Category: Physics Notes PPT

Our ancestors relied on fire for light, warmth, and cooking. Today at the flick of a switch, turn off a knob, or the push of a button we’ve instant power. This is possible because of the electric current. It is one of the important discoveries that helped us revolutionize the way we live. From the time we wake up till the time we sleep at night, our life is dependent on electricity. From the television that you simply watch to the toaster that you use to toast bread, all run on current. Besides playing a serious part in reception, electricity also plays a crucial role in industries, transportation, and communication. In this article, let us learn more about this important resource that we are highly dependent on.

What is Electric Current?

Electric Current is the rate of flow of electrons during a conductor. The SI Unit of electrical current is the Ampere. Electrons are minute particles that exist within the molecular structure of a substance. Sometimes, these electrons are tightly held and other times they are loosely held. When electrons are loosely held by the nucleus, they are able to travel freely within the limits of the body. Electrons are negatively charged particles hence when they move a number of charges moves and we call this movement of electrons as electric current. It should be noted that the amount of electrons that are ready to move governs the power of a specific substance to conduct electricity. Some materials allow current to maneuver better than others.

What is an Electromotive Force?

The motion of free electrons is normally haphazard. If a force acts on electrons to make them move in a particular direction, then up to some extent random motion of the electrons will be eliminated. An overall movement in one direction is achieved. The force that acts on the electrons to make them move in a certain direction is known as electromotive force and its quantity is known as voltage and is measured in volts.

Unit of Electric Current

The magnitude of electric current is measured in coulombs per second. The SI unit of electrical current is Ampere and is denoted by the letter A. Ampere is defined together as a coulomb of charge moving past some extent in one second. If there are 6.241 x 10¹⁸ electrons flowing through our frame one second then the electrical current flowing through its ‘One Ampere.’

The unit Ampere is widely used within electrical and electronic technology alongside multipliers like milliamp (0.001A), microamp (0.000001A), and so forth.

Visualizing Electric Current

To gain a deeper understanding of what an electrical current is and the way it behaves during a conductor, we will use the hookah analogy of electricity. Certainly, there are some limitations but they serve as a very basic illustration of current and current flow.

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We can compare the electrical current to the water flowing through the pipe. When pressure is applied to one end of the pipe, the water is forced to flow through the pipe in one direction. The amount of water flow is proportional to the pressure placed on the top. This pressure can be compared to the electromotive force.

Conventional Current Flow vs Electron Flow

There is tons of confusion around conventional current flow and electron flow. In this section, let us understand their differences.

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Conventional Current Flow

The conventional current flow works from positive to negative terminal and indicates the direction that positive charges would flow.

Electron Flow

The electron flow moves from a negative terminal to a positive terminal. Electrons are charged and are therefore interested in the positive terminal as unlike charges attract.

Properties of Electric Current

• Electric current is a crucial quantity in electronic circuits. We have adapted electricity in our lives so much that it becomes impossible to imagine life without it. Therefore, it is important to know the properties of the electric current.

• We know that current is the result of the flow of electrons. The work of moving the electron stream is understood as electricity. Electricity is often converted into other sorts of energy like heat, light energy, etc. 

• There are two sorts of current referred to as AC (AC) and DC (DC). The direct current can flow only in one direction, whereas the alternating direction flows in two directions. Direct current is not used as a primary energy source in industries. It is mostly used in low voltage applications such as charging batteries, aircraft applications, etc. Alternating current is used to operate appliances for both household and industrial and commercial use.

• The electric current is measured in amperes. One ampere of current represents one coulomb of electrical charge moving past a selected point in one second.

• The conventional direction of an electrical current is the direction during which a charge would move. Henceforth, the present flowing within the external circuit is directed far away from the positive terminal and toward the negative terminal of the battery.
  

Effects of Electric Current

When a current flows through a conductor, there are a number of signs which tell if a current is flowing or not. Following are the most prominent signs:

Heating Effect of Electric Current

When our clothes are crumpled, we use the iron box to make our clothes crisp and neat. On the principle of heating effect of current, iron boxes work. There are many such devices that employ the heating effect.

