Category: Physics Notes PPT

The students are taught the concepts like that of Ampere’s Law in the subject of Physics  to improve their basic knowledge of the more complex topics that lie ahead of this concept in the future. The students can easily learn this concept and more from the website of for free. The study material is available in the form of a pdf which they can either download and save for future reference or can view in the online mode. This helps the students to clear their doubts as and when they arise. 

 

The teachers at curate the resources as per the latest norms prescribed by the boards for Classes 1 to 12 and are thus, 100% reliable in terms of their accuracy. The students can refer to these materials for practice which will help them identify their weak sections and improve on them. The website offers material for practice which includes sample papers, previous year’s question papers, practice questions, important questions, etc. that help them to strengthen their level of preparation.

 

For the students, Ampere’s Law is one of the useful Laws which relates the net Magnetic field along the closed-loop to the Electric current which passes through the loop. The Law was discovered by André-Marie Ampere in 1826. The expression for the relation between the Magnetic field and the current which produces it is termed Ampere’s Law.

 

Ampere’s Law – Definition & Applications

Ampere’s circuital Law is an integral part of studying electroMagnetism. The Law defines the relationship between the current and the Magnetic field that it creates around itself. This Law was named after the scientist Andre Marie Ampere who discovered this phenomenon.

 

Ampere conducted multiple experiments to comprehend how the forces acted on wires which carry current. To understand what Ampere’s Law is, students have to have a clear understanding of both the Magnetic and Electric fields.

 

What is Ampere’s Law?

The Ampere’s Law definition states that ‘the line integral of a Magnetic field intensity along a closed path is equal to the current distribution passing through that loop’. 

 

The above statement might be quite difficult to apprehend at once. Hence it is advisable to build a background for the same while understanding it.

 

Mathematical Expression

Let us look at the Mathematical Expression of the Ampere Circuital Law for clarification.

Herein, B is Magnetic field intensity, I is current passing through a loop, and μ is Magnetic flux. The image beside shows the passage of current (represented with an upward moving arrow).

 

It depicts that on continuous passage of current, a Magnetic field is created around the conductor. As a student, you should understand that when you try to explain Ampere’s circuital Law regarding the passage of a current, it indicates that a conductor is carrying current. 

 

Other than this, you should also have a prior understanding of Magnetic flux. The most vital topic to understand is Gauss’s Law which is usually one of the first topics that are taught. Once you have cleared the concept of this Law, understanding Ampere’s Law will be much easier.

 

Ampere’s Circuital Law and Magnetic Field: Applications

Ampere’s Law, because of its convenience, has gained momentum since its inception. It has been implemented in real-life scenarios too. One of the most widely known platforms where Ampere’s Law is being implemented regularly is the manufacturing of machines.

 

These machines can be motors, generators, transformers, or other similar devices. All of these work with the principles related to the application of Ampere circuital Law. Hence, understanding these concepts is essential especially since these are essential in higher standards. These concepts are the basis of some of the most vital derivations and principles that are relevant in Physics . 

 

Here is a list of applications where you will find Ampere’s circuital Law being put into use. 

• Solenoid

• Straight wire

• Thick wire

• Cylindrical conductor

• Toroidal solenoid

It should be noted that the working principle of this Law remains the same throughout every process, even though its implementation varies greatly. It is the working principle of numerous machines and devices, which are often even implemented as parts of other devices. 

 

Students may also go through the Ampere circuital Law derivation to build a deeper understanding of the same. Not only is this derivation integral to Ampere’s Law, but also since it is one of the fundamental concepts of Physics  and Electricity.

 

Notably, a diagram always helps and our study materials provide just that along with lucid language for an explanation. To know more about what Ampere circuital Law is and its features with various applications in real life, you can check our online study programs. Herein, you will get access to high-quality study materials with a quick explanation by subject experts. 

 

You can even download our app which is easily available so that you can access all the study materials at any time.

 

Importance of ’s study material

The following are the points that highlight the importance of ’s study material:

• It helps the student to access the resources online at the ease of their time and the comfort of their home.

• It is prepared by the experts in the subject matters and thus, is 100% accurate and reliable.

• ’s study material is available for download in pdf format which can be saved by the students for their future reference or can also be viewed in the online mode.

• The study material helps the students to clear their doubts instantly.

