonly antibody) which binds to the ligand is called as binder.

Question: 55. What Is An Analyte Or Ligand?

Answer:

The substance whose concentration is to be decided is called as an analyte or ligand.

Question: 56. What Is Importance Of Radio Immuno Assay?

Answer:

It is the most sensitive approach used for detecting antigen or antibody. This type of reaction is also referred to as as binder ligand assay.

Question: fifty seven. In Radio Immuno Assay What Is The Used To Label An Antigen?

Answer:

In this method, the antigen is typically categorised with aemitting isotopes consisting of I125.

Question: fifty eight. What Is Radio Immuno Assay?

Answer:

It is a aggressive binding assay in which fixed quantity of antibody and radiolabelled antigen react in the presence of unlabelled antigen.

Question: 59. What Is Western Blotting?

Answer:

Identification of particular protein in a complex combination of proteins may be finished bye a technique that is called western blotting.

Question: 60. What Are The Enzymes Used For Labeling Of Antibodies?

Answer:

Enzymes used for labeling of antibodies are horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ßgalactosidase, lacto preoxidase, etc.

Question: sixty one. What Is The Signi&cance Of Indirect Elisa?

Answer:

It is used for the detection of the presence of serum antibodies towards immuno deficiency virus (HIV, the causative agent of AIDS).

Question: 62. In How Many Ways Elisa Can Be Carried Out?

Answer:

It may be accomplished in three methods.

Indirect ELISA
Sand witch ELISA
Competitive ELISA
Question: sixty three. What Is The Signi&cance Of Elisa?

Answer:

It is used for the detection and for identification of either antigen or antibody.

Question: sixty four. Name Two Enzymes That Have Been Employed For Elisa?

Answer:

Alkaline, phosphatase, horseradish, preoxidase
Para nitro phenyl phosphatase
Question: sixty five. What Is The Basic Principle Of Elisa?

Answer:

The fundamental principle is an enzyme conjugated to n antibody reacts with a colorless substrate to generate a coloured product.

Question: 66. What Is The Full Form Of Elisa?

Answer:

Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay.

Question: sixty seven. What Are The Uses Of Indirect Immuno Fluorescence?

Answer:

For figuring out bacterial species
Detecting antigenantibody complexes in autoimmune sicknesses
Detecting compliment additives in tissues.
Localizing hormones
Question: 68. What Are The Advantages Of Indirect Immuno Fluorescence?

Answer:

The number one does not need to be conjugated with label.

It increases the sensitivity of staining due to the fact a couple of fluorochrome reagents will bind to every antibody molecule.

This method has brilliant flexibility.

Question: sixty nine. What Is Indirect Immuno Fluorescence?

Answer:

In a way the number one unlabelled antibody is detected with some of reagents had been developed for oblique staining. The maximum common is fluorescence categorised anti isotype antibody along with fluoroscin classified goatmouse antibody.

Question: 70. What Is The Disadvantage Of Direct Immuno Fluorescence?

Answer:

A separate fluorescent conjugate should be organized towards every antigen to be tested.

Question: 71. What Is Direct Immuno Fluorescence?

Answer:

In this technique, the species antibodies are number one antibodies, that are directly conjugated to fluorescent dye.

Question: 72. What Is Antigenic Specificity?

Answer:

Antigen antibody reaction is unique and specificity is decided by way of special configuration of antigenic decide.

Question: seventy three. Give Some General Features Of Antigen-antibody Interaction?

Answer:

The reaction is specific and antigen combines best with its corresponding antibody and vice versa.
Entire molecules react but now not the fragment.
There isn’t any denaturation of antigen or antibody for the duration of the response.
The mixture of antigen – antibody is company however reversible. The firmness of the reaction is prompted by means of the affinity and avidity of the response.
Both antigens and antibodies take part within the formation of agglutination and precipitation reactions.
Antigens and antibodies can combine in diverse proportions unlike chemicals with fixed valancy.
Question: 74. What Is An Antigen And Antibody Interaction?

Answer:

Antigenantibody interaction is much like an enzyme substrate interaction. The reaction between antigen and antibody happens in two tiers. Primary level is the preliminary interaction of antigenantibody with none visible impact .The response is rapid and obeys the overall regulation of thermodynamics and physical chemistry.

The number one degree is accompanied through the secondary level main to illustrate events which includes precipitation, lysis of cells, neutralization of toxins and fixation of compliments and so on.

Question: seventy five. Briefly Describe About Dosage And Route Of Administration, Which Make A Substance Antigenic?

Answer:

Combination of optical dosage and routes of management will result in a peak immune reaction in a given animal. An insufficient dose will now not stimulate an immune response. An excessive dose does no longer supply a height immune response because it reasons a country of immunological unresponsiveness or nonresponse called immunological tolerance.

Industrial Diseases Interview Questions And Answers

Question: 1. Name Two Respiratory Diseases That Have Been Associated With Foundry Operations?

Answer:

Silicosis.
Pneumoconiosis.
Question: 2. Name Two Common Substances Used In The Home That Can Cause Dermatitis?

Answer:

Detergents.
Paints.
Thinners and solvents.
Petrol.
Oils.
Industrial Interview Questions
Question: 3. What Is The Chief Danger For A Person Who Is Continually Handling Epoxy Resins?

Answer:

Dermatitis.

Question: four. What Diseases May Be Caused By Lack Of Care When Using Lubricating Oils & Cutting Oils?

Answer:

Dermatitis; Cutting oil is a suspected Carcinogen.

Industrial Relations Management Tutorial
Question: 5. Why Wear Gloves When Handling Cement?

Answer:

To prevent Dermatitis.