When an electrical current flows through a conductor, heat is generated within the conductor.

The heating effect is given by the following equation

H=I2RT

The Heating Effect depends on the Following Factor:

• The time ‘t‘ for which the current flows. The longer the current flows in a conductor, the more heat is generated.

• The electrical resistance of the conductor. Higher the resistance, the higher the heat produced.

• The amount of current. The larger the amount of current the higher the heat produced.
  

If the present is little then the quantity of warmth generated is probably going to be very small and should not be noticed. However, if the present is larger then it’s possible that a clear amount of warmth is generated.

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

Another prominent effect that is noticeable when an electric current flows through the conductor is the build-up of the magnetic field. We can observe this when we place a compass close to a wire carrying a reasonably large direct current, the compass needle deflects. The magnetic flux generated by a current is put to good use during a number of areas. By winding a wire into a coil, the effects are often increased, and an electromagnet is often made.

Chemical Effect of Electric Current

When an electric current passes through a solution, the solution ionizes and breaks down into ions. This is because a reaction takes place when an electrical current passes through the answer. Depending on the nature of the solution and the electrodes used, the following effects can be observed in the solution:

• Change in the color of the solution

• Metallic deposits on the electrodes

• A release of gas or production of bubbles in the solution
  

Electroplating and electrolysis are the applications of the chemical effect of electrical current.

Overview on Chapter 14 Class 7 Electric Current

Electric current and its effect is Chapter 14 of Class 7 science NCERT book, it is prescribed by the Central Board of secondary education and it deals with the concepts of Chemistry whose understanding is extremely important in order to study the complex concepts that are taught in higher classes.

The study material provided by the data on electric current and its effects discusses in-depth about electric charge, electric current, smaller units of electric current, the flow of current, electric potential and potential difference, sources of electricity, effects of electricity, heating effect, electromagnet, uses of electromagnets, electric bell, electric buzzer, chemical effect, electric circuit, connecting electric cells in series, connecting bulbs in parallel, conductors and insulators.

Students who may find it difficult to grasp these various terminologies that are used in Chemistry and Physics can refer to the notes provided by on electric current and its effects; it is the base chapter that introduces various terminologies that are important for higher studies in Physics and as well as in Chemistry. These complex concepts are written in an extremely simplified language and are provided for students to help them get a comprehensive understanding of the many topics discussed.

Thales was a great scientist in 600 BC. He observed what happens when amber is rubbed with wool, it acquires the property of attracting hair, tiny bits of paper or cork. Much later in the 16th-century, Gilbert came across the same properties of various other substances like cat skin, sealing wax and wool etc. he gave this phenomenon a term called electricity.

A charge is the source of all electricity and electrical phenomena.

Subtopics studied in Chapter 14, Electric Current and its Effects are as Follows-

14.1 Symbols of Electronic Components

14.2 Heating Effect of Electric Current

14.3 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

14.4 Electromagnet

14.5 Electric Bell

Key Points discussed in the Chapter-

An electric circuit is represented by a circuit diagram as representing electric components by symbols is the most convenient way of studying them.

The wire gets heated when an electric current is flowing through it. This is called the healing effect of electricity, it has various applications.

There are certain special materials used to make electrical fuses that aid in the prevention of fires and damage to electric appliances. The special materials which these wires are made of break when large electric currents are passed.

A wire behaves like a magnet when electric current flows through it.

An electromagnet is the current-carrying coil of an insulated wire which is wrapped around a piece of iron.

The electrical energy is said to be the ability of an electrical circuit to work which it produces by creating. This action which we are talking about can take many forms for example such as electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical, electrical, etc. 

The energy which is said to be the electrical energy can be both created from batteries as well as the generators, dynamos, and photovoltaics, etc. These are  stored for future use too using cells which are fuel, batteries, capacitors or we can say that the magnetic fields, etc. Thus the energy which is the electrical energy can be either created or stored.

