Category: Physics Notes PPT

Physics is technically analogous to the contributions of Sir Isaac Newton. He is the man who revolutionised classical physics with his laws of motion. He propounded three laws of motion, and the first of these is related to inertia. But first, let us first understand the meaning of inertia. 

The term ‘inertia’ comes from the Latin word ‘iners’, which translates to lazy or idle. Johannes Kepler coined the term. The meaning of inertia is related to the fixed characteristic of an object made of matter. Inertia is a quality found in all things made of matter that have mass. An object made of matter keeps doing what it is doing until there is a force that changes its speed or direction. A ball on a table will not start rolling unless someone or something pushes it. It is noteworthy that if you toss a ball in a frictionless vacuum space, the ball will keep moving at the same speed and direction forever unless there is some action created by gravity or collision. 

The measure of inertia is mass. Objects with a greater mass resist a change in their motion or rest more than objects with lower mass. For example, moving a truck will require more forceful pushes. On the contrary, moving a bike will require less aggressive impulses. This difference in force is because the truck and bike have different masses. A truck has more significant inertia than that of a motorcycle.

The law of inertia is also known as Newton’s First Law, it forms the basis of physics, it postulates that if an object is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line will keep remaining at rest or will keep moving at the same speed unless it is acted upon by a force. This object will keep moving and less force or friction causes it to come to rest. The Law of inertia is the first law of the three laws of motion. This law was first experimented by Galileo Galilei and was later deduced by René Descartes.

Definition of Inertia

We can define inertia as the property of an object by which it cannot change its state of rest along a straight line on its own unless acted upon by an external force. Inertia increases with an increase in the mass of the body and vice-versa. We experience a jerk while suddenly using the brakes of a moving car because of inertia.

The Law of Inertia

Sir Isaac Newton utilised and expanded the principles shown in Galileo’s observations into his first law of motion. He gathered that it requires force for a moving ball to stop rolling once it is in motion. It takes force to change the ball’s speed and direction. In Newton’s Principia Mathematica, he defined the Law of Inertia as “the motion of bodies included in a given space are the same among themselves, whether that space is at rest or moves uniformly forwards in a straight line without circular motion.”

Thus, Newton’s First Law of Motion asserts that an object will continue to be in the state of rest or a state of motion unless an external force acts on it. 

Newton’s Second Law of Motion defines the relationship between acceleration, force, and mass.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that an equal force acts back on the original object any time a force acts from one thing to another. This law means that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. If you pull on a rope, therefore, the rope is pulling back on you as well.

Fictitious Force

A fictitious force acts on all masses whose motion we can describe using a non-inertial frame of reference. Fictitious force comes in effect when the frame of reference has started acceleration compared to a non-accelerating frame. This force arises when there is no physical interaction between two objects. But, instead, the acceleration of the non-inertial reference frame leads to the formation of fictitious force. On account of the arbitrary nature of a reference frame, the fictitious force can also be arbitrary. The leading fictitious forces are the Centrifugal force, Coriolis force and Euler force. Fictitious force is also known as Inertial force or Pseudo force.

We can understand the fictitious force with an example. If a person standing at a bus stop is watching an accelerating car, he infers that a force is exerted on the vehicle. Hence, there is no fictitious force in this scenario. But, if the person inside the moving car is looking at the person standing at the bus stop, he realises that person is accelerating with respect to the car, although no force is acting on it. Here, the concept of fictitious force is necessary to convert the non-inertial or still frame of reference to an equal inertial frame of reference.

Types of Inertia

The inertia of Rest refers to the inability of a body to change its state by itself. For example, when we shake the branches of a tree, the leaves fall because the components they are attached to come into motion. On the other hand, the leaves tend to be at rest and hence, get detached.

The inertia of motion refers to the inability of a body to change its state of uniform motion by itself. For example, when a moving car suddenly stops, the person sitting in the car falls forward because the lower portion of the body contact with the vehicle comes to rest. In contrast, the upper part tends to remain in motion due to the inertia of motion.

The inertia of direction implies that the body cannot change its direction of movement by itself. For example, when a car takes a curve, the person sitting inside is thrown outwards to maintain his direction of motion. This phenomenon happens due to the inertia of direction.

