Category: Physics Notes PPT

Paramagnetism is one of the properties of magnetism. It is a category of magnetism in which materials get weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal or induced magnetic fields in the direction of the magnetic field applied. 

Paramagnetic materials include almost many chemical elements and compounds; these materials have a relative magnetic permeability comparatively higher than 1 (i.e., a small value of a positive magnetic susceptibility) and thus are attracted to magnetic fields.

This page will help you understand what paramagnetism is. Also, you will get to know the various paramagnetic properties of materials around you.

Some Examples of Paramagnetic Materials

Paramagnetic materials are metals that are weakly attracted to magnets. These materials incorporate aluminum, gold, oxygen etc. The atoms of these substances comprise electrons most of which spin in the same direction. Therefore, this property gives the atoms some polarity.

Curie Law

Curie Law was discovered by Pierre Curie. This law specifies that the magnetization in any paramagnetic material varies directly with the magnetic field applied.

According to the Curie law of paramagnetism, the strength of magnetization in any paramagnetic material varies inversely with the temperature applied to the material, which means the more the temperature of the paramagnetic material is, the lesser will be magnetization in the material. The formula for this statement is given by:

                     M = [frac {CB}{T}]

Where,

M = Magnetization of the material 

C = Curie’s constant

B  = Magnetic field applied to the material

T = Temperature in Kelvin

And,

               C = [frac {MT}{B}] (Curie Law Formula) 

 

Discussing the physical importance of the Curie’s constant, it depends on effective movements of the ions, it has exactly the same average moment of solid. It is the measure of how strongly a material can sustain/tolerate magnetic alignment despite going through thermal fluctuations.

Curie’s Constant

Curie’s constant depends on the property of the material that relates a material’s magnetic susceptibility to its temperature. The following equation was first derived by a Polish and naturalized – French Physicist and Chemist named Marie Skłodowska Curie:

C = [frac {mu_0 mu_{0}{^2}ng^2 J(J+1)}{3kB}] 

Here,

n = number of magnetic atoms per unit volume in the material

g is a lande-g-factor 

J = angular momentum or  quantum number

Kb = Boltzmann’s  constant whose value is 1.38 x 10^-23

For a magnetic moment in a two-level system, the formula becomes: 

C =[frac {nmu_0 mu^2}{k_B}] 

The expressions in the Gaussian unit is represented by the following equation:

C = [frac {mu_{B}{2}ng^2 J(J+1)}{3k_B}]

C = [frac {nmu^2}{k_B}]

This was discovered by Pierre Curie. 

The relation between magnetic susceptibility  is symbolized as X , and magnetization M. The applied magnetic field B is almost linear at the low magnetic fields, expressed by the following equation:

X = [frac {dM}{dH}] ≈  [frac {M}{H}] 

This equation shows that temperature T is inversely proportional to the magnetization of the material and the paramagnetic system of noninteracting magnetic moments.

Curie’s Temperature

The temperature at which the magnetic core of any given material, say, the core of the transformer becomes ferromagnetic when the temperature is low and it becomes paramagnetic on raising its temperature. The graph for this statement is as follows:

Curies Constant Value

Let’s suppose that a cubic lattice has a single atom per unit cell and imagine that each atom carries a magnetic moment mμ = 2mμB. The value of Curie’s constant is:

C  value = [frac {1.3047 K*A}{(T*M)}]

Important Terms Related to Curie’s Law 

Let’s understand a few terms that would help us in understanding Curie’s law  in a better way:

Ferromagnetism:

A property by virtue of which certain materials can form permanent magnets. For e.g., iron.

Magnetic Susceptibility: 

Magnetic Susceptibility is the measurement of how much a substance can get magnetized when placed in a magnetic field.

Paramagnetism: 

Materials that get weekly attracted by the external magnetic field are paramagnetic in nature.

Permeability: 

Permeability is the ability of the material to allow the passing of magnetic field lines through it. 

Curie’s Point: 

It is the temperature above which some materials lose their permanent magnetic property/attributes.

Curies Weiss Law: 

This law informs us about the magnetic susceptibility, which is symbolized by a letter X of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region, and above this point, it is represented by the following formula: 

                X = [frac {C}{(T-T_c)}]

T= absolute temperature in Kelvin

T_c = Curie’s temperature in Kelvin.

Unit of Curie’s Constant 

We define the unit of Curies constant by the following formula:

[frac {k*A}{(T*m)}]

A magnetic moment is a characteristic number that describes the magnetic property of a single atom or a particle molecule of the material.

