Category: Physics Notes PPT

Bending equation is a subsection within the purview of bending theory. This theory, in turn, primarily suggests that a beam is subject to deformation when a force acts upon a point that passes through the longitudinal axis of the beam. Therefore, bending theory refers to a study of axial deformation caused due to such stresses and consequently also known as flexure theory. 

 

What is the Bending Stress Equation? 

Bending stress equation, or simply bending equation implies a mathematical equation that aims to find the amount of stress on the beam. However, the bending moment equation stipulates a set of assumptions that one has to take into account to arrive at the exact data of flexure stresses. 

The comprehensive assumptions of bending equation are thus as follows – 

• The beam has to be straight. Besides, it has to possess a constant cross-section without aberrations. 

• The construction of the beam has to be with a homogenous material. It must also possess a symmetrical longitudinal plane. 

• The bending moment equation derivation states that the point of the applied load has to lie on its longitudinal plane of symmetry. 

• One of the most essential assumptions in the bending equation is that failure should be a result of buckling and not bending. 

• ‘E’ or the elastic limit remains constant for both tension and compression. 

• The plane cross-section continues to be a plane throughout the bending process. 

 

What are the Factors in Bending Equation Derivation? 

The factors or bending equation terms as implemented in the derivation of bending equation are as follows – 

• M = Bending moment. 

• I = Moment of inertia exerted on the bending axis. 

• σ = Stress of the fibre at a distance ‘y’ from neutral/centroidal axis. 

• E = Young’s Modulus of beam material. 

• R = Curvature radius of this bent beam.

However, if the distance to the remotest element c replaces y, then 

[frac{M}{I}]=[frac{sigma max}{c}]

[therefore sigma max]=[frac{MC}{I}]=[frac{M}{Z}]

Where [Z=frac{I}{c}]. This Z is the section modulus of this beam

How is Bending Stress Formula Derivation Done? 

Bending stress formula derivation fundamentally computes the figure of bending stresses that develops on a loaded beam. 

Therefore, the bending equation of stress includes the following steps – 

Strain in fibre AB=[frac{change in lenght}{orginal length}]

[frac{A’B’-AB}{AB}] but AB = CD and CD=C’D’

Therefore,strain=[frac{A’B’-C’D’}{C’D’}]

With the presence of CD and C’D’ on neutral axis, the stress on neutral axis comes to be zero. Thus, this neutral axis is devoid of any strain from the applied force.

[frac{(R+y)theta -Rtheta }{Rtheta }]=[frac{Rtheta +ytheta -Rtheta }{Rtheta }]=[frac{y}{R}]

Yet, [frac{Stress}{Strain}]=E(E=Young’s Modulus of elasticity)

Thus, equation of the two strains based on the two relations is [frac{sigma}{y}]=[frac{y}{R}]

Or [frac{sigma}{y}]=[frac{E}{R}]…………….(i)

On the other hand, let us assume any arbitrary cross-section of the beam. Strain on the fibre is at a distance of ‘y’ from the N.A. Thus, the following expression is –

[sigma=frac{E}{R}y]

Hoever, if the shaped strip has an area of ‘dA’, the following equation denotes force on strip –

F=[sigmadelta A=frac{E}{R}ydelta A]

Consequently, moment of the bending equation on the neutral axis will amount to –

[Fy=frac{E}{R}y^2delta A]

Therefore, the total moment for the entire cross-section equals to –

M=[sum frac{E}{R}y^2delta A]=[frac{E}{R}sum y^2delta A]

Here, Σy²δA is the beam material’s property and suggest the second moment of area of cross-section.

The symbol I further denotes  it.

As a result,

M=[frac{E}{R}l]………………(ii)

Thus, when we combine equation (i) and (ii), we arrive at the following bending equation –

[frac{sigma }{y}]=[frac{M}{T}]=[frac{E}{R}]

The above equation thus refers to bending equation derivation. It is, however, pure bending because the bending results despite the lack of a force.

 

For further information on this topic, keep an eye on our website. You can also download our app for added convenience.