Angular Momentum 

Angular momentum is the vector product of the angular velocity of a particle and its moment of inertia. If a particle of mass m has linear momentum (p) and position (r) then the angular momentum with respect to its original point O is defined as the product of linear momentum and the change in position. Mathematically 

l = r × p

Derivation of Equation for Angular Momentum

Since l=r × p, when we differentiate it with respect to time we get,

dl/ dt = d (r × p) / dt

Applying the product rule for differentiation,

d (r × p) / dt = (dp/dt)×  r + (dr/dt )×p

Since velocity is the change in position at some time interval, thence, dr/dt = v and p = mv,

Thus, dr/dt ×  p = v × mv

Now since both the  vectors are parallel, their products shall be a zero (o). Now let’s take  dp/dt ×  r,

Since F =  dp/dt

thus ,(dp/dt ) × r = F × r = τ

This means that, d (r×p)/ dt = τ. Since l= r×p, therefore,

dl / dt = τ

Angular Momentum of the Rigid Body Rotating about a Fixed Axis

The angular momentum  what we studied above is on a particle about  any point which states that the rate of change of  total angular momentum wrt time  about a point equals the total net external torque acting on the system about the same point. Thus, the Angular momentum remains conserved when the total external torque is zero. 

But in order to calculate the net rate of change of angular momentum of a rotating object about a fixed axis, we will be learning about the concept of angular momentum of a particle undergoing the rotational motion about a fixed axis.

Now, we shall deal with angular momentum about a fixed axis . 

Thus in order to  study rotational momentum in reference to a rigid body, we consider  it as a vector acting on a system of particles. Since during rotational motion every particle behaves differently, hence we can calculate the angular momentum for a system of many particles.

The angular momentum of any  particle rotating about a fixed axis depends on the net  external torque acting on that body. 

Let us Consider an object rotating about a fixed axis, as shown in the figure. Now consider a particle P in the body that rotates about the axis as shown above. Thus the  total angular momentum for this system is given by,

L = [sum_{i=1}^{N}] ri   X pi

Where, P is the momentum and is equal to mv  and r is the distance of the particle from the axis of rotation.

The contribution of individual particle to the total angular momentum is  given as, l= r×p

Using vector law of addition OP = OC + CP.

So we can write, l = (OC +CP) ×p = (OC×p) +(CP×p)

v = rpw  where rp is the perpendicular distance of  point P from axis of rotation.

Also, the tangential velocity v at the point p is perpendicular to the vector rp. 

Using the right-hand thumb rule, the direction of product CP×v is parallel to the axis of rotation.

Similarly, the product of the vectors OC×V is perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

So, we can write it as: l  = OC × mv + lz                                                      

The component  of angular momentum parallel to the fixed axis of rotation, which is along the z-axis is  Iz 

L = ∑ l = ∑ (lp + lz )

Here Lp is the perpendicular component of momentum can be given as,

Lp = ∑ OC i × mivi

And the parallel component of the momentum is ,

Lz = (∑ miri2 ) ωk’ 

Lz =Iz ωk’

Each  and every particle possessing a velocity vi has a corresponding particle possessing velocity –vi located diametrically opposite on the circle since the object under consideration is generally symmetric about the axis of rotation thus  at a particular perpendicular distance rp,, the total angular momentum due to these particles cancel each other.

For such symmetrical objects, the total momentum of the object is given by,

L = Lz =Iz ωk’

Where, ω is the angular velocity of the body and  gives the direction of the total angular momentum.

and ,I is the moment of inertia of the body.

Astigmatism Meaning 

Astigmatism meaning or Astigmatism definition can be explained as an optical imperfection that obscures the vision. Before realizing what causes this deformity, we first have to understand how the eye sees the light. When light enters a circular focal point (round like a ball), it refracts or twists, equitably. On the off chance that the focal point isn’t circular or spherical, the light that enters the focal point is refracted more one direction than another. An unpredictably shaped cornea or lens keeps light from concentrating appropriately on the retina, the light-sensitive surface at the rear of the eye. Subsequently, vision gets obscured at any separation. This can prompt eye distress and cerebral pains.

Types of Astigmatism 

The eye defect is usually brought about by a sporadically formed cornea or mutilated lens. At the point when the cornea has an irregular shape, what is said as corneal astigmatism meaning. At the point when the state of the lens is twisted, you have lenticular astigmatism. Because of either type, your vision for both close and far articles seem foggy or bent. It’s practically similar to investigating a funhouse mirror in which you show excessively tall, excessively broad, or overly slender.

The steepest and flattest meridians of an eye with astigmatism are known as the vital or principal meridians.It can additionally be delegated regular astigmatism and irregular astigmatism as two types of astigmatism. Inconsistent, head meridians are opposite to one another (90-degree detachment). Inverse to this, irregular, the principal meridians are not different from one another.