Industrial Relations Management Interview Questions
Question: 6. Give Six Causes Of Industrial Diseases Which Are Reportable To The H.S.A.?

Answer:

Lead.
Phosphorus.
Arsenical.
Mercurial.
Anthrax.
Manganese.
Compressed Air.
Question: 7. Name The 4 Stages In The Practice Of Occupational Hygiene?

Answer:

Recognition.
Measurement.
Evaluation.
Control
Health Care Management Interview Questions
Question: eight. What Is Banned From Blasting By Abrasives?

Answer:

Sand or any substance containing free silica.

Question: 9. Give Four Methods Of Controlling The Risk Of Lead Poisoning?

Answer:

By the removal of dust and fume.
Control of managing.
Control of eating and smoking.
The wearing of protective apparel.
Good washing accommodation.
Health and Safety Interview Questions
Question: 10. Name Four Substances In The Home That May Cause Dermatitis?

Answer:

Detergents.
Paints.
Thinners.
Petrol and Oils.
Bleaches.
Question: eleven. Give Two Important Precautions When Using Synthetic Resins?

Answer:

Keep them off the pores and skin.
Remove from the pores and skin right now if splashed.
Keep equipment perfectly easy to prevent skin contamination.
Veterinary and Health Care Interview Questions
Question: 12. Give Two Ways To Prevent Dermatitis In The Home?

Answer:

Wear gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Keep out of contact with suspect materials.
Industrial Interview Questions
Question: 13. Name Two Dusts That Are Most Harmful To Health And Have Been Associated With Fire Protection And Metal Cleaning Respectively?

Answer:

Asbestos.
Silica.
Question: 14. What Is Thought To Cause The High Incidence Of Nose Cancer In Wood Workers?

Answer:

Wood dirt particles, in particular hardwoods. It is uncertain whether it’s far the scale, shape, or chemical composition.

Question: 15. What Is The Most Common Work Related Disease?

Answer:

Occupational Dermatitis.

Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Interview Questions
Question: sixteen. Give Another Name For Sensitivity Dermatitis?

Answer:

Allergic Dermatitis.

Question: 17. Dermatitis Is A Non-infectious Inflammatory Skin Condition, Caused By Contact With Chemicals Or Physical Agents. Name The Two Categories Of Occupational Dermatitis?

Answer:

Contact Dermatitis.
Sensitisation Dermatitis.
Manufacturing Industrial Engineer Interview Questions
Question: 18. What Four Actions Could You Take To Prevent Dermatitis?

Answer:

Avoid contact with risky materials.
Find a substitute cloth, non-dermatic if feasible.
Wear defensive clothing.
Use barrier creams.
Industrial Relations Management Interview Questions
Question: 19. When Working With Possible Sensitising Materials, Name five Ways Of Preventing Infection?

Answer:

Wear defensive gloves.
Wash and dry the palms carefully.
Use the proper barrier cream.
Avoid unnecessary contact.
Change to a less unsafe material if viable.
Question: 20. Give Four Precautions To Be Taken If Working In An Oily Occupation?

Answer:

Wash overalls often.
Do no longer positioned oily rags in pockets.
Inspect the frame often.
Maintain a high trendy of private hygiene.
Healthcare Business Analyst Interview Questions

Infosys Aptitude Interview Questions And Answers

Question: 1. A Dishonest Dealer Professes To Sell His Goods At The Cost Price But Uses A Weight Of 800gm Instead Of 1kg. Find His Real Gain Percent ?

Answer:

two hundred/800 ×a hundred = 25%

Question: 2. A Man Invested Rs. 4940 In Rs. 10 Shares Quoted At Rs. Nine.50. If The Rate Of Dividend Be 14%, His Annual Income Is

Answer:

Market Value of a percentage = Rs.9.50

Investment = Rs.4940

Number of shares = 4940/nine.50 = 520

Face Value of a proportion = Rs.10

dividend = 14%

dividend per share = 10*14/one hundred  = Rs. 1.Four

His annual profits = 520 × 1.Four = Rs.728

Aptitude Interview Questions
Question: three. A Sum Of Money Lent Out At Simple Interest Amounts To Rs. 720 After 2 Years And To Rs. 1,020 After A Further Period Of 5 Years. The Sum And The Rate % Are

Answer:

Amount after 2 years = Rs 720

Amount after 7 years = Rs 1020

Therefore, Interest for 5 years = Rs three hundred

Interest for 1 12 months = Rs 60

And Interest for two years = Rs a hundred and twenty

SO Principal = 720-one hundred twenty = Rs six hundred

Also, 120 = (six hundred*R*2)/a hundred = R = 10%

Amount after 2 years = Rs 720

Amount after 7 years = Rs 1020

Therefore, Interest for five years = Rs 300

Interest for 1 12 months = Rs 60

And Interest for two years = Rs one hundred twenty

SO Principal = 720-one hundred twenty = Rs 600

Also, one hundred twenty = (600*R*2)/a hundred = R = 10%

Question: 4. A Train With ninety Km/h Crosses A Bridge In 36 Seconds. Another Train one hundred Metres Shorter Crosses The Same Bridge At forty five Km/h. What Is The Time Taken By The Second Train To Cross The Bridge ?

Answer:

Train A, Speed = 90kmph

=ninety*(five/18)m/s = 25m/s = 25m/s, t=36s

Let duration, L = x+y = time*pace = 25*36 = 900m

=800m, Speed= 45*(5/18) = (25/2) m/s

t= (Distance/Speed) = (800/(25/2)) = (1600/25) = sixty four seconds

Question: 5. Gaurav’s Age After 15 Years Will Be five Times His Age 5 Years Back. What Is The Present Age Of Gaurav ?