Formula of Inertia

We can understand the moment of inertia as a quantity that decides the amount of torque needed for a specific angular acceleration in a rotational axis. The moment of inertia is alternatively called angular mass, and its SI is kg.m2.

In General form, we can express the Moment of Inertia in the following way

I = m x r2

Here, 

m = sum of the product of mass.

r = distance from the axis of rotation

I = Integral form 

M1 L2 T0 gives the dimensional formula of the moment of inertia.

The moment of inertia is the calculation of the resistance of a body required to bring change in its rotational motion. It is constant for a particular rigid frame and a specific axis of rotation.

Topics Related to Inertial Force

A few topics related to inertial force are as follows:

• Aristotle’s fallacy

• The law of inertia

• Newton’s first law of motion

• Newton’s second law of motion

• Momentum

• Impulse

• Newton’s third law of motion

• Conservation of momentum

• Equilibrium of a particle

• Common forces in mechanics

• < p role="presentation">Friction

• Rolling friction

• Circular motion

• Solving problems in mechanics

Important Laws Concerning Inertial Force

Some of the important laws can be stated as follows:

• Aristotelian Law of Motion- An external force is necessary to keep a body in motion.

• Law of Inertia- An object is in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, it only moves when it is compelled by an outer force to act otherwise.

• Newton’s First Law of Motion- If the net force of an object is zero, then the acceleration is zero. Acceleration can change only after there is a change in net force.

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion – The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the force applied and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.

• Newton’s Third Law of Motion – To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. Or, Forces always occur in pairs. Force on a body A by B is equal and opposite to the force on body B by A.

Conclusion

The concept of inertia is one of the most critical topics in Physics. Understanding inertia may seem challenging. But, the topic becomes manageable with regular revision and thorough understanding. You can take the help of our study materials available on our website to get a firm grasp on such complicated subjects.

The sun is our major source of light and heat for our planet. It spreads a variety of distinct colors across the sky every day. It is fascinating to see the sky change its hues from light red to bright golden shimmer and then to a pink glow during the sunset. Just by looking at the sunlight, one often thinks that sunlight is yellow and then, it gradually changes to orange. However, upon closer scientific inspection, the facts point to something else entirely – that sunlight is actually white in color. But on deeper inspection, the white light of the sun is divided further into seven colors of the rainbow. So, let us understand what color sunlight exactly is and why it is so.

The Colors Present in Sunlight

Let us visualize the colors present in sunlight with the help of a simple experiment:

• Take a glass prism and set it up in a dark room near the window such that direct sunlight falls on the prism through a small aperture in the window.

• Fix a whiteboard to capture the rays passing out of the prism.

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The observation shows that the whiteboard has a spectrum of seven distinct colors, which are the colors of the rainbow, i.e., violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.

Thus, we can conclude that the white light of the sun’s rays is actually made of a combination of seven constituent colors.

 

Why are there 7 Colors in Sunlight?

The sun’s rays are actually white in color and form a mixture of the seven colors we see in a rainbow, i.e., Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red, commonly called VIBGYOR. The sun appears to have different colors during the course of a day because of a process called dispersion. Dispersion of light is a phenomenon by which white light splits up into its seven constituent colors, due to the refractive index of the surface of incidence, and the different speeds the different constituent colors have in a medium. The refractive index of a material is defined as a dimensionless number that can describe how fast light travels through a particular material. Different lights have different wavelengths, and hence, different refractive indices in a given material. This causes them to split apart from the original white light, and form a spectrum of the seven colors.

 

The Different Colors of the Sun at Different Times in the Day

The earth’s atmosphere is made up of various different gasses like oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. In addition, there are other impurities like dust, smoke particles, and polluting gasses like methane and CFCs. When the sun’s rays strike the earth’s atmosphere to pass through, they are distorted by the earth’s atmosphere due to the presence of all these materials in the atmosphere. As demonstrated earlier, different colors present in the spectrum have different wavelengths. 

The wavelength of a material can be defined as the distance between two successive crests(highs) or two successive troughs(lows) of a wave. So, the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency. Thus, blue and violet are scattered more because of their short wavelengths. Conversely, colors of the other end of the spectrum do not get scattered as much, because they have longer wavelengths. Thus, there are different colors of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

• When the sun is directly over us during late morning and noon, the sun’s rays are subject to the least amount of interference because the distance traversed by the rays is the least at that time. Therefore, during this period, blue light gets scattered, and the sky appears to be blue, while the sun’s rays appear to be yellow.