Examples of Electrical Energy

For example, we can take a motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical or kinetic energy or we can say rotational energy. while a generator generally converts energy which is the kinetic energy literally back into energy which is said to be electrical energy to power a circuit. That is we can consider here the  electrical machines which convert or change energy that is from one form to another by doing work. 

We can again take another example of a lamp, light bulb or LED that is a light emitting diode which converts energy which is electrical energy into light energy and heat or thermal energy. Then energy which is electrical energy is said to be very versatile as it can be easily converted into many other different forms of energy.

What is Electricity Made of?

We have seen in this article that the unit which is of electrical charge is the Coulomb and that the electric charge flow  around a circuit is used to represent a current flow. However we can say that as the symbol which is for a coulomb is denoted by the letter “C“, this can be confused with the symbol that is for Capacitance starting with C.

To avoid this confusion which is between both  of them the common symbol used for electrical charge is the capital letter “Q” or small letter “q“, that is said to be basically standing for quantity. Thus we can say that hwew Q = 1 coulomb that is of charge or Q = 1C. Note that the charge which is denoted as Q that can be either positive written as +Q or negative -Q, that is an excess of either holes or electrons.

The charge flow around a closed circuit which is in the form of electrons is known as an electric current. However, we can say that the use which is of the expression “flow of charge” implies movement so this is to produce a current which is odf electrical charge must move. This then is said to lead to the question which is of what is making the charge move and then this is done by our old friend who is said to be as Voltage from above.

Difference is Between Electrical Energy and Power

• The energy which is said to be the electrical energy defines the energy which is generated due to the movement that is of charge that is carried in a conductor. 

• While we can again say or consider here that the electrical power specifies the rate of consumption of electrical energy by a device. 

• The SI unit which is of electrical energy is said to be Joules. But the power which is electrical is measured in Watts or KWh.

In an electromagnetic spectrum, we observe various electromagnetic waves having their frequency and wavelengths, one of them is the microwave. So, what does microwave mean and what type of wave is a microwave?

Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely klystrons, magnetrons, and Gunn diodes and they have many real-life applications.

Reading further, we will learn about what are microwaves used for and what are microwaves made of.

Composition of Microwaves

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations as UV rays, radio waves, and so on.

These waves have wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimetre and the frequency ranging between 1 GHz and 1000 GHz.

Applications of Microwaves

Microwaves have many real-life applications, such as microwave ovens, radar systems, detecting the speed of objects like the speed of a tennis ball, automobile, and so on. Now, let’s discuss what are microwaves used for.

1. Space communication, i.e., from earth to space, and vice-versa.

2. Intercontinental telephones and television.

3. In railways, microwaves are used for telemetry communication.

1. Microwaves are used in food processing industries.

2. Other industries where microwaves are used are Chemical industries, plastic industries, rubber industries, forest product-based industries, and so on.

3. Microwave ovens for heating the food items work at 2.45 GHz, 600 W.

4. Microwaves are used in man public works, breaking rocks, drying or breaking the concrete, and curing of cement, etc.

5. It is also used for drying grains, pharmaceuticals, textiles, leather.

1. Microwaves are employed for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

2. They are used in electromagnetic heating for treating cancer patients (Hyperthermia for treating cancer).

3. Used for monitoring heartbeat and if someone is suffering from lung water problem, microwaves can detect the quantity of water in the lungs.

4. Microwaves are also used in diathermy for localized superficial heating.

1. Microwaves are used for tracking missiles, detecting aircraft and other flying objects.

2. Microwaves are also used for calculating the distance of objects and the speed of their flight.

• A practical application of microwaves is the microwave oven. The cooking surface of the oven is composed of ceramic glass. Inside the oven, there are metallic magnetron tubes, the waveguide, and the stirring fan.

The electromechanical components and controls comprise timer motors, switches, and relays, etc.

The materials used for microwave cooking are:

• Paper cups

• Cartons

• Cling films

• Thermoplastics, etc.