Answer:

Let Gaurav’s gift age be x years. Then,

Gaurav’s age after 15 years = (x + 15) years.

Gourav’s age five years back = (x – five) years.

Therefore x + 15 = 5 (x – five) x + 15 = 5x – 25 4x = 40 x = 10.

Hence, Gaurav’s gift age = 10 years.

Infosys Technical Interview Questions
Question: 6. A Is As Much Younger Than B. B As He Is Older Than C. If The Sum Of The Ages Is 50 Years. What Is The Difference Between The Ages Of B And A’s? Solution: Given That: 1. The Difference Of Age B/w B And A = The Difference Of Age B/w A And C. 2. Sum Of Age Of B And C Is 50 I.E. (b + C) = 50. Question: B – A = ?.

Answer:

B – A = A – C

(B + C) = 2A

Now given that, (B + C) = 50

So, 50 = 2A and consequently A = 25.

Question: is (B – A) = ?

Here we know the fee(age) of A (25), but we don’t know the age of B.

Therefore, (B-A) can not be determined.

Question: 7. Ramesh Travels 760 Km To His Home, Partly By Train And Partly By Car He Takes 8 Hours, If He Travels one hundred sixty Km By Train And The Rest By Car. He Takes 12 Minutes More, If He Travels 240 Km By Train And The Rest By Car. What Are The Speeds Of The Train And Of The Car ?

Answer:

Let speeds be x and y for teach and car respectively.

Then 8 = (160/eight) + (600/y) …..(1)

And eight(1/five) = (240/x) + ((760-240)/y) …..(2)

Solving for x and y, we get 100 and 80 km/hr.

Infosys C++ Interview Questions
Question: 8. Some Students Planned A Picnic. The Budget For Food Was Rs. 500. But, 5 Of Them Failed To Go And Thus The Cost Of Food For Each Member Increased By Rs. Five. How Many Students Attended The Picnic?

Answer:

By course alternatives,500/25=20 ,500/20=25

By mathematical method, the primary steps are: xy = 500 …(1) and (x−5) (y+5) = 500 …(2),

From eqn. 2, x−y = five or y = x−five Put in eqn 1, x(x−5) = 500 or x2-5x-500=0 ,

i.E. X = 25 and attended ones = x − 5 = 20

Question: nine. (17)three.Five X (17)? = 178 Solve X ?

Answer:

Let (17)three.Five x (17)x = 178.

Then, (17)3.Five + x = 178.

 3.Five + x = eight

 x = (8 – 3.5)

 x = 4.Five

Infosys Core Java Interview Questions
Question: 10. After Being Set Up, A Company Manufactured 6000 Scooters In The Third Year And 7000 Scooters In The Seventh Year. Assuming That The Production Increases Uniformly By A Fixed Number Every Year, What Is The Production In The Tenth Year?

Answer:

You can use A.P.,Tn =a+(n-1)d ,6000=a+2nd…..(1) and 7000 = a + 6d …..(2)

Eqn (2) – Eqn (1) ⇒ a thousand=4d,

i.E. D = 250 and a = 6000 − 500 = 5500

T10 =5500 + 9 × 250 =7750

Question: eleven. The Average Score Of Boys In An Examination In A School Is seventy one And That Of The Girls Is seventy three. The Average Score Of The School Is seventy one.8. The Ratio Of The Number Of Boys To That Of The Girls That Appeared In The Examination Is

Answer:

seventy one.Eight = (71x+73y)/(x+y)

71.8 (x+ y) = 71x + 73y

zero.8x = 1.2y

x:y = 12:eight that is equals to 3:2

Infotech SQL Interview Questions
Question: 12. The Mean Monthly Salary Paid To 75 Workers In A Factory Is Rs. Five,680. The Mean Salary Of 25 Of Them Is Rs. Five,four hundred And That Of 30 Others Is Rs. Five,seven hundred. The Mean Salary Of The Remaining Workers Is

Answer:

5680*seventy five = (5400*25+5700*30+x(seventy five-25-30))/75

four,26,00 = 1,35,000 +1, 71,000 + 20x

X = 1,20,000/20, = 6,000

Aptitude Interview Questions
Question: 13. A Sum Of Rs. 25 Was Paid For A Work Which A Can Do In 32 Days, B In 20 Days, B And C In 12 Days And D In 24 Days. How Much Did C Receive If All The Four Work Together ?

Answer:

B+ C’s 1 day’s work = ½ and B’s 1 day’s work = 1/20

Therefore, C’s 1 day’s paintings = (1/12) – (1/20) = four/120 = 1/30

Monet might be distributed in keeping with the ratio of work carried out i.E A: B: C: D

= 1/32 : 1/20 : 1/30 : 1/24 = 15 :24:16:20

Therefore, C’s Share = sixteen/(15+24+16+20) = Rs sixteen/3

Question: 14. A Man Sold Two Steel Chairs For Rs. 500 Each. On One, He Gains 20% And On Other, He Loses 12%. How Much Does He Gain Or Lose In The Whole Transaction ?

Answer:

CP/SP = a hundred/(a hundred±x) , i.E. Total CP = 417 (500*100/2 hundred) + 568(500*one hundred/88)≅ 985

Since CP

P% ≅ 15/985 X 100 ≅ 1.Five %

Question: 15. A Man Purchased A Cow For Rs. 3000 And Sold It The Same Day For Rs. 3600, Allowing The Buyer A Credit Of 2 Years. If The Rate Of Interest Be 10% Per Annum, Then The Man Has A Gain Of:

Answer:

C.P. = Rs. 3000.

S.P. = Rs.3600 x 10 = Rs. 3000.

100 + (10 x 2)

Gain = zero%.