Different regions of the Stress-Strain Graph 

The different regions in the stress-strain graph are:

• Proportional Limit- The proportional limit is the region of the Stress-Strain Graph that follows Hooke’s Law,  which means that, in this region, the stress-strain ratio shows a constant proportionality. This constant value is called Young’s modulus. 

• Elastic Limit- Elastic Limit is that point in the Stress-Strain graph, up to which the material returns to its initial position when a load is acting on it, is completely removed. Further Elastic limit, plastic deformation starts to appear in it.

• Yield Point-The yield point is the point on the Stress-Strain graph at which the material starts to bend plastically. The passing of the yield point denotes that permanent plastic deformation has occurred.

•  Ultimate Stress Point- Ultimate Stress Point is the point on the Stress-Strain graph that describes the maximum stress that the given material can endure before the ultimate failure. 

• Fracture or Breaking Point- Breaking Point is the point in the Stress-Strain Graph at which the collapse of the material takes place which means that it is broken.

In 1897, Sir J.J. Thomson discovered electrons as negatively charged particles present in every element’s atom, but without any knowledge of the distribution of electrons, the positive charge, and the mass inside the atom. Subsequently, in 1904, Sir Thomson suggested a model for the atom, also known as the ‘plum pudding model,’ which stated that the electrons are embedded like plums in a distribution (or pudding) of positive charge within the atom. Thomson’s model failed to explain emission spectra and alpha particle scattering. Rutherford came up with another model in which the electrons revolve around the nucleus in different orbits. The revolution is driven by the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. But Rutherford’s model failed to account for the stability of atoms and the origin of line spectra. To address the shortcomings of these previous models, Prof. Neils Bohr, in 1913, applied Planck’s quantum theory and proposed three postulates that came to be known as the Bohr Model of Atom. So, let us discuss the Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom (class 12) in detail.

Prior to Bohr, there were a number of scientists who were working on the structure of an atom. Rutherford was one of them and his model was the closest one to the Bohr model of the atom. In fact, Niels Bohr had helped to overcome the problem in Rutherford’s model of an atom. 

Rutherford’s model of an atom had a major drawback, that it could not explain the stability. It showed that electrons in an atom revolve around a positively recharged centre called the nucleus. However, later on, it was found that any particle in a circular motion would undergo acceleration and thus would lose energy. So the electron would take a spiral path and would finally fall into the nucleus and the atom would collapse. But this is not true because this does not take place in reality. 

Bohr said that electrons do revolve around the nucleus but their energy remains fixed. He explained that the energy of the electrons remains fixed because they are restricted to some fixed orbits. Each of these orbits is at a fixed distance from the nucleus and is associated with a fixed amount of energy. These energy levels are represented by the letters K, L, M, N, or the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, starting from the centre. 

So the final model of Neils Bohr was similar to Rutherford’s model of an atom which states that an atom consists of a positively charged centre in which the electrons revolve. The only difference was that in Bohr’s model, electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits with fixed energy. For his work on the structure of the atom, he got a Nobel Prize in 1922. 

Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom and Hydrogen-like Atoms

A hydrogen-like atom consists of a tiny positively-charged nucleus and an electron revolving around the nucleus in a stable circular orbit. 

Bohr’s Radius: 

If ‘e,’ ‘m,’ and ‘v’ be the charge, mass, and velocity of the electron respectively, ‘r’ be the radius of the orbit, and Z be the atomic number, the equation for the radii of the permitted orbits is given by r = n2 ｘr1, where ‘n’ is the principal quantum number, and r1 is the least allowed radius for a hydrogen atom, known as Bohr’s radius having a value of 0.53 Å. 

Limitations or Problems of the Bohr Model

• The theory Bohr devised was a mixture of classical and quantum physics. Quantum physics superseded classical physics, meaning quantum physics has everything classical physics has. This makes the approach of understanding the model of the atom invalid in some aspects. 

• The model could not explain the various intensities of the spectral lines, which are classified under the Stark effect. 