We can easily calculate the value of Curie constant by dividing the decay rate per second by 3.7 x 10¹⁰, where the decay rate is equal to 1 Curie. 

Let’s suppose that 1 gram of Cobalt -60 is equal to 1119 Curie and the value becomes [frac {4.141 times 10^{13}}{3.7 times 10^{10}}]= 1,119 Ci. 

What We Studied So Far?

Curie’s law of magnetism 

Curie’s law of magnetism: The magnetization M of a paramagnetic substance is directly proportional to the Curie’s constant which is symbolized by C and magnetic field by the letter B that is inversely proportional to T that is temperature  writing it in the equation:

M = [frac {C}{T*B}]

C – Characteristics of C are that the susceptibility and magnetic fields of paramagnetic materials depend on the strength of the atoms that form substances.

A periodic wave is the one whose displacement has a periodic variation with time or distance or even both. The continuous repeating pattern of this wave helps to determine its frequency, period, and amplitude. The Phase Angle is one of the crucial characteristics of a periodic wave. It is similar to the phrase in many properties. The angular component periodic wave is known as the Phase Angle. It is a complex quantity measured by angular units like radians or degrees. A representation of any pure periodic wave is as follows. 

 

A∠θ, where A is the magnitude and θ represents the Phase Angle of the wave. 

 

How can Phase Angle be measured?

The time delay between two periodic impulses is measured. The phase difference between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency and without a dc component can be easily represented as illustrated in the diagram. As can be seen, the Phase Angle can be thought of as a percentage of the wave period measure of the temporal delay between two periodic signals. This fraction is usually stated in angle units, with a full cycle equaling 360 degrees. For example, in the figure, the voltage v1 leads by 360°/8 or 45° after passing through the zero cycle before a second voltage v2. Because Phase Angle is often calculated from the fundamental component of each waveform, distortion of either or both signals can result in mistakes, the magnitude of which varies depending on the nature of the distortion and the measuring method.

 

The majority of current phase-measuring devices are based on the usage of zero-crossing detectors. A squaring-up circuit (for example, an overdriven amplifier) is used to calculate the time at which each signal crosses the zero-voltage axis, which is then followed by a high-speed comparator. This generates a trigger pulse in each channel, which is used to drive a bistable flip-flop. The bistable produces a rectangular wave with a duty cycle proportionate to the phase difference between the two input signals. When this signal is integrated with a proper filter, a dc voltage is produced that represents the Phase Angle analogously. This voltage is then displayed on a panel meter (analogue or digital) with degrees or radians scaled appropriately. This principle-based instrumentation can measure phase deviations to within 0.05° over a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies.

 

Phase Difference

In the case of a sine wave, the phase difference refers to the time interval by which one wave is behind or ahead of the waveform. Hence, it is a relative property of more than one waveform. It is represented by a Greek Letter ‘ɸ’. In any waveform, the complete phase is 360 degrees or 2π radians. The leading phase represents that the wave is ahead of another one having the same frequency. The definitions of two important terms in this concept are as follows. 

 

Phase Quadrature: Two waves are said to be in phase quadrature if their phase difference is 90 degrees (positive or negative).

 

Phase Opposition: If the phase difference between two waves of the same frequency is 180 degrees (positive or negative), then they are in phase opposition with each other. 

 

Phase Angle Formula and its relation with Phase Difference

The equation of the phase difference of a sine wave using maximum amplitude and voltage is

 

A(t)  = Amax X sin(ωt ɸ) 

 

Where Amax is the amplitude of the sine wave, ωt represents the angular velocity, and ɸ represents the Phase Angle. 

 

If ɸ > 0, then the wave has a positive phase of the Phase Angle. Similarly, if ɸ < 0, then the wave has a negative phase of the Phase Angle. 

 

Measurement of a Phase Angle

Let’s consider a periodic wave. According to the Phase Angle definition, it is nothing but the angular component of the periodic wave. You can measure its value by following the below steps. 

• To measure the Phase Angle, we have to measure the number of units of angular measure between the point on the wave and reference point. It is important to note that the reference point can be present on the same waveform or another wave. 

• The projection of a rotating vector of an Argand diagram to the real axis is the reference point.

• The Phase Angle of a point is the value of the point on the abscissa with respect to the point on the wave. 

 

Generally, we can plot the wave on any standard coordinate system. There is also a crucial role of Phase Angle in electronics due to the presence of different sinusoidal waves and voltage. In electronics, Phase Angle refers to the lag or lead in the number of electric degrees between voltage and current waveforms in the circuit. 