TCS HR Interview Questions
Question: 16. It Is Being Given That (232 + 1) Is Completely Divisible By A Whole Number. Which Of The Following Numbers Is Completely Divisible By This Number ?

Answer:

Let 232 = x. Then, (232 + 1) = (x + 1).

Let (x + 1) be completely divisible via the natural quantity N. Then,

(296 + 1) = [(232)3 + 1] = (x3 + 1) = (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1), which is completely divisible by means of N, because (x + 1) is divisible by N.

Question: 17. How Many Of The Following Numbers Are Divisible By 132 ?264, 396, 462, 792, 968, 2178, 5184, 6336

Answer:

132 = 4 x 3 x 11

So, if the number divisible by way of all the three range four, 3 and eleven, then the wide variety is divisible with the aid of 132 also.

264   eleven,three,four (/)

396   eleven,3,four (/)

462   eleven,3 (X)

792   eleven,three,four (/)

968   11,four (X)

2178   eleven,3 (X)

5184   3,four (X)

6336   eleven,3,4 (/)

Therefore the following numbers are divisible by using 132 : 264, 396, 792 and 6336.

Required wide variety of quantity = 4.

HR Interview Questions
Question: 18. The Difference Of Two Numbers Is 1365. On Dividing The Larger Number By The Smaller, We Get 6 As Quotient And The 15 As Remainder. What Is The Smaller Number ?

Answer:

Let the smaller variety be x. Then large number = (x + 1365).

 X + 1365 = 6x + 15

 5x = 1350

 x = 270

Smaller quantity = 270

Infosys Technical Interview Questions
Question: 19. If The Number 517*324 Is Completely Divisible By 3, Then The Smallest Whole Number In The Place Of * Will Be:

Answer:

Sum of digits = (5 + 1 + 7 + x + 3 + 2 + 4) = (22 + x),

which have to be divisible by 3.

  X = 2.

Question: 20. The Sum Of First 45 Natural Numbers Is:

Answer:

Let Sn =(1 + 2 + three + … + forty five). This is an A.P. In which a =1, d =1, n = 45.

Sn = n[2a + (n – 1)d] = 45x [2 x 1 + (45 – 1) x 1]/2 =45x forty six/2 = (45 x 23)/2

= forty five x (20 + three)

= forty five x 20 + 45 x 3

= 900 + one hundred thirty five

= 1035.

Shortcut Method:

Sn = n(n + 1)/2=45(forty five + 1)/2= 1035.

SAP Aptitude Interview Questions

Internal Control Interview Questions And Answers

Question: 1. What Is The Control Environment?

Answer:

The manage surroundings, which is the foundation for the other components of inner manage, provides field and structure through setting the tone of an employer and influencing control awareness.

Factors to do not forget in assessing the patron’s control surroundings consist of:

Integrity and moral values, which include (1) management’s movements to remove or mitigate incentives and temptations on the a part of personnel to dedicate cheating, illegal, or unethical acts, (2) coverage statements, and (three) codes of conduct
Commitment to competence, together with management’s consideration of competence tiers for specific responsibilities and the way the ones degrees translate into essential abilities and information.
Board of administrators or audit committee participation, which include interplay with inner and external (impartial) auditors
Management’s philosophy and working fashion, along with control’s attitude and actions concerning monetary reporting, in addition to management’s technique to taking and monitoring dangers
The entity’s organizational shape
Assignment of authority and duty, including pleasant task responsibilities
Human useful resource guidelines and practices, which includes those referring to hiring, orientation, training, comparing, counseling, promoting, and compensating employees
Question: 2. What Is Meant By Risk Assessment?

Answer:

An entity’s risk evaluation for financial reporting purposes is its identification, evaluation, and management of dangers referring to financial declaration guidance. Accordingly, chance evaluation may additionally remember the possibility of finished transactions that stay unrecorded.

The following inner and external events and situations can be applicable to the threat of getting ready monetary statements that aren’t in conformity with normally common accounting concepts [or another comprehensive basis of accounting]:

Changes in working surroundings, which includes competitive pressures
New personnel which have a extraordinary angle on internal manipulate
Rapid boom that could bring about a breakdown in controls
New era in statistics systems and manufacturing methods
New strains, merchandise, or activities
Corporate restructuring that might result in changes in supervision and segregation of task capabilities
Foreign operations
Accounting pronouncements requiring adoption of latest accounting principles
Auditing Interview Questions
Question: three. What Are Tests Of Controls?

Answer:

SAS fifty five defines assessments of controls as checks directed in the direction of the layout or operation of an internal manipulate to evaluate its effectiveness in stopping or detecting fabric misstatements in a financial assertion announcement. Inquiry of organisation personnel, inspection of consumer files and statistics, observation of patron activities, and re-overall performance of controls represent a number of the strategies used in appearing checks of controls.

Question: four. How Do I Assess Control Risk?

Answer:

If the auditor concludes, based totally on his or her expertise of inner control, that controls are probably to be useless or that evaluation of their effectiveness would be inefficient, then the auditor may determine control risk on the most degree for a few or all monetary declaration assertions.

If precise controls are probably to prevent or locate cloth misstatements and the auditor plays checks of controls on the way to compare the effectiveness of the controls diagnosed, then assessment of manage hazard under the most level is permissible.

Accounting Basics Tutorial
Question: 5. What Control Activities Are Applicable To A Financial Statement Audit?

Answer:

Control activities are the policies and techniques management has implemented which will make certain that directives are completed.