• The model could not explain the existence of the hyperfine structure of some spectral lines.

• The model makes inaccurate spectral line predictions when it is concerned with larger atoms such as helium, lithium and oxygen or any other element. Bohr’s model only works with hydrogen.

• The model does not explain the Zeeman effect, which is the splitting of spectral lines when placed in the magnetic field. 

All of us have experienced our bodies feeling lighter while swimming at some point in time or another. Furthermore, while drawing water from the well, the bucket feels lighter if it is either partially or fully immersed in water. Have you ever thought about the fact why we feel a change in weight? Well, when we immerse a body or an object in water or any other fluid, it experiences an external force from the downward direction, which is opposite to the direction of the gravitational pull of the earth and is responsible for the decrease in the weight of the body. 

The same is the reason behind a plastic ball floating in water instead of sinking to the base of the water by its weight. However, in this case, we have also observed that some objects like a needle sink in water as well. So, let’s make ourselves familiar with the concepts of buoyancy and buoyant forces and seek an adequate explanation of all these observations.

Understanding the Term Buoyancy and Buoyant Force 

The term ‘Buoyancy’ refers to the force that causes the objects to float. To be specific, it is the external force experienced by an object that is either partly or fully immersed in water or any other fluid. We can also define buoyancy as the upward force applied by the fluid on a body or object when it is either put in or submerged in the fluid. The phenomenon of buoyancy is caused by the pressure acting on the opposite sides of an object or body immersed in a static fluid. It is also commonly referred to as ‘buoyant force’ (the upward force experienced by a body or an object when it is immersed in a fluid), so we can say that buoyancy is the phenomenon caused due to buoyant force. 

Newton (N), the unit of Force (F), is the unit of the Buoyant Force as well.

What is the Force of Buoyancy

An upward force is experienced by an object or a body when we submerge it in a fluid. This force applied by the fluid on the object, which causes it to come upwards is, what we call the Force of Buoyancy. Whenever we immerse an object in a fluid, it displaces some amount of the fluid owing to its weight. The amount of fluid displaced corresponds to the object’s density, which, in turn, relates to its volume. The scale or measure of the buoyant force is also precisely equal to the amount of fluid displaced by the object.

What is the Centre of Buoyancy?

The point on the object where it experiences the force of buoyancy is what we refer to as the Centre of Buoyancy. It is essential to understand that the force of buoyancy is applied vertically, due to which, the centre of buoyancy is a point on the centre of the gravity of the fluid displaced by the immersed object.

Why do Few Objects float in Water while Others Sink?

In between the layers of water or any other liquid, the pressure keeps fluctuating. The pressure on the bottom of the water is greater than the pressure on its top. As a result of this pressure difference amid the different layers, there tends to be a made-up force applied in the upward direction on the object immersed. Due to this force, the submerged object experiences acceleration in the upward direction.

We can also say that the magnitude of the upward force is equal to the pressure difference between the topmost and lowest layer and is also equivalent to the amount of water displaced by the immersed object. The consequence of this concept gives rise to the phenomenon of ‘floating.’ For an object to float, it should be less dense than water, and if its density is more than that of water, it will sink.

The Relationship between Buoyancy and Temperature

The buoyant force tends to be inversely proportional to the temperature of the fluid or liquid in which the object or body is immersed in. This is because, with an increase in the temperature of the fluid, there will also be an increase in its volume and a decrease in its density. Therefore, if the temperature of the liquid is increased, the upthrust or buoyant force will decrease. Similarly, if the temperature of the liquid is decreased, then the upthrust will end up increasing. 

The Concepts of Density and Relative Density

For having a better understanding of the concepts of buoyancy, we need to know about density and relative density.

The ‘Density’ of a material refers to its mass per unit volume. To be specific, it is the measure of how tightly matter is packed inside a material. The formula for density is as follows:

[text{Density} = rho = frac{ text{Mass}}{ text{Volume}} = frac{M}{V}] = kg/m3 (SI Unit)

A substance’s relative density (also known as the specific gravity of a substance) is the ratio of its density to the density of water. The relative density is the ratio of two similar quantities; hence, it has no unit.