• During sunrise, the sun is at its farthest, seemingly rising from the horizon. As a result of this, the light rays have to travel a much longer distance through the atmosphere. Therefore, they are obviously subject to more interference, resulting in an increased amount of scattering. Consequently, out of all the colors, the red light is least scattered. The same phenomenon occurs during sunset when the sun is seemingly moving towards the horizon, and as a result, the sunlight color appears to be of varying shades of red and orange during the dawn and dusk.

Sunlight

Sunlight can be defined as the energy and light which comes from the Sun. It is called insolation when the sun’s energy reaches the earth’ surface. What the dwellers of the earth experience are the solar radiation of the sunlight. The heat and radiation from the Sunlight come in the form of electromagnetic waves. When the solar radiation enters the earth, then the atmosphere absorbs about 16% of the solar radiation and some 6% is scattered to space. 28% of the solar radiation is reflected by the clouds and about 47% reaches the earth’s surface. Without the presence of sunlight, no life could survive on the planet. The plants require sunlight for making food by the process of photosynthesis. Here, the plants use solar energy, water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen. Thus, without sunlight, no life will be able to survive on earth. Solar energy can be both beneficial and harmful for us. The human body requires sunlight for the synthesis of vitamin D in their body. But if there is an excess of sunlight then the radiation can lead to sunburn and skin cancers.

Kinetic energy is defined as the energy that is produced by an object due to its motion. When an object is set to acceleration, there is a definite need to apply certain forces. The application of force needs work, and after the work is done, the energy gets transferred to the object making it move at a constant velocity. 

Here, the energy transferred is referred to as kinetic energy and depends on the speed and mass of the object being set in motion.

Fun Facts: As we move ahead on this page, you will understand how energy in an object changes from one form to another. For instance, take a flying squirrel that has collided with a chipmunk in its rest state. After the collision, there will be a flow of kinetic energy resulting in the squirrel to transform its energy into some other forms. It will come to rest and then the kinetic energy will be zero.

How Can We Calculate Kinetic Energy?

In order to find out the kinetic energy, there needs to be some reasoning platform. Some of the findings are required, like the work done (W), by force (F). So, for instance, consider a box of mass m that is being pushed to a distance d because of the application of a force parallel to the surface. 

Looking at the definition of work done, it is the product of force and distance.

W​=F⋅d

    =m⋅a⋅d​

From the kinematic equations of motion, it is stated that we could substitute the acceleration a if the initial and final velocity v and v0​ and the distance d. Is given:

So, from that, we derive: 

[ v^{2} = v_{0}^{2} + 2ad ]

gives us, [a = frac{v^{2} + v_{0}^{2}}{2d}]

When a net amount of work is done, the kinetic energy K does change.

Kinetic Energy: [ K = frac{1}{2} m v^{2}]

In other words, the change in kinetic energy is equal to the net work done on a system or an object.

[ W _{net} = triangle K ]

The above-mentioned formula is said to be the work-energy theorem and applies in a general sense. When forces act in different magnitudes and directions, it is imperative to know the conservative forces and conservation of energy. Here, the conservative force is a force where the total work done in any moving object between two definite points is independent of the path taken. Whereas, the conservation of energy states that the sum total energy of any isolated system doesn’t change over the time.

Examples of Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

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Kinetic Energy Examples

Bearing in mind the above formula for kinetic energy, look at a few of the examples seen in everyday life situations. 

1. An aeroplane has huge kinetic energy in flight because of its faster velocity and huge mass.

2. A baseball after it is thrown, it will have a large amount of kinetic energy because of its high velocity, and despite its smaller size and mass.

3. A downhill skier coming down from above will show immense kinetic energy because of its high velocity and mass.

4. Before a golf ball has been struck shows zero kinetic energy as its velocity is zero.

5. When an asteroid falls at an incredible speed, it has a huge amount of kinetic energy.

6. A car travelling down the road has less kinetic energy as compared to that of a semi-truck because of the less mass of the car than the truck.

What is Potential Energy?