Control sports that may be applicable to a financial statement audit can be labeled into the subsequent categories:

Performance evaluations, together with comparisons of actual overall performance with budgets, forecasts, and previous period consequences.
Information processing. Controls referring to facts processing are generally designed to confirm accuracy, completeness, and authorization of transactions. Specifically, controls may be categorised as fashionable controls or application controls. General controls may include controls over statistics center operations, systems software acquisition and maintenance, and get entry to safety; application controls observe to the processing of man or woman applications and are designed to make certain that transactions which are recorded are valid, authorized, and whole.
Physical controls, which involve good enough safeguards over the get right of entry to to belongings and data, encompass authorization for get admission to to laptop programs and files and periodic counting and comparison with quantities shown on manage records.
Segregation of responsibilities, that’s designed to lessen possibilities that allow any character to be in a function to both perpetrate and hide errors or fraud inside the normal route of his or her responsibilities, includes assigning special humans the responsibilities of authorizing transactions, recording transactions, and maintaining custody of property.
Risk Management Interview Questions
Question: 6. What Knowledge About The “statistics And Communication Systems Support” Component Should An Auditor Obtain?

Answer:

The auditor should gain sufficient know-how approximately the records machine relevant to monetary reporting. The facts device usually includes the techniques and records set up to report, technique, summarize, and report entity transactions and to hold accountability of related property, liabilities, and equity. Communication includes offering an knowledge of individual roles and responsibilities pertaining to inner manage over financial reporting.

Question: 7. What Is Meant By Monitoring?

Answer:

Monitoring is management’s method of assessing the high-quality of internal control performance through the years. Accordingly, control should investigate the layout and operation of controls on a timely foundation and take vital corrective moves.

Monitoring may additionally involve:

separate opinions, the usage of inner auditors, and using communications from outside parties (e.G., complaints from clients and regulator remarks).

Finance Interview Questions
Question: eight. Is There A Relationship Between Internal Control Objectives And Components?

Answer:

There is a right away relationship between targets and additives. This outcomes from the fact that targets are what an entity strives to attain, even as additives are what an entity desires to gain the targets. It is also important to remember that inner control is relevant no longer simplest to the complete entity, but additionally to an entity’s running devices and commercial enterprise capabilities.

Question: nine. What Objectives And Controls Are Relevant To A Financial Statement Audit?

Answer:

In trendy, the auditor have to don’t forget the controls that pertain to the entity’s goal of preparing economic statements for external use which are offered pretty in conformity with usually everyday accounting ideas (GAAP) or a few other comprehensive foundation of accounting other than GAAP (OCBOA).

The controls referring to operations and compliance objectives may be relevant to a economic assertion audit if they pertain to information the auditor evaluates or makes use of. For example, the auditor may also keep in mind the controls relevant to nonfinancial data (which include manufacturing facts) utilized in analytical techniques.

RSA Archer GRC Interview Questions
Question: 10. What Is The Auditor’s Primary Consideration With Respect To The Components Of Internal Control?

Answer:

The auditor’s number one attention is whether a selected manage influences the economic statement assertions as opposed to its category into any unique element. Although the 5 components are relevant to each audit,

they ought to be taken into consideration in the context of the subsequent:

Entity length
Organization and possession characteristics
Nature of the entity’s business
Diversity and complexity of operations
Methods of transmitting, processing, maintaining, and gaining access to statistics
Applicable legal and regulatory requirements
Question: eleven. How Does Information Technology (it) Affect Internal Control?

Answer:

An entity’s use of IT can also affect any of the five interrelated additives of internal manipulate.
Controls in structures that use IT consist of a combination of computerized controls (e.G., controls embedded in laptop applications) and guide controls.
Internal Audit Interview Questions
Question: 12. What Are The Potential Benefits Of It To Internal Control?

Answer:

IT affords ability advantages of effectiveness and efficiency for inner control as it allows the entity to:

Consistently practice predefined policies and carry out complex calculations in processing huge volumes of transactions or information.
Enhance the timeliness, availability, and accuracy of data.
Facilitate the additional analysis of information.
Enhance the ability to monitor the overall performance of the entity’s sports and its policies and strategies.
Reduce the hazard that controls will be circumvented.
Enhance the capacity to attain effective segregation of obligations by means of imposing security controls in applications, databases, and operating systems.
Auditing Interview Questions
Question: thirteen. What Risks Does It Pose To Internal Control?

Answer:

IT poses precise dangers to internal manage, which include:

Reliance on faulty systems or applications
Unauthorized get right of entry to to statistics that could result in destruction of statistics or mistaken alterations to statistics.
Unauthorized changes to master documents
Unauthorized changes to systems or applications
Failure to make essential adjustments to structures or applications
Inappropriate manual intervention
Potential lack of information
Question: 14. To What Extent Must I Consider The Client’s Internal Control?

Answer:

The practitioner have to acquire a sufficient knowledge of inner manage to enable the right planning of the audit. Whether controls have been located in operations is of high importance. Operating effectiveness isn’t to be judged with the aid of the practitioner.

The know-how of the inner control ought to:

provide a basis for identifying types of capacity misstatements, enable the assessment of the hazard that such misstatements will arise, and
permit the auditor to layout important tests.

Question: 15. What Are The Procedures Used To Obtain An Understanding Of Internal Control?

Answer:

Ordinarily, a combination of the subsequent strategies is utilized in acquiring a enough knowledge of inner control:

Previous experience with the patron
Inquiry of suitable patron employees
Observation of purchaser sports
Reference to prior year operating papers
Inspection of customer-prepared descriptions, along with organization charts and accounting manuals.
Chartered accountant Interview Questions
Question: 16. How Should I Document My Understanding Of Internal Control?

Answer:

The auditor must workout professional judgment in determining the methods and extent of documentation.