If the relative density of a substance is less than one, it will float in water, and if its relative density is greater than one, it will sink in water.

What is Upthrust?

The buoyant force or the upward force, which an object immersed partially or wholly in a fluid experience, is also known as ‘Upthrust’. Due to the buoyant force or upthrust, a body or an object immersed partly or wholly in a fluid appears to be lighter. As discussed earlier, the buoyant force or upthrust depends on two things, namely, the density of the fluid, and the volume of the object immersed or the amount of fluid displaced by it.

What are the Applications of Buoyancy? 

Due to the phenomenon of buoyancy, swimmers, fish, submarines, and icebergs stay afloat. Let us discuss some of the applications of buoyancy using a few examples mentioned below:

Submarines – There is a large ballast tank in submarines that controls their depth and position from the sea’s surface. Submarines submerge by letting the water come inside the ballast tank so that their weight becomes much greater than the buoyant force.

Fish – For going up and down the surface of the water, a fish fills its air sacs with gases, which, in turn, diffuse from its body to the bladder; thus, making it feel lighter. 

Hot Air Balloon – As the atmosphere is filled with air, it exerts a buoyant force on every other object. Due to this buoyant force, a hot air balloon rises and floats in the air. It begins to descend as soon as its weight becomes greater than the buoyant force and becomes stationary when its weight equals the buoyant force.

Ship – A ship floats on the surface of the water as the amount of water it displaces is sufficient to have a weight equivalent to the ship’s weight. A ship is usually made hollow so that its overall density is less than that of the seawater. Hence, the buoyant force acting on the ship is pretty large to support its weight.

Interesting Facts

The laws related to buoyancy were discovered by Archimedes who was a Greek Mathematician, and these laws have come to be known as The Archimedes Principle. 

The word buoyancy comes from a Spanish word called “boyar”, which means float. 

Ships will float higher in seas and oceans that are more dense and cold than they would in seas that are more warm and tropical. Ships also tend to float higher during the winter season. 

A cell which we have already discussed in our previous articles or an electrochemical cell is a device that can be said as it is capable of obtaining electrical energy from chemical reactions or vice versa. We have definitely seen a cell the small one is called as AAA or AA batteries we use in our remotes.

An battery or we can also say that an electric battery is a device which is made up of two or we can say more cells that make use of the chemical energy which is stored in the chemicals and converts it into energy or the electrical energy. 

Note: A battery which we often have seen in our day to day lives  is used to provide a continuous steady current source that is by the way of providing constant EMF or Electromotive force to an electrical circuit or we can say a machine.

Cells Electromotive Force Explained

Each of the cells comprises two half-cells which are connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing cations and the anions. One of the half-cell which is made up of the electrolyte and the electrode which is negative the Anode. 

The one which is negatively charged ions also called as Anions or the migrate to the Anode. The other half-cell which generally includes the electrolyte and the electrode which is positive and the Cathode to which cations positively charged ions migrate.

How do Redox Reactions Occur?

The Redox reaction is said to be a reduction and oxidation process which occur simultaneously and this powers the battery. The Cations are reduced and it gains electrons at the cathode during charging while anions are oxidized by the process of  losing electrons at the anode during charging. During this whole process of discharge the process is reversed. The electrodes which we already do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte.

EMF Physics Class 12

An electric power supply is also a cell or the Electric cell. The Cells generate the electricity and also derive the reaction which is the chemical reactions.  One or more cells which are electrochemical are batteries. 

Every cell that has two terminals which were namely

The Anode is said to be an terminal from where the flow of current is in from out that is that it provides an incoming channel for the current to enter the circuit or the device.

When there is present current which is in the device or the circuit which is electrical and there’s a voltage drop also which is in source voltage or battery source which is internal resistance. It is caused due to material electrolytic in batteries or other the source voltage.