The form of energy by virtue of which energy is stored in an object due to some position and relative to some other position at rest is known as potential energy. Three types of energy effects are shown here viz: nuclear energy, chemical, and potential electrical. This can be measured based on the distance, height, or mass of the object. It is measured in Joules.

Examples of Potential Energy:

1. A rocket sitting at the cliff’s edge. When the rock falls, the potential energy gets converted to kinetic energy.

2. Tree branches up high can fall into the ground, so they have potential energy.

3. A dynamite stick has chemical potential energy. After the release, it will get fused to contact with the chemical; it will be activated.

4. Foods that we intake provide us with energy due to the chemical potential energy. It helps with basic metabolic activities inside us.

5. A spring stretched in a pinball machine can move the call after it is released. This produces elastic potential energy.

6. Crane, when swings in a wrecking ball gain much energy even to crash the buildings

Kinetic Energy Units

When we take the unit of mass as kilogram and velocity as a metre per sec, the kinetic energy has the unit of kilograms metre square per Second Square. It is usually measured in Joules. So, the SI unit of kinetic energy is Joule (J), which is precisely 1kg.m².

Conclusion

Kinetic energy is the energy generated by an object as a result of its motion. There is a clear necessity to apply forces when an item is set to accelerate. Work is required for the application of force, and after the work is completed, the energy is delivered to the object.

The lagrangian point in the celestial mechanics are the orbital points near two large co-orbiting orbits. The gravitational force in the lagrangian point of two bodies cancel out in such a way that a small object placed in the orbit there is in equilibrium relative to the center of mass of the large bodies. 

Five such points are there which are labeled as L1, L2, L3, L4, L5. These are in all the orbital plans of the two large bodies. L3. L2 and L1 are on the line through centers of the two large bodies, whereas, the L4 and L5 they both act as the third vertex of an equilateral triangle formed with the center of two large bodies. 

The unstable equilibria are L1, L2 and L3 on the other hand the L4 and L5 point are stable which implies that the objects can orbit around them in a coordinate in a rotating system tied to the two large bodies. 

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History of Lagrangian Point

The three lagarian points that are L1, L2, L3 were discovered by Leonhard Euler only a few years before when Joseph-Louis Lagarang discovered the remaining two. 

Lagrangian in 1772 published an essay on three body problems. In its first chapter he considered the three body problem.

In the second chapter from that, he demonstrated two special constant pattern solutions, the equilateral and collinear, for any three masses with circular orbits.  The L1 point lies on the two large masses which are M2 and M1 and between them.

The gravitational attraction of M2 in that point particularly cancels M1s gravitational attraction. 

The L2 point lies on the line through two line masses between the smallest of the two. The two large masses gravitational force balances the centrifugal effect on a body at L2. 

The point L3 lies on the line defined by two large masses, beyond the larger of the two. Within the earth-sun system, the L3 existes on the opposite side of the sun. 

Neutral Objects at Lagarian Point 

It’s common to find orbiting or objects at L4 and L5 points of natural orbital systems. The other commonly used name of it is trojans.

Asteroids discovered in the 20th century orbiting at sun- Jupiter L4 and L5 were named after the character from Homer’s iliad. The asteroid present at the L4 point, which leads Jupiter, is referred to as the greek camp whereas, those which lie at point 5 are referred to as trojan camps. Other examples are:
The Earth and Sun at point L5 and L4. It contains at least one asteroid 2010 TK. 

The Moon-Earth at L5 and L4 points contain interdisciplinary dust  in it, which are called Kordylewski clouds. The hiten spacecraft munich dust counter although detected no increase during it’s passage through the phase in 1992.

It’s presence was confirmed in 2018 by a team of Hungarian physicists and scientists. At these specific points stability is greatly complicated by solar gravitational influence.

Mathematical Details

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The constant pattern solution to the three body problem are the lagrangian points. For example- the two masses given bodies in the orbits around their common barycenter, that are the five positions in the space where the third body which is of comparatively negligible mass could be placed so as to maintain it’s position of two massive bodies. As we can see in the frame of rotation reference that matches the angular velocity of the two co-orbiting bodies. 

The field of gravitational force of the two massive bodies combines providing the centripetal force at the lagrangian point allowing the smaller third body to be relatively stationary with respect to the first two. 