The most frequently used strategies of documentation are:

Flowcharts
Question:naires
Narrative memos (written descriptions)
Question: 17. What Is Meant By Assessing Control Risk?

Answer:

The evaluation of manipulate hazard is a technique of evaluating the effectiveness of a customer’s internal controls in stopping and detecting cloth misstatements inside the economic statements.

Investment Banking Interview Questions

Inventory Management Interview Questions And Answers

Question: 1. Do You Know When Should A Physical Inventory Be Taken?

Answer:

A inventory have to be taken at least once a yr. If items are perishable, seasonal or highly demanded a inventory ought to be taken more frequently.

Question: 2. Explain Can A Computer Help In Forecasting Future Demand?

Answer:

Yes, In the marketplace nowadays there are numerous laptop software program packages that could compute forecasted demand for items held in stock.

Auditing Interview Questions
Question: three. Do You Know What Does Eoq Stand For?

Answer:

EOQ stands for Economic Order Quantity.

Question: 4. Tell Me Can Forecasting Help In Controlling Inventory?

Answer:

Yes, through using forecasts inventory stages can be set to fulfill the needs while maintaining tiers as little as viable.

Supply Chain Management Tutorial
Question: five. Tell Me What Is Forecasting?

Answer:

Forecasting is the system of estimating the future call for of a product.

Warehouse Management Interview Questions
Question: 6. What Is Raw Material?

Answer:

Are those fundamental inputs that are converted into completed product through the manufacturing manner. Raw materials inventories are the ones gadgets which have been bought and stored for destiny productions.

Question: 7. Do You Know What Is A Order Point?

Answer:

A order factor is a point in time at which a order is placed to fill up goods in stock.

Accounting Basics Tutorial Supply Chain Management Interview Questions
Question: 8. Do You Know What Is Demand?

Answer:

Demand is the quantity that customers are willing to buy. Demand may be found via forecasting and is wanted to discover the EOQ stage.

Question: 9. Tell Me What Is An Order Quantity?

Answer:

An order quantity is the amount of goods that an order requests be shipped to the shop.

Store Keeper Interview Questions
Question: 10. Tell Me What Types Of Forecasting Can I Do?

Answer:

There are two sorts of forecasting qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative uses private critiques to decide forecasts. Quantitative uses numerical data and statistical modeling to decide forecasts.

Sales Forecasting Tutorial
Question: 11. Explain What Is Lead Time?

Answer:

Lead time is the time period from which a order for goods is placed till it is obtained via the shop. Lead time is an critical consideration for determining when orders must be placed.

Materials management Interview Questions
Question: 12. Suppose I Get A Discount Will It Effect The Eoq Model?

Answer:

Yes, a discount will cause the fundamental EOQ version to fail. To use a reduction in determine a EOQ you must use the EOQ model with amount discounts.

Auditing Interview Questions
Question: 13. Tell Me What Is Cycle Count?

Answer:

A cycle be counted is an inventory auditing manner, which falls under inventory management, in which a small subset of stock, in a particular location, is counted on a certain day. Cycle counts evaluation with conventional physical inventory in that a full bodily stock may stop operation at a facility even as all items are counted at one time.

It facilitates to see the difference among Actual stock and Book Stock. Book Stock is the stock available inside the device.

Question: 14. Do You Know What Is The Eoq Formula?

Answer:

The EOQ system is the square root of 2 instances demand times order of completion fee divided by means of wearing cost. The mathematical method is rectangular root of 2DS/C.

Question: 15. Tell Me What Do The Letters In The Eoq And Stocking Cost Formula Stand For?

Answer:

The letters inside the formulation represent the amount ordered(Q), the sporting fee of a unit(C), the call for for the devices(D) and the fee of finishing a order(S).

Stored Procedures Interview Questions
Question: sixteen. Tell Us What Does Inventory Affect In A Store?

Answer:

Inventory levels and their values can affect the earnings of the shop, the quantity of taxes paid, and the whole stocking cost.

Question: 17. Tell Me What Skills Make You Great At What You Do As An Inventory Specialist?

Answer:

I am a stickler for perfection and business enterprise. In addition to this, I own exquisite leadership characteristics which make it easy for me to direct personnel to do their activity nicely. Possessing know-how of accounting procedures makes it easy for me to control related bookkeeping and price range management responsibilities.

Inventory making plans Interview Questions
Question: 18. Do You Know What Is Interference?

Answer:

Interference is a aspect in forecasting call for. Interference is made of all of the factors that a forecaster has no control over. Factors that can be considered interference consist of natural disasters, unusual client needs, or uncommon activities within the enterprise duration.

Warehouse Management Interview Questions
Question: 19. Do You Know As An Inventory Specialist, What Are Your Specific Duties?

Answer:

Working as an stock expert, I am required to increase and enforce an universal stock management plan which includes materials procurement, inventory stock degrees, and facility needs and employees control. Additionally, I am required to offer course to group of workers members who manage stock manipulate and make sure any overstocking or shortages are treated in a time efficient manner.

Question: 20. Explain Me What Is Opening Stock And Closing Stock?

Answer:

At the beginning of a reporting length, or after a cycle matter, the inventory available in your stock account is the Opening Stock. It is likewise known as as Beginning Inventory.

So, there’s an Opening Stock. Then, plenty of transactions takes place – Items are purchased and Sold. And subsequently Closing Stock is calculated.

Closing stock is the quantity of stock that a enterprise nevertheless has available at the give up of a reporting duration. This consists of uncooked substances, work-in-method, and completed goods stock. The quantity of last inventory may be ascertained with a physical rely of the inventory. It can also be decided with the aid of the use of a perpetual inventory device and cycle counting to always regulate inventory information to reach at ending balances.