The Internal Resistance which is r = (E – V)/I

Where, E is the emf of the device that is the V which is the potential difference that is between the device the capital letter I is the current in the device. The resistance which is the Internal Resistance is the result of the resistance in the battery or we can say that the accumulation in the battery. the equation which is used to derive this is as follows equations:

V = (E – Ir).

What is a Cell in Physics?

We know that current that is electrical current is the flow of charged particles. It is the flow of electrons that take through a circuit.

A cell is said to be a device that maintains the potential difference which exists between the two electrodes that too due to chemical reaction. A collection which is of two or more cells that are connected in parallel or series is called a Battery. Thus we will obtain the voltage which is required or current.  

We know that a battery which is an energy source that converts energy which is said as the chemical energy to electrical energy. It is otherwise called a cell which is electrochemical. The energy that is stored in the form of chemical form which is  inside a battery. The Batteries give us a perfect convenient source of energy for energizing devices without wires and cables. When it is connected to a circuit it produces energy or electrical energy.

A battery consists of two terminals that is a negative and a Positive terminal. The terminal which is positive is known as Cathode and the terminal which is negative is known as Anode. They are also known as the electrodes of a Cell. These electrodes will be dipped later in the study in a solution which is known as the  electrolyte. It is liquid which is ionic and electricity which is conducted by them. The voltage which is said to be the output of a battery depends upon the elements that are used as electrodes the size which is of the electrodes and the type of electrolyte that is used in it.

The flow of an electric charge between two points i.e. point A & Point B is electric current. For better understanding Imagine water in a river carrying energy from one place to another. 

An electric current is capable of producing magnetic effects and chemical effects like electrochemical reactions.

Electrons have an electric charge which causes resistors in the light bulbs and electric fires to heat up. Electrons also create magnetic fields in motors and generators.

What is the Chemical Effect of Electric Current?

The chemical reaction that takes place in a conducting solution after passing an electric current through it is called the chemical effect of electric current. 

Here are some good examples for better understanding the nature of the chemical effect of electric current.

1. Gas bubbles are formed at electrodes.

2. Metal deposits can be seen on electrodes

3. Change of texture or colour of the conducting solution.

Conductor

A material, substance or object which allows free flow of electric current is a good conductor. They conduct electricity because they allow electrons to flow within them on an atom level. Conductors are known for easy transmission of light and heat.

Types of Conductor 

Conductors are mainly classified into two groups which are as follows, Good Conductors and Bad conductors.

1. Good Conductors

Materials that allow electric current a free passage are good conductors of electricity.

2. Bad Conductors  

Materials that do not allow electric current free passage are bad conductors of electricity.

Some examples of good conductors are metals like copper, aluminium while materials like rubber plastics are bad conductors of electricity. In the case of liquids, some liquids are good conductors of electricity while a couple of are bad conductors of electricity. The water obtained from sources like pumps, wells, ponds, and taps aren’t pure and contain several dissolved salts. Such water is a good conductor of electricity. Distilled water is free of salt and is a bad conductor of electricity.

Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Passage of current through chemical solutions causes chemical reactions to require place. Chemical effects include:

• Formation of gas bubbles at electrodes

• Deposition of metals at electrodes

• Changes in solution colour

Electrolysis can be defined as the process by which ionic substances are decomposed into simpler substances when an electrical current is skilled in them.

Current Test – Conductors

Conductor

Any material that permits an electrical current to undergo it’s referred to as a conductor. Eg: metals like copper.

Insulator (Bad Conductors)

Materials that don’t allow the free flow of an electrical current through it are referred to as bad conductors or insulators. E.g: Rubber, plastic.

Electric Circuit

• A closed-loop path which a current takes is understood as an electrical circuit.

• When the trail of the circuit is closed, the present flows through it, but when there’s an opportunity within the path (switch is open) then, the circuit is open and is not conducting.

(Diagram)

Source of Electrical Energy 

The Source of electrical energy is the first source that allows electrons to move freely in an electric circuit. Such a source can also be called a battery. The battery consists of two terminals which are positive terminal and negative terminal. Two terminals are required for the charge to flow from one end to another. 