 

Voltage and Current Phase Relationships to Resonance Circuit

The resonance circuit is popularly known as the RLC circuit, which consists of a resistor, inductor and capacitor. The explanation of the voltage and current behavior of the RLC circuit with respect to phase is as follows.

 

Resistor: The voltage and current in the same phase in a resistor. Hence, the phase difference between these quantities in a resistor is zero. 

 

Capacitor: The current and voltage in a capacitor are not in the same phase with each other. In this equipment, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees. Hence, the phase difference between both of them is 90 degrees in a capacitor. 

 

Inductor: The voltage and current are not in the same phase with each other in the inductor too. In this device, the voltage is ahead of the current by 90 degrees. Hence, the phase difference between voltage and current is 90 degrees in an inductor. This nature is the opposite as compared to the capacitor.

 

 

The above image shows the phase difference between voltage and current in an inductor. Here, the voltage leads the current, as shown above. 

 

In Phase Sine Waveforms

Two alternating waves are in-phase with each other when their phase difference is zero. It can be possible if both the waves have the same frequency and same phase. It is important to note that there can be a difference in amplitude of two in-phase waveforms.  In these types of waveforms, the retardation of wavelengths is the whole number like 0, 1, 2, 3…etc

 

 

The above image shows the two different waveforms with the same frequency but different amplitudes.

The Pinhole camera is the elementary camera that doesn’t have a lens, however it comes with a small aperture, and has a light-proof box with a small hole on one side. The light from the object goes through the aperture and it projects the inverted image on the opposite end of the box, which is known as camera obscura effect. 

Ibn Al-Haytham, an Arab scholar, was one of the first persons to demonstrate how we see, and for that purpose Al-Haytham came up with camera obscura, which is the predecessor to pinhole camera. He provided a demonstration on how light is able to project the image on a flat surface. Some of the materials that you require in the making of the pinhole camera includes aluminum foil, tape, paper clip or pin, and two pieces of the white cardstock.

 

Principle of pinhole camera

The principle of pinhole camera, also referred as camera obscura, is as follows. 

• The image that is formed by the pinhole camera displays rectilinear light propagation which means pinhole cameras work on the theory that light moves in the straight line.

• When the window or shutter is opened, the light illuminates thus forming the image on the film or photographic paper, which is placed on the back side of the camera.

 

Construction of pinhole camera

If you want to construct the pinhole camera then you must follow these steps.

1) Cut a square hole at the center of one of the pieces of the white cardstock. Next you must tape a foil on the hole. 

1. Now cut a square-shaped aluminum foil and then tape it on the cardstock hole.

2. Make a hole on the foil and use a pin or paper clip for prodding the hole in aluminum foil. 

3. Now place a second piece of the cardstock on the turf and hold it with the aluminum foil facing up above it.

4. Next view projected image appearing on cardstock below with the sun behind your back.

5. The farther the camera is held, the bigger the projected image becomes.

6. To have the projection more outlined, you can place the bottom piece of the cardstock in the area covered by shadow while the other piece is held in sunlight. You can explore by making different holes in the foil, thereby making distinct patterns, shapes and designs. 

Uses of pinhole camera

• The pinhole camera is utilized for projecting the specific image on the translucent surface and this facilitates the safe as well as real-time observation of the solar eclipse. 

• These cameras can be used for surveillance since they are hard to detect.

• The pinhole camera can be used for observing reflected images of glittery objects like the sun.

• Most of the applications make use of pinhole camera models for the study of sun’s movement over a lengthy period of time. This process is called solargraphy. 

We all deal with a graph, mark a line from the origin and reach the other end till out requirement. All these requirements are done on the coordinate system. So, the coordinate where our line indicated by an arrow terminates is the coordinate of this ray. 

Let’s consider, you started your journey from home to reach your favorite destination and then route to another destination, so your arrow is changing both of its length and direction, which means your position vector is changing and in case, you choose the shortest path, i.e., displacement, you represent it by the displacement vector.

Position Vector Definition

We define the position vector as a straight-line having one end fixed to an object and the other end attached to a moving point (marked by an arrowhead) and used to represent the position of the point relative to the given object. As the point moves, the position vector changes in length or in direction, and sometimes both length and direction change.