Closing Stock is an asset. In Inventory Account, it’s miles underneath debit. In buying and selling Account, it’s far beneath credit score. Because, it’s far nonetheless no longer traded.

Apparel Merchandising Interview Questions
Question: 21. Explain Me When Should Reorders Be Placed?

Answer:

Times for reordering items range dependent on the manipulate system you operate and its lead time. In fixed order quantities reorders ought to be located when the protection inventory is reached. In constant period structures the reordering is carried out at set time periods. In simply in time structures reordering is based totally on matching the call for with supply. For just in time a near watch on stock stages is wanted so that reorders are positioned earlier than items are out of stock.

Question: 22. Explain Me What If There Is No Savings Or The Models Produce Even Results?

Answer:

If there may be no financial savings a mistakes in the calculations may also have took place or the version does no longer healthy your case. For times were the full stocking fees are even you may use either order amount.

Question: 23. Explain Why Is Procurement Considered Such An Important Part Of Inventory Control?

Answer:

Procurement is the backbone of stock control. Inventory experts must create and maintain liaison with carriers and suppliers, and clients to make certain that substances are acquired in a timely way and that there are no shortages when the need arises.

Material Handler Interview Questions
Question: 24. Tell Me What Are The Important Considerations In Inventory Control?

Answer:

For inventory manage to paintings at its excellent a shop must don’t forget the costs of acquisition, sporting, ordering, and inventory-out. The shop ought to additionally study its reordering machine, its budgeting for inventory, insurance and forecasted call for.

Supply Chain Management Interview Questions
Question: 25. Explain Me Is The Optimal Order Or Production Frequency Calculated On A Regular Basis As Part Of A Continuous Improvement Process?

Answer:

Once you have reduced inventories, you will must placed new strategies in place to decrease them even more over time. We use an analytical tool that highlights the largest levers for continually decreasing stock.

For instance, rather than running to enhance sales forecast accuracy from 70 percent to simply 75 percent, organising a crew this is targeted on decreasing lead instances from Asian providers might also have greater effect.

Question: 26. Explain What Is Weighted Average Cost?

Answer:

A weighted inventory average determines the common cost of all inventory items primarily based at the stock objects’ individual value basis and the quantity of each item held in stock.

When a enterprise purchases items for stock, the enterprise may pay exclusive charges for the stock items. This fee differential can observe to both distinctive stock objects and the identical stock items purchased at specific instances.

The average cost is computed by way of dividing the overall price of goods available for sale by means of the total units available for sale. This gives a weighted-average unit fee this is implemented to the devices inside the finishing inventory.

Weighted Average Unit Cost = Total Cost of Inventory / Total Units in Inventory

For Ex: 

Lets say, we purchase item A for 10 AED. We have 10 qty of Item A.

Therefore, total cost of Item A is 10 x 10 = 100 AED.

In that we offered 3 objects. 7 qty left in inventory. Total value of those 7 items = 7 x 10 = 70 AED.

After 3 months, object A price is reduced to 8 AED. And then we bought 10 extra for eight AED.

Therefore, overall cost = eight x 10 = eighty AED. 

Now, we’ve 7 objects sold for 10 AED and 10 items offered for 8 AED.

Total 17 gadgets.

Therefore general value = 70 AED + eighty AED = a hundred and fifty AED.

Now, while we calculate the weighted common cost of the 17 objects which can be to be sold = 150 AED/17 = 8.Eighty two AED.

Sales Forecasting Interview Questions
Question: 27. Do You Know Who Decides Key Inventory-associated Policy Such As Striking The Right Balance Between Customer Service And Cost-powerful Product Inventory Levels?

Answer:

Many selections approximately stock degrees are strategically important. So instead of relying entirely on the deliver enterprise to determine, executives need to have a first-rate say in the fundamental issues that impact inventory control-the whole thing from determining the proper breadth and complexity of product services to most useful plant and distribution footprints.

Store Keeper Interview Questions
Question: 28. What Are Finished Goods?

Answer:

Inventories are the ones completely synthetic merchandise which might be ready on the market. Stocks of uncooked materials and paintings-in-method facilitate manufacturing, even as inventory of completed goods is required for clean marketing operations. Thus, inventories serve as a link between the production and consumption of goods.

Question: 29. Tell Us Do You Apply The Above Practices To All Parts Of Your Inventory (completed Goods, Raw Material, Works In Process And Spare Parts) And In All Organizational Entities?

Answer:

One of the maximum common mistakes made by means of supply businesses is looking at only a small subset of all inventory-the completed goods sitting in important warehouses-despite the fact that uncooked substances, works in manner, spare components and even goods in retail stores can make up 50 percent of the total. As a result, they miss capability savings. An organizational map of all inventories will help better prioritize methods to reduce inventories. And all the inventory techniques we have discussed observe.

Question: 30. Do You Know What Is Cogs (fee Of Goods Sold) Formula?

Answer:

For producers, “cost of products bought” (COGS) is the cost of buying raw substances and production finished products.

For shops, it’s the value of obtaining or buying the goods offered to clients.

Opening Stock (Beginning inventory) + Purchases – Closing Stock (End Inventory) = COGS

If the organisation is in a provider enterprise, COGS is the value of the provider it offers.

COGS can assist corporations training session how plenty they ought to fee for his or her services and products, and the level of income they need to sustain with a view to make a income.

The price paid for merchandise is particularly critical to retailers, as it’s far often their best location of expenditure. But all businesses can gain from an analysis of COGS, as it could spotlight ways of enhancing performance and slicing expenditure.

Question: 31. Tell Me Do You Have Regular Visibility Into Excess And Obsolete Stock, And Is It Linked To Targeted Action Plans To Sell Off Or Reduce This Inventory?