 

The Device in the Electric Circuit 

The second most important component is the device. it responds to the current accordingly. A device can be any object which is operated through a wall socket and used with electricity.

 

Resistance of Electricity

Resistance is the third component that every circuit has. Types of electric circuits

There are mainly two types of circuits, series circuits and parallel circuits which are easily found in homes and day-to-day devices.

 

Series Circuit 

In a series circuit, several devices can be linked in a large loop. The current that flow is the same for all the devices. The complete circuit fails if even a single device is broken.

 

Parallel Circuits

Unlike series circuits, the parallel circuit has different devices arranged in a specific manner. If a single device is broken it won’t affect the rest in the parallel circuit.

 

Tester

A tester may be a piece of electrical equipment wont to check the presence of electric current. It is usually a conductor with a led/bulb to indicate that the present is present within the circuit.

Current – Conducting Liquids

• Liquids conduct electricity too when there are salts dissolved within the liquid

• Solutions of acids, bases, or salts are the liquids that conduct electricity 

 

Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Acids and bases are chemical substances that dissociate to make ions when dissolved during a solution. They are loyal conductors of electricity because of the presence of ions.

• Water when dissolved in salt also conducts as they release positive/negatively charged ions.

Acids

Acidic substances are very sour in taste. We are surrounded by many acids. Fruits like lemon and oranges contain citric acid.

The term acid is taken from the Latin word ‘acidus’. Acidus means sour. Acid turns blue litmus paper red but red litmus paper remains unchanged when dipped in acid.

Bases

Bases taste bitter and feel soapy. red litmus paper turns blue when in contact with the base but blue litmus paper remains unchanged. Household bleach is a very good example of base. 

Salts

Common salt is the end product of the reaction between acid and base.

Conduction of Electricity in the Water

• Distilled water may be a bad conductor of electricity due to the absence of dissolved salts and minerals.

• Water starts conducting when acids, bases, or salts are dissolved that releases ions, which conduct when a possible difference is applied.

(Diagram)

 

Electrodes and Electrolyte

• A conductor, when immersed during a solution with its end connected to the terminals of a battery, thereby completing a circuit, is named an electrode. There are usually 2 electrodes→ cathode(ve) and anode(+ve).

• An electrolyte is a solution in which the electrodes are submerged. They dissociate on the passage of electric current.

• The electrodes, electrolyte, and therefore the battery together form the electrochemical/electrolytic cell.

Electroplating

• When electricity is used to deposit a layer of the desired metal to another metal, that process is termed Electroplating. 

• Example: Using copper sulfate solution as electrolyte and copper electrodes. Copper is electroplated on the negative electrode. The cubic inch answer is replenished thanks to the addition of copper ions from the positive electrode.

(Diagram)

 

Applications of Electroplating

• Coating zinc on the iron to prevent corrosion and rust.

• Coating silver and gold for jewellery.

• Coating tin onto iron for cans as tin is a smaller amount reactive than iron.

• Chromium coating for car parts, bath fittings because it features a shiny appearance.

 

Do you know?

The first power plant was established in 1882 by Thomas Edison. The power station was able to provide electricity to 85 buildings.

 

Learn what happens when electricity passes through different conductors. Understand how different changes occur in those conducting mediums and develop our concepts accordingly. 

Every day, we communicate with a large number of people. Consider what may happen if no one communicates. We shall be unable to communicate our thoughts, ideas, and emotions. As a result, communication is an integral component of our lives. People communicate thoughts, views, and information through communication. There are several methods to communicate. We can express ourselves in writing, vocally, or by gestures.

What is Communication?

Communication is defined as the act of delivering, receiving, and exchanging information and in other words, talking, writing, and listening or reading. Good communicators pay close attention, talk or write clearly, and respect opposing viewpoints.

Types of Communication

There are two types of communication or we can say two major forms of communication, one is verbal and the other is non-verbal communication. These are explained below.

• Verbal Communication: 

• We utilise words to transfer our thoughts in verbal communication. 

• The two major types of verbal communication are written and oral (spoken) communication.