An Introduction to Position Vector and Displacement Vector

In the study of our physical world, the concepts of position and displacement are the foundational topics for the chapter of motion. The concept of ‘or ‘position vector’ has been adopted from Euclidean spaces or geometry and is also known as location vector or radius vector. The position of any point in space is expressed in terms of three coordinates, namely ‘x,’ ‘y,’ and ‘z’ distances from any arbitrary point denoted as ‘O’ or origin. The straight line from origin to the point is denoted by ‘r’ or ‘s’.  In Physics this vector is used while describing an object in rest or in motion in space with reference to another object. depending upon the various locations at different instants of time the vector changes in length and direction accordingly. 

The three coordinates described in vectors of each direction are also referred to as three dimensions. Displacement is any change in any of these vectors. In common language, we know displacement as any movement of an object from one place to another place by following a straight path. If any object doesn’t follow a straight line path then the total path covered is measured as distance. And the displacement in this case would be the straight distance between the starting point and finishing point. While describing a displacement, which informs the shortest distance between two points, it is also important to mention the direction of the displacement to know the exact location of the final point. Thus when we denote the direction of a point then it is known as position vector and when the direction of a displacement is mentioned then it is known as displacement vector.

What is Position Vector?

In the above statement, we took a coordinate system to represent your journey from the origin, i.e., your home to reach your favorite destinations, first, Darjeeling, then, Karnataka.

Each destination is marked by an arrow on the graph, which changes or varies as you change your destination, below is the graph to represent the same:

Hence, your position vector changes,  i.e, two times or twice the length, and the direction of the position vector changes according to this scenario.

So, along the X-axis, the position vector is: ‘i (cap)’ and along the Y-axis, it is ‘j (cap)’. Since the position vector sum is represented by r[^{rightarrow }], so the vector sum of the position vectors along the coordinate axes will be as follows:

r[^{rightarrow }] = i (cap) + j (cap)…..(1)

Displacement Vector Definition           

A displacement vector is one of the important concepts of mathematics. It is a vector. It represents the direction and distance traveled by an object in a straight line. We often use the term ‘displacement vector’ in physics to showcase the speed, acceleration, and distance of an object traveling in a direction relative to a reference point or an object’s starting position.

What is a Displacement Vector?

The displacement vector definition is very simple to understand. Let’s discuss the scenario, you decide to travel to two locations for office work in the minimum time possible, and both of these locations are adjacent to each other in the mid of two roads passing opposite each other. Now, you have to decide from which path you should go in order to reach in the required time, as there is a lot of traffic on the road and the thoughts of getting scolded by your boss. So, below is the visual schematic representation of your situation:

So, here, the green line is the shortest path, which will help you reach the middle of the two roads and reach the two locations on time. So, a displacement vector represents the minimum distance to reach on time rather than taking a long path with a wastage of a large amount of time.

Now, after your work is done, you take an opposite oath, so here, your displacement isn’t changing, only the direction is. So, with the direction, the displacement vector changes in terms of direction, not in magnitude. 

Displacement Vector

We know that the change in the position vector of an object is known as the displacement vector. Let’s suppose that an object is at the point P at time = 0 and at the point Q at time = t. The position vectors of the object at the point P and at point Q are represented in the following way:

Position vector at point P = r[^{rightarrow }] P (cap) = 8i (cap) +5j (cap) + 3k (cap)….(a)

Position vector at point Q = r[^{rightarrow }] Q (cap) = 2 (cap) +2j (cap) +1k (cap)…..(b)

Now, the displacement vector of the object traveling from time interval 0 to t will be as follows:

r[^{rightarrow }] Q (cap)−r r[^{rightarrow }] P (cap) =− 6i (cap) − 3j (cap) −2k (cap)….(c)

Equation (c) is the displacement vector formula and the schematic representation of this equation is as follows:

We can also define the displacement of an object as the vector distance between the initial point and the final/ultimate point of the destination. Suppose an object travels from point P to point Q in the path shown in the black curve:

We can imagine that the displacement of the particle would be the vector line PQ, headed in the direction P to Q and the direction of the displacement vector is always initiated from the initial point and terminated to the final point.

The Final Words

One of the most important aspects of kinematics is the position vector and the displacement vector; also, the key differences between these two, about which we discussed in the above context. 

The position vector specifies the position of a known body. Knowing the position of a body is paramount when it comes to describing its motion. However, the change or variation in the position vector is the displacement vector.

The earth atmosphere has a pressure system that is particularly high or low compared to the air surrounding it. Air expands when noted and gets compressed when cooled. This results in atmospheric variations. Due to the difference in atmospheric pressure, air now starts moving from high pressure to low pressure. The movement of the wind is horizontal, and thereby a constant temperature is maintained on the planet. Pressure systems of the earth are widely divided into two parts: High-pressure system and the low-pressure system. The weather of an area is determined locally by the pressure system. Low-pressure systems bring about clouds and rain while high-pressure systems are responsible for clear skies. 