Answer:

Typically, excess and obsolete inventory stems from useless income forecasting, planning or using a commercial enterprise model that fails to aspect in product complexity and lifestyles cycles successfully. Inventory leaders set up methods to decide why excesses are being created after which broaden a plan of action to sell it off. In some times, the fear of the write-off has brought about a huge buildup through the years of obsolete stock.

Question: 32. Tell Me Are You Able To Break Down Your Operating Inventory Into The Three Major Categories When Reporting Levels-protection, Replenishment And Excess Or Obsolete Stock?

Answer:

This breakdown makes it easier to make sound choices approximately suitable ranges for every of those three regions. It allows determine the minimal safety inventory needed to provide an coverage policy against supply chain issues both from production glitches or distribution uncertainties so that customers get what they ordered.

It’s useful for pinpointing the amount of stock required to fill up deliveries each  weeks. And it enables companies discover approaches to avoid a backlog of extra or obsolete stock.

Question: 33. Explain Me What Should Be Recorded In A Physical Count Of Inventory?

Answer:

When carrying out a physical stock the type, location and number in stock of a terrific ought to be recorded.

Materials control Interview Questions
Question: 34. Explain Me What Are The Types Of Reordering Systems That Can Be Used In Inventory Control?

Answer:

There are numerous sorts of reordering systems, on this module we discussed three. The constant order quantity uses constant portions of goods ordered at numerous order points to fill up stock.

The constant order duration use fixed times of reorder with various order quantities to top off inventory to preset degrees. The very last device, simply in time uses a constant flow of products to fit the level of call for.

Question: 35. Do You Know How Is Gr/ir Account Related To Inventory?

Answer:

If you are concerned with inventory, then you need the GR/IR account (Inventory Account) when the IR is published.

If you aren’t concerned about stock, then the device does now not need the GR/IR account when the IR is posted, the gadget needs a G/L rather than the GR/IR account.

Question: 36. Tell Me How To Determine The Frequency For Ordering And Inventory Production If It’s Not Set Solely By Factories Or The Supply Organization?

Answer:

Ideally, there are two factors: corporations ought to take into account calculations that decrease the overall cost including inventory and changeover costs. They additionally should base frequency on negotiations among the one of a kind events involved and component in upcoming occasions together with promotions and uncertainties like bad climate.

Stored Procedures Interview Questions
Question: 37. Explain Me Do I Need To Recompute Stocking Costs For The Eoq Level?

Answer:

Yes, so that it will examine inventory expenses when using the EOQ model you must compute the fees for each the original stage and the EOQ stage of order quantities.

Question: 38. Tell Us What Makes A Good Forecasting Model?

Answer:

A suitable forecast model can have reasonable costs. The accuracy of its forecasts will permit accurate choice making. The version will have adequate records available for its use and a relevant time span. The model eventually can have a low interference stage.

Question: 39. How To Determine The Numbers To Use In The Eoq Formula?

Answer:

To determine which numbers to use you must search for the following objects. The wide variety of gadgets in keeping with order is the amount(Q). The quantity of items that may be bought is D. D may be the forecast demand for that specific desirable. The cost of setting the order is used for S. The final wide variety to locate is the wearing fee(C) which is the fee of the item to be held in inventory.

Question: forty. Explain How Can The Value Of Inventory Be Determined?

Answer:

The cost may be located the usage of 4 methods in inventory manage. The first is the specific value in which each item’s price is added collectively for the stock’s value. A 2nd approach is to apply the weighted average of the expenses for a duration to decide value. A 0.33 technique is first in, first out. In this technique value is measured the use of the present day costs of goods even as running closer to the start of the period till all goods in stock are valued. The very last method is final in, first out. In this method the charges of gods at the beginning of the duration are used to determine the stock’s cost similar to FIFO.

Inventory planning Interview Questions
Question: forty one. Tell Me What Is Shrinkage Calculation In Inventory?

Answer:

In financial accounting, the term inventory shrinkage is the lack of products between point of manufacture or purchase from supplier and point of sale. The time period decrease pertains to the difference in the quantity of margin or earnings a retailer can gain. If the amount of shrink is massive, then profits cross down which ends up in extended expenses to the purchaser to fulfill the needs of the retailer.

In retail terms, shrinkage refers to a company’s percentage loss as a result of harm, product expiration and robbery of unsold products. Retail shrinkage can manifest everywhere along the production and sale chain, which includes on the manufacturing facility, in transit or at the retail location. 

You can calculate retail shrinkage by using dividing the cost of products misplaced to shrinkage through the total cost of goods which might be speculated to be in the inventory.

Shrinkage = 

( Total value of the goods which you are supposed to have to your stock – Total fee of the goods that is physically stocked for your stock ) 

/ Total value of the goods that you are alleged to have on your inventory.

I.E. Shrinkage = (Book inventory – Actual Stock) / Book Stock

= Total Value of products misplaced / Total fee of the products that you are alleged to have for your stock

Question: 42. Explain Me What Is Total Stocking Cost?

Answer:

Total stocking value is the fee to the shop of maintaining a good in its stock. The stocking price consists of the sporting value times 1/2 the quantity in inventory and the order of entirety value instances demand divided with the aid of the quantity. In its mathematical shape the fee is represented via TSC=(Q/2)C + (D/Q)S.

Apparel Merchandising Interview Questions
Question: 43. What Is Work-in-technique?

Answer:

Inventories are semi-manufactured merchandise. They constitute products that need extra work before they end up finished product on the market.

Question: 44. Do You Know What Is The Importance Of Eoq?

Answer:

The EOQ level is the factor at which stocking fees are at their lowest point for a given object.