• Handwritten letters, papers, typed documents, email, text conversations, books, and other forms of written communication are all examples of written communication. 

• We say words either face to face or over the phone in oral conversation. This comprises speech, lecture, and voice chat, among other things. 

()

()

Means of Communication

Basically, there are three means of communication which are postal, telecommunication and mass communication.

• Postal Communication: Though letter writing is not particularly common nowadays, it was once a very widespread mode of communication. Postcards, mail, and packages are physically delivered by the postal system. 

()

Let’s see how our letter gets to its intended recipient. We wrote a letter and include the address as well as the PIN number (Postal Index Number), which we then put into a nearby letterbox. Later, a postal employee clears the mailbox, sorts all of the letters by PIN number of destination, and delivers them.

• Telecommunication: Telecommunication is the act of communicating across a long distance. Telegrams, cell phones, landlines, satellite phones, radio, and television are all examples of telecommunication.

()

• Telegram: A brief communication conveyed through telegraph and subsequently delivered to the addressee in written or printed form. Telegrams can also be sent by telephone.

• Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell was the first to invent the telephone. It’s the quickest way to communicate. We can make STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialling) calls to our family and relatives in other cities, as well as ISD (International Subscriber Dialling) calls to people in other countries.

• Mobile Phone: We can make calls at any moment with a cell phone. It may be used to send and receive text messages, read emails, and browse the internet, among other things. These phones are compact and portable, allowing us to take them with us wherever we go.

• Computer and Internet: Most of us nowadays use the internet to send e-mail (electronic mail) to our family and friends and to communicate with our loved ones who live in various countries.

• Mass Communication: The transmission or exchange of information to a large number of individuals at the same time is referred to as mass communication. Newspapers, periodicals, radio, television, and cinema are all examples of mass communication.

()

Solved Questions

1. What are the Various Modern Means of Communication?

Ans: Communication denotes everything that allows us to convey thoughts and ideas from one location to another. Telephone, radio and television, telex, fax, pagers, email, newspapers, and cinema are all modern modes of communication.

2. Mention the Various Types of Communication Skills.

Ans: Basically there are five types of communication skills and these are mentioned below as;

• Verbal Communication: When we communicate with others, we are engaging in verbal communication. It can be done face to face, over the phone, or by email.

• Nonverbal Communication: Facial expressions, posture, eye contact, hand motions, and touch are all examples of nonverbal communication.

• Written Communication: Whether it’s a memo, email, a report, a Facebook post, a tweet, a contract, or anything else, the purpose of any written communication is to convey information in a clear and concise manner.

• Listening: The act of listening is not frequently included in the various forms of communication. On the other hand, active listening is one of the most crucial sorts of communication because if we don’t listen to the person across from us, we won’t be able to successfully communicate with them.

• Visual Communication: The use of visual components to express information or ideas is known as visual communication. Animated GIFs, pictures, movies, and image presentations are examples of visual communication.

3. What are the Different Levels of Communication?

Ans: In general there are four distinct levels of communication i.e, intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and cultural.

• Interpersonal Level of Communication: Interpersonal communication is defined as the spoken or nonverbal exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between two or more individuals.

• Intrapersonal Level of Communication: Communication with oneself is referred to as intrapersonal communication

• Group Level of Communication: When three or more individuals interact to achieve a common purpose, this is referred to as group communication.

• The Cultural Level of Communication: The use of language and other communicative methods to carry out the activities and commitments of their particular communities in and through the use of symbolic resources is referred to as cultural communication.

Fun Facts

• More than 9,000 years ago, the earliest written communication was in the form of signs and symbols!

• Over 5,200 years ago, ancient Egyptians utilised hieroglyphic symbols. They kept track of their writing on stone or metal tablets, as well as papyrus, a plant-based paper.

Summary

We have discussed “what is communication”. Also discussed are the various forms of communication or medium of communication. Mainly, there are two types of communication, one is verbal communication and the other is non-verbal communication. Computers and emails come under the modern modes of communication.

Learning By Doing