Explain The High-Pressure System 

The high-pressure system is relative to the air around it. As the air starts becoming warm or cold, it can be said that a high-pressure system has been created. The high-pressure system is composed of air that is heavy and cool. In the high-pressure system, the air is not rising and forming clouds. Therefore the weather remains comfortable, and skies stay clear. In the Northern Hemisphere, the high-pressure system revolves in a clockwise direction, while in the Southern Hemisphere it is in the anti-clockwise direction. 

Explain The Low-Pressure System 

A low-pressure system, commonly known as depression, is created in an area of warm air. As we all know, warm air rises, and cold air falls. The low-pressure system rotation is in the clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere and in the opposite direction in the anti-clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere. A low-pressure system brings about heavy rainfall. Depression can often mature into a cyclonic storm in case the low pressure persists. Over the Atlantic Ocean, during the autumn season, the low-pressure system increases, bringing with it windy weather, rain, storms and heavy thundershowers. 

Features of Atmospheric Pressure 

• Atmospheric pressure indicates weather conditions of an area. 

• Low pressure causes cloudiness, thunderstorms, storms and cyclonic winds.

• High pressure contributes to calm weather conditions. 

• An instrument known as the barometer measures atmospheric pressure. Therefore the barometer is also known as barometric pressure. 

• One atmosphere is 1013 millibars or 760 millimetres. 

The atmospheric pressure is an important environmental factor. It affects all the three states of matter that are solid, liquid and gas. This atmospheric parameter has been used quite a number of years to predict weather conditions all over the world. The composition of water and its chemistry is also affected by atmospheric or barometric pressure. The earth’s atmosphere has five layers. From highest to lowest they are:

1. Exosphere

2. Thermosphere 

3. Mesosphere

4. Stratosphere 

5. Troposphere 

Each of these layers extends up to an absolute mile and are above sea level. The exosphere is about 700 km above sea level while the average height of the troposphere is near about 18 km in the tropical regions and 6-7 km in the polar region. In various images, the different atmospheric layers are shown in different colours. Each of these layers has a different temperature and pressure levels. 

Solved Examples

1. Difference between High and Low Pressure Systems.

A low-pressure system has slight pressure in the area of the suit and its centre. The wind blows towards the low-pressure areas, and the air rises in the atmosphere as soon as they meet. Once the air rises, clouds are formed, leading to precipitation. On weather maps and meteorological departments, a low-pressure area is marked with an L. 

A high-pressure system has pressure in its centre and the surroundings. In a high-pressure system, the winds blow in an anticyclonic manner. This results in the air from the higher atmosphere to fill the spaces left in the outward. On a weather map, you might notice a high-pressure system marked as H. 

Fun Facts

• The readings of a pressure system are given in millibars. 

• Places having equal air pressure are connected by lines known as Isobars. Sea level pressure has an average of around 1013 millibars. 

• Any changes in the air pressure will accordingly determine the weather of a localised area. 

• As air pressure increases the weather becomes clearer while falling air pressure leads to storms.

• Pressure readings are usually relative to that of the area. There is no scale or division of the air pressure range. 

An earthquake is basically the shaking of the surface of the earth that is caused due to the sudden release of energy in the lithospheric layer of the earth’s surface. The sudden release of energy in the lithosphere creates seismic waves and these waves are the cause of earthquakes. These earthquakes differ in their magnitude. Their range varies greatly, it can be so small that it cannot be even felt or it can be such a large range that it can cause objects or even person propels themselves into the air. Such earthquakes are extremely violent and can cause destruction to the whole city or area. If we talk about seismicity. Seismicity is actually the frequency, size, and type of earthquake that is experienced by a city or a place over a period of time.

On the surface of the earth, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking the grounds causing the displacing or disrupting of the ground. If the earthquake is a large one then its epicenter will be located at the seashore. In this case, the seabed may be shifted and a tsunami can be caused in such cases. Now, these earthquakes can also cause landslides in the hilly areas and these landslides are the major cause of accidents in the hilly areas. Occasionally, volcanic eruptions are also caused by these earthquakes.

If we talk about earthquakes in the most general way then it is all about seismic events. These earthquakes can be natural or can be caused due to various human activities that nowadays are causing a great shift in an environment only in the negative side  Earthquakes are mostly caused by geological faults, volcanic eruptions, mine blasts, landslides, nuclear tests and so in. The initial point of rupture of an earthquake is known as its hypocentre and just above the hypocentre lies the epicenter of the earthquake.