Most astigmatism is regular astigmatism, a corneal, which gives the front surface of the eye a sporadically curvy shape, similar to that of a spoon. Eye wounds and injuries that bring about scars on the cornea can cause a sporadic deformity. Particular kinds of eye medical procedures or a sickness called keratoconus (continuous diminishing of the cornea) can likewise be one of the astigmatism causes.

Regular Astigmatism 

Irregular cornea or lens bend of the eye causes regular astigmatism, which is one of the types of astigmatism. In this condition, the principal meridians are consistently separated by 90 degrees from one another. For this situation, there will be a back to back variety in the refractive force, starting with one meridian then onto the next. Every meridian in regular astigmatism has a smooth bend at each point over the passage of the understudy.

This is the most popular sort of astigmatism in which the manifestations included are hazy vision, cerebral pains, light affectability, and so forth.

Irregular Astigmatism 

In irregular astigmatisms, which is one of the types of astigmatism, the principal meridians are isolated by any edge other than 90°, i.e., they are not opposed to one another. In this sort, the shape at every meridian isn’t uniform; however, changes start with one point then onto the next over the pupil’s passage.

Astigmatism Causes and Correction 

Your eye has two structures with curved surfaces that twist (refract) light onto the retina, which makes the pictures.

The cornea, the away from the surface of your eye alongside the tear film

The focal point, a reasonable structure inside your eye that changes shape to help focus around close to objects.

In a formed eye, every one of these components has a round ebb and flow, similar to the outside of a smooth ball. A cornea and focal point with such an arch curve (refract) all approaching light similarly make a pointedly centered picture straightforwardly around the retina, at the rear of your eye.

We can correct Astigmatism by wearing eyeglasses, contact lenses, and Orthokeratology.

Solved Questions 

Which Lens is Used in Astigmatism?

Lens used in Astigmatism is the toric lens, a soft contact lens which a doctor recommends.

Fun Facts

1. Astigmatism causes also seem to have a genetic component, which may be passed down to you from generation to generation.

2. Astigmatism can be hard to detect as one of the common symptoms of astigmatism is a blurry vision, which is so mild that hardly people recognize it.

3. Optometrist can easily detect Astigmatism with proper eye exam for measuring the eye’s ability to identify the details and errors.

How to Measure Small Things

Measurement of vast distances is a straightforward job. We use large units of length such as kilometres for inland applications, light years for stellar applications and 1 parsec (3.26 light-years) for intergalactic applications. On another end of the scale, we have minimal measures. We can only understand millimetres and our naked eyes can sense up to 0.1 mm, but after that, it becomes tough to visualize. We have only recently begun to explore and understand the miniature world out there with modern technological development. To measure small things, we need to understand the Avogadro number and his hypothesis to know and how to measure the small distances.

(Image to be added soon)

Avogadro Hypothesis

An electron microscope is a particular type of microscope that illuminates the sample with a beam of accelerated electrons. This electron will be needed to have a very short wavelength, approximately 100,000 times shorter than the visible light, hence, giving the electron microscope a better resolution characteristic than an optical microscope. This can be heavily used to observe tiny things such as atoms and molecules. A transmission electron microscope can extensively achieve better than 50 Picometer (10-12) resolution, and we should also remember that atoms range from 30 – 300 Pico meters. There is another interesting fact that the radius of an atom is approximately more than 10000 times the radius of the nucleus and the atom is 99.999999% space. Before any of the technological advancements in the peripheries, we had only come to know about the rough estimate of the size of the atom even after the Rutherford alpha particle which on scattering experiment gave us the size of the nucleus in an approximate measurement. Now, we have to understand some of these methods about how to measure small things.

Explain Avogadro’s Number

The actual volume which is occupied by the particular atom of a substance is every timeless than the volume of that important substance because the packaging of atoms is inefficient. Due to this, there are empty spaces between atoms which results in an inflated volume. According to Avogadro’s number, the actual volume which is occupied by the particular atoms in a certain mass of a denoted substance is two-thirds the volume which is occupied by that mass of the substance. Suppose if we take a mole of a substance, let us say Carbon. A mole generally refers to the amount of the substance in grams which is equivalent to the atomic weight of the substance. So if we keep talking of Carbon, one mole of Carbon consists of 12 g of pure carbon-12 (12C). There is another interesting fact about Avogadro’s number unit that is: the definition of Avogadro’s number is the same as of a mole which is given as the Avogadro uses Carbon as the standard for mole.

We previously know that volume is the ratio of mass divided by density. We can easily calculate the atomic volume of the whole mole.