The L1s location is the solution of the following equation, gravitation providing the centripetal force:
M/(R-r)=M2/r2  + (M1/M₁+M2 * R-r) M1+M2/R3

Where r is the distance between point L1 and smaller object. R is the distance between two objects which are main. And M1 nad M2 are masses of the two objects. 

Some Applications 

Some specific spacecraft applications of lagrangian point are:

The Sun-Earth

Earth and Sun are at the point L1 for the observation of the Sun and Earth system. Here objects are never shadowed by Earth or Moon, when we observe Earth away from the sunlit hemisphere.

The first motion of this type was observed in 1978, from the international Sun Earth explore 3 mission used as an interplanetary early warning storm monitor for solar disturbance. DSCOVR, since june 2015 has orbited the L1 point.

For a space based solar telescope conversely it is useful because it provides an uninterrupted view of the sun and any space weather, which reaches point L1 first on earth. Currently solar telescopes are located around point L1, including the heliospheric observatory and solar and advanced composition explorer. 

Earth-Moon

It comparatively allows easy access to Earth And lunar orbits with minimal charges in velocity and this has an advantage to position a halfway manned space station which minted ro help cargo and personnel to the moon and back. 

Isaac Newton discovered the Laws of Motion. Newton’s laws of motion explain the connection between a physical object and the forces acting upon it. By understanding the concept, it provides all the information about the basis of modern physics. After the development of the three laws of motion, Newton revolutionized science. Newton’s three laws together with Kepler’s Laws explained the concept of planets moving in elliptical orbits rather than in circles. Although Newton’s laws of motion may seem so general today, they were considered revolutionary centuries ago. Newton’s three laws of motion help someone understand how objects behave when standing still, when moving and when forces act upon them. Sir Newton’s three laws are Newton’s First Law: Inertia, Newton’s Second Law: Force, Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction.

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s First Law states that ‘An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force’. This law describes that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless forced to change its state by the action of an external force. The tendency of an object to resist changes in a state of motion is inertia. There will be a net force on an object if all the external forces cancel each other out. If this happens, then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If the Velocity remains at zero, then the object remains at rest. If any external force acts on an object, the velocity will change because of the force applied. An example of the First law of motion is : The motion of a round ball falling down through the atmosphere, A rocket being launched up into the atmosphere.

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second Law states that ‘The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied’. This law defines a force to be equal to a change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Momentum is described as the mass m of an object times its velocity V. Example of the second law of motion is: An aircraft’s motion resulting from the aerodynamic force, aircraft thrust and weight.

Newton’s Third Law

Newton’s Third Law states that ‘Whenever one object implies a force on a second object, the second object implies an equal and opposite force on the first’. This law defines that for every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. If object A applied a force on object B, object B will also apply an equal and opposite force on object A. In other words, it can be said that forces result from interactions. An example of the third law of motion is: The motion of a jet engine produces thrust and hot exhaust gasses flow out the back of the engine, and a thrusting force is produced in the opposite direction.

Derivation of First Equation of Motion

Let’s Consider a body of mass m having initial velocity u.

Let after time be t its final velocity becomes v due to uniform acceleration a.

Now it is defined as:

Acceleration = Change in velocity / Time taken

Acceleration = (Final velocity – Initial velocity) / Time taken

 a = (v – u) / t

 a t = v – u

or  v = u + at

This describes the first equation of motion.

Derivation of Second Equation of Motion

As it is defined, the Second equation of motion: s = ut + (1/2) at²

Let’s take the distance traveled by the body be s.

Now:

Distance = Average velocity x Time

Also, Average velocity = (u + v) / 2

Therefore, Distance (t) = (u + v) / 2t       …...eq.(1)

Again from first equation of motion:

v = u + at

Substituting this value of v in eq.(1), we get

s = (u + u + at) / 2t

s = (2u + at) / 2t

s = (2ut + at²) / 2

s = (2ut / 2) + (at² / 2)

or  s = ut + (1/2) at²

This describes the second equation of motion.

Derivation of Third Equation of Motion

As it is defined that the third equation of Motion:  v² = u² + 2as

Now,

v = u + at

v – u = at

or  t = (v – u) / a            …….. eq.(2)

Also ,

Distance = average velocity x Time

Therefore, s = ((v + u) / 2) x ((v – u) / a)

s = (v² – u²) / 2a

2as = v² – u²

or  v² = u² + 2as

This describes the third equation of motion.