In this article, you will come to know about the earthquakes, the causes, and the way you can protect yourself from earthquakes and even prevent these earthquakes. Let us now have a look at the article to get a better understanding of earthquakes.

Protection Against Earthquake

Earthquake: A term which is an earthquake is also known as a quake in normal use or tremor or tremblor it is said so because of the shaking of the surface. The term that is seismicity or seismic activity we can say which is of an area is the frequency and the type and size of earthquakes as well which is experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is sometimes also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

Prediction of Earthquakes 

The branch that deals with the prediction of earthquakes is known as seismology. This study is concerned with the specifications, such as the time, magnitude, location of further earthquakes that will occur in the future but within the stated limits only. Many different kinds of methods were discovered in order to predict earthquakes but still after so much effort also the seismologists are not able to find the exact scientific method for predicting earthquakes.

Protection Against Earthquake

In minutes or we can also say the hours and days that are after an earthquake that our neighborhood and community may experience ground shaking and along with that some damage that is in the buildings and landslides and fires that is we can say possibly tsunamis if we are on the coast. The best way to avoid injuries from this damage is to keep in touch with our loved ones and recover swiftly from an earthquake is to prepare now for how we and our family will respond when an earthquake strikes.

For help in protecting our home and belongings too during and after an earthquake so we can say that please we should see what we can do on the page.. For the basic information which is about earthquakes and the hazards which are related.

In case of the emergency management agencies which are in British Columbia, California and then Oregon and Washington and the Federal Emergency Management Agency that is the full form of FEMA and some county and other local agencies provide earthquake resources which is to help us know what to do before and during and after an earthquake. These actions include the following:

Before the Dangerous Earthquake

We need to prepare to be on our own for at least three days with a disaster supply kit which includes water and the non-perishable food and the first aid materials as well and along with that copies of important family documents.

To know how to turn off utilities also.

We have often heard that prevention is better and hasn’t been cured so if we are already having these prevention e measures it will be easy for us to keep ourselves protected from hazardous earthquakes.

Usually, for building owners, their US earthquake insurance is provided to them that will enable them to get financially protected at such crucial times.

Earthquake management strategies can be prepared by the government in order to be prepared for the consequences of these earthquakes.

At this time artificial intelligence may help, just by getting access to the building, and along with it precautionary methods can be planted by them.

Individuals can also play their part in precautionary methods, they can secure water heaters or other heavy matter that may cause serious damage to the people around.

During the Earthquake

We can use the formula of  Drop and the cover and hold

• If we are inside when we feel the ground shake we need to drop down to the floor.

• Then we can take cover that is under a sturdy piece of furniture or seek cover against it. That is we can say an interior wall and protect our head and neck with our arms. We can then avoid the dangerous spots that are near the windows which are hanging objects and then the mirrors or tall furniture. We can say that we can hold the position until the ground stops shaking and it is safe to move.

• If we are somewhere outside to get into the open then away from buildings and away from the power lines and trees as well. We should be alert for falling rocks and other debris that could be loosened by the earthquake.

• One thing that you should remember is that you are not required to panic. You may have precautionary measures, try to follow them in such hard situations, besides this you need to work safely that we try to vacate the building and get outside from any building along with this make sure all the sweet he’s and gas stove, etc are closed or turned off in order to protect yourself from getting any type of major injury

Types of Earthquake 

The one which is naturally occurring.

We can say that the tectonic earthquakes that generally occur anywhere on the planet that is the earth where there is sufficient stored energy are the elastic strain which is of energy to drive fracture propagation along a plane that is at fault. We can here say that the sides which are at fault move past each other too very smoothly and seismically only if there are no irregularities or we can say that only if asperities along the fault surface increase the frictional resistance. Here we can say that most fault surfaces do have such asperities which leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. 

There are many different types of earthquakes that are named as the tectonic and then the volcanic, and explosion. The type of earthquake generally depends on th
e region where it occurs and the geological make-up of that region. We can see here that the most common are tectonic earthquakes. These earthquakes occur when rocks in the planet that is on earth’s crust break due to geological forces created by the movement of tectonic plates. Another type of disaster is volcanic earthquakes which generally occur in conjunction with volcanic activity. We can also generally measure motion from large tectonic earthquakes using GPS because the rocks which are on either side that are of a fault are offset during this type of earthquake.