By the Avogadro’s number definition, 

Molar Volume = Molar Mass (gm)/ Density (gm/cm3)

Solved Examples

1. How is Avogadro’s Number Used?

The mole system allows the scientists to accurately calculate the number of elementary entities (usually atoms or molecules) in a particular mass of a given substance. Avogadro’s number is absolute and constant: there are 6.022×1023 elementary particles in one mole. This can extensively be written as 6.022×1023 mol-1.

Did You Know?

This is a fantastic fact that Amedeo Avogadro comes into the territory, of course, his real name is Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto—but everyone calls him Avogadro for apparent reasons. Avogadro developed the idea which is given:

If we think that Avogadro just introduced just a version of the Ideal Gas Law, then we are correct—but we have to move on to a useful example. Suppose if we take water (that is H2O) and run a short streak of electric current through it, it is called electrolysis. This process can easily break the water molecules into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas (which we could collect). If we had these two gases at the same temperature and pressure, the hydrogen gas would surely take up twice the volume compared to the oxygen gas. Why? Well, when we have to break up the water molecule, we get twice as much hydrogen as oxygen.

Laws of Physics have a huge impact in stating facts. These laws are derived and proved through empirical observations. Everything that prevails around us has some connection with Physics.

Physicists have derived many laws with proof to illustrate these facts. In other words, the laws of Physics are the kind of explanation that classifies all physical phenomena.

Most of the laws of Physics are not that easy to derive. All scientific researchers are dedicatedly working to establish a law. All these laws given by physicists are under continuous observation by the scientific community and are updated from time to time.

Physicists have explained so many facts in the form of laws to state the phenomena happening around the universe. Here, you will find a brief knowledge of some basic laws of physics and know all about these.

State Hooke’s Law

Hooke’s law states that within the elastic extent of a material, the material’s strain is proportional to the material’s stress. The atoms and molecules get a deformation of an elastic material when it gets stretched. It stays stretched for the total time of application of stress. When stress gets removed, they go back to their normal form.

()

F = – k. X

Here, F = Force

x = Extended length

k = Spring constant or constant of proportionality

Snell’s Law of Refraction

This law states the connection between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.

Here is the dedicated Snell’s Law of Refraction:

n1sin⁡Ө1=n2sin⁡Ө2

Gas Laws Physics

Under this section, there are three more laws:

1. Boyle’s Law

2. Charles’s Law

3. Avogadro’s Law

Also, ideal gas law is another part of the gas laws in Physics. These are as follows:

Law of Conservation of Energy

This law explains that energy can’t be created and can’t be destroyed. The only possibility is that the energy always changes its state from one to another.

When a system is a closed one, the conservation of energy takes place.

We can calculate a system’s total energy as:

UT = Ui + W + Q,

Where

Q = Heat

W = Work

UT = Total Conservation of Energy

3 Laws of Thermodynamics

The three laws of thermodynamics are mentioned below. 

1. The First Law of Thermodynamics

2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics

3. The Third Law of Thermodynamics

Also, another law is associated with thermodynamics, known as the Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Three Laws of Motion by Newton

Newton also stated three laws of motion. They are known as the first, second, and third laws of motion. 

First Law: It states that a body at uniform motion or rest will remain in its original state until and unless an external force is applied to it.

Second Law: In short, force is directly proportional to the product of the mass of the body and its acceleration.

Third Law: There is an identical and reverse reaction for every action.

Law of Electrostatics

()

Coulomb’s law of electrostatics is the important law of electrostatics. It states that a force F is developed when two different charges, q1 and q2, are placed together with some distance d between them.

The mathematical derivation is:

[F=frac{1}{4pi xi _0}frac{qQ}{r^2}=k_efrac{qQ}{r^2}]

or, we can write it simply as:

[F=kfrac{q_1q_2}{d_2}]

List of all Physics Laws PDF

Here is the list of all Fundamental Laws of Physics:

1. Lambert’s Cosine Law

2. Kelvin Planck Statement

3. D’alembert’s Principle

4. Clausius Statement

5. Law of Conservation of Mass

6. Fourier’s Law

7. Hubble’s Law

8. Bell’s Theorem

9. Boltzmann Equation

10. Lagrangian Point

11. Beer-Lambert Law

12. Maxwell Relations

13. Van Der Waals Equation

14. Carnot’s Theorem

15. Fermi Paradox

16. Helmholtz Equation

17. Helmholtz Free Energy

18. Ficks Law of Diffusion

19. Raman Scattering

20. Wien’s Law

21. Dirac Equation

22. Mach Number

23. Coulomb’s Law

24. Avogadro’s Hypothesis

25. Law of Conservation of Energy

26. Archimedes’ Principle

27. Biot-Savart Law

28. Faraday’s Law

29. Ampere’s Law

30. Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis

31. Planck Equation

32. Kirchhoff’s law

33. Kirchhoff’s Second Law

34. Newton’s law of universal gravitation

35. Maxwell’s Equations

36. Bernoulli’s Principle

37. Electric Potential due to a point charge

38. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

39. Gauss’ Law

40. The first law of thermodynamics

41. Lenz’s Law

42. Wien’s Displacement Law

43. Ohm’s Law

44. Law of Equipartition of Energy

45. Joule’s Laws

46. Laws of reflection

47. Brewster’s law

48. Radioactive Decay Law

49. Bragg’s Law

50. Murphy’s Law

51. Doppler Effect

52. Einstein Field Equation

53. Casimir Effect

54. Stefan-Boltzmann Law

55. Moseley’s Law

56. Superposition Principle

57. Newton’s Laws of Motion

58. Laws of Thermodynamics

59. Laws of Friction

60. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

The big bang model is an easy model which is useful to know the beginning of the universe. This is like an SDLC model which doesn’t have any design or plan. It is such a unique model which doesn’t have expectations and requirements also. The Big bang model also can be started with the available amount and efforts. There are no limitations and boundaries for this model. Let’s explore more about this innovative method.

Big Bang Model Definition

The big bang model of the universe can be defined as the model which can be heard from both scholars and nonscholars from a century to identify the beginning of the universe. It is a cosmological model which is explained by the concept of software development life cycle. 

Because everyone has several puzzle questions like where the universe starts? How does the universe start? Etc and many more. All these questions can be answered by finding the conclusions using the big bang model.

Features of Big Bang Model Theory

The Big bang theory model majorly works on principles. When is the cosmological principle and the other is the universality of all physical laws? Based on these principles, the features are explained as follows- 

• The model doesn’t have any beginning and ending points.

• The basic aim of this model is to find out the unknown facts.

• It is a long-lasting method that started a century ago.

• In the 12th century, the expansion of the universe can be found using this model.

• The presence of particle horizons is one of the major and important features of this SDLC theory.

Explanation

For the convenience of readers, the big bang theory model can be split into 10 simple steps and each step can be explained below.

How Did it Start?

The first Motto of the Big bang model theory is to find out how the universe has started. After several observations, it is clear that the universe started as very hot and is having high density. According to Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) launched by NASA, the age of the universe is about 13 billion years. The Big bang model SDLC helps to find out these calculations with more accuracy.

First Growth: Also the first growth achieved by the Big bang model said that the universe is very young as of now. It is a billionth, trillionth of years ahead. Also, space is kept on expanding gradually.

Too Hot: When the universe has formed, the light elements were created and shine with high intensity. But up to 380 crores years, the light elements cannot be created due to the plenty of heat in the space. This excessive heart prevents The shining of the space.

Let there Be Light: After 380,000 years, the universe has started cooling which results in the formation of electrons with the help of light particles. These electrons started combining with the nuclei and formed neutrons. All these help to shine the universe and this training phase is known as the recombination phase.

Cosmic Dark Ages: After 400 million years, the universe started emerging from the cosmic dark ages. These dark holes present in the universe were not identified by anyone as of now. No instrument or gadget can’t be detected in those dark holes. so here at the University started coming out from the darkness and became transparent with the presence of the ultraviolet race. This phase is known as a re-ionization phase.

Stars and Galaxies: Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), WAMP, Hubble Space Telescope, etc were made several types of research and finally found various stars and galaxies. These twinkling stars make space and the universe beautiful and create more enthusiasm and anxiety to know what is there in space.

Introducing the Solar System: Just before 7 million years, the Big bang model has introduced the solar system which consists of planets, stars, asteroids, etc, and many more. The scholars had found that all the sun, remaining parts of the solar system were formed with gases and can move from one place to another place like a cloud.

Extra Stuff in the Solar System: During the 19th century various scientists had made experiments using big bang moral theory and have proven that along with the stars, planets, sun another some dark stuff is available in the universe. Also, the universe started expanding more and rotating around. The study of this expansion of the universe without changing in its density and volume is nothing but the steady-state theory.

Hence, it is a brief explanation about the big bang theory and steady-state theory. But it is another ending process. Still, the Big bang model SDLC is trying to know more and more about the universe and trying to investigate whether survival is possible in space or not and what is the black stuff, etc.