One of the most spectacular elements of a thunderstorm is lightning. In fact, it defines thunderstorm, as the lightning causes thunderstorms. Lightning is the discharge of electricity. The single stroke of lightning heats the air around 30,000 degrees celsius. This heating causes the air in the atmosphere to expand very fast. A shock wave is created by this expansion that turns into booming sound waves: this is known as thunder. An ice crystal which is high within a thunderstorm, it flows up and down in the turbulent air then they crash into each other. Electrons that are the small negatively charged particles are knocked off the same ice as soon as they crash with each other.

Causes of Thunderstorm

An electric storm is also referred to as a thunderstorm or a lightning storm. It’s characterized by an acoustic effect which is known as thunder and the presence of lightning. Thundershowers are known as weak thunderstorms. Cumulonimbus is the clouds due to which weak thunderstorms occur. They are accomplished by strong winds and also they often produce heavy rain and sometimes snow, hail, and sleet. Whereas, some thunderstorms produce no precipitation or no precipitation.

Thunderstorms can become rain bands known as the squall lines and can line up in a series. The strong thunderstorms include one of the dangerous weather phenomena including strong winds, large hail, tornadoes etc, Supercells are one of the most persistent and severe thunderstorms, it behaves the same as the cyclones do. Many of the thunderstorms move with the mean airflow through the layers of the troposphere.  Their vertical wind share sometimes causes diversion at a right angle to the wind shear direction. When the movement of warm air is upward and which is sometimes along with a front causes thunderstorm. When this air rises, it cools and condenses and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that reaches a height of 20 km.

Safety Measures During the Calamity 

Thunder is frightening, and it roars loudly. But it cannot hurt anyone by itself. However, it’s two fearsome companions can be dangerous. Lightning kills on an average 31 people per year in 2006 and 2015, and it has injured 279 people. Hail is another factor that is very dangerous, the chunk of ice falls on the earth’s surface at the speed of 120 mph, and the size of them is from a pea to a grapefruit. So to protect ourselves we need to follow some rules like the 30-30 rule. When we see a lightning flash we should start counting, and if we don’t make it to 30 we should head indoors. Then we should stay indoors for at least 30 minutes after the last thundering sound. 

If we are already indoors, we should avoid using our mobile phones and electronic devices such as computers and power tools, because the electrical wires can conduct electricity. Do not get in contact with water too much like don’t wash clothes or dishes, or we should not take a shower or wash our hands repeatedly. The metal pipes which are usually present in the house can conduct electric currents. If the house has glass windows or doors, high-speed air can shatter them, so we should stay away from the windows and skylight and doors.

What Forms a Thunderstorm? 

A Thunderstorm is defined as a short-lived and violent weather disturbance that is always associated with the lightning effect, thunder, dense clouds, and heavy raining effects. When the layer of warm moist air is raised and gets cooler in the atmosphere then it’s known as a thunderstorm. In the atmosphere, the moisture updraft and it condenses and forms cumulonimbus clouds, which eventually precipitate. The columns of cold air come towards the earth and strike the ground with strong downdraft and strong horizontal winds. The electrical charges accumulate on the clouds at the same time. When the accumulated electrical charge becomes sufficiently large, lightning discharges. 

Shock waves are produced when the lightning heats the air through it, very intensely. These shock waves are heard as rolls of thunder or clapes. On occasions, the thunderstorm causes strong tornadoes also. 

Thunderstorms occur almost in every region in this world. However, in the polar regions, they are rare and infrequent at latitude higher than 50 degrees North and 50 degrees South latitude. Therefore the most prone area to thunderstorms in the temperate and tropical regions. The Florida peninsula is the area in the U.S.A where maximum thunderstorms occur, more than 90 thunderstorms per year. 

Large areas of ascending and descending air cause violent disturbance in earth’s wind system: thunderstorms are not expected to follow these patterns. Technically thunderstorms occur when the atmosphere becomes unstable to vertical motion. Such instability arises when light and warm air is overlain with the cold air. The cooler air sinks under such conditions the cooler air sinks, which raises the warmer air upward. If a sufficient amount of air raises upward, an updrift will be produced. The water will condense and form clouds when the updrift is moist, and the condensation process will create latent heat energy, further increasing the instability.