Miscellaneous Microwave Applications

There are other places where we find the microwave uses. These are:

• In Air Traffic control (ATC) to detect the movement of the airplane and manage the air traffic.

• Police sped detectors.

• To observe the movement of trains on rails while sitting in the microwave operated control room.

• In defence, microwaves are used in radar systems for aircraft navigation.

• A radar using microwaves can aid in detecting the speed of tennis balls, cricket balls, and automobiles in motion. 

• Observing and analyzing weather patterns.

• Spread spectrum systems. 

• In garage door openers.

• Burglar alarms.

• In creating microwave devices like a microwave oven.

What is a Combination Microwave?

Combination microwaves or combi microwaves are kitchen appliances that are made by a combination of microwave energy, a grill, a fanned hot air (convection heating)  for cooking the food.

Employing these two methods together creates a form of heat that can sauté, grill, bake, crisp, bring even roasting, and brown our food. It is the best method to obtain the speed of a microwave with the high-quality finish of regular oven cooking.

Application of Microwave Engineering

The microwave frequency ranges between 1 GHz and 300 GHz. These ranges are divided into a number of bands, which are symbolized by a letter.

Various organizations assign these bands a letter; however, the most common being employed is the IEEE Radar Bands followed by NATO Radio Bands and ITU Band.

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The frequency range is divided into portions and symbolized by an English alphabet, where each has its specific real-application of microwave engineering; let’s discuss these one-by-one:

• 1-2 GHz – L-Band – GSM, Marine satellite.

• 2-4 GHz – S-Band – Weather and surface ship radar, microwave oven, Bluetooth, Zeebee, Wi-Fi.

• 4-8 GHz – C-Band – These frequency range microwaves are used for satellite communication, Radar applications.

• 8-`12 GHz – X-Band – These frequency rang
  e microwaves are employed for satellite communications and educational purposes, microwave tubes for performing experiments in the lab.

• 12-18 GHz – Ku-Band – These microwaves are used in satellite TV and VSAT.

• 18-27 GHz – K-Band – RADAR, Armature satellite, infrared astronomy (to detect the intensity of stars and ascertain their distance, speed, and many other factors, we use K-band microwaves).

• 27-40 GHz – Ka-Band – Satellite communications, high resolution, and low-range RADAR, military airplane.

• 40-75 GHz – V-Band – High capacity terrestrial millimetre wave communications.

• 75-110 Gz – W-Band – Millimeter-wave RADAR  and research. W-band is employed by ISRO, NASA, DRDO, and other agencies for research purposes.

• 110-300 GHz – mm (Millimetre) – Band – Millimeter-wave RADAR, satellite communications.

An object or a type of material that allows the flow of charge in one or more directions is known as a conductor. Common electrical conductors are materials made up of metal. Electrical current is generated by the flow of negatively charged electrons, positively charged holes, and in some cases positive or negative ions.

It is not necessary for one charged particle to travel from the machine producing the current to that consuming it for the current to flow. To power the machine, the charged particle simply needs to nudge its neighbor a finite amount who will nudge its neighbor until a particle is nudged into the consumer.

Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatics

We begin with the magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point charges q and Q. We can conveniently label one of these charges, Q a source charge and label q, as a test charge. If r is the distance between two charges, then the force of electrostatic formula is:

[F = frac{1}{4 pi epsilon_{0}} frac{qQ}{r^{2}} = k frac{qQ}{r^{2}}]

[F = kfrac{q_{1}q_{2}}{d^{2}}].

Electrostatic Properties of a Conductor

In the static condition, a conductor neutral or charged, the electric field inside the conductor is zero everywhere, this is also one of the primary properties of a conductor. In the presence of an electric field, we know that the free electrons which a conductor contains, experiences a drift or a force. The electrons distribute themselves in such a way Inside the conductor that the final electric field is zero at all points inside the conductor.

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If the electric field lines were not normal at the surface, then we can say that a component of the electric field would have been present along the surface of a conductor in static conditions.. Since there are no tangential components, the forces have to be normal to the surface.

At every point, any neutral conductor contains an equal amount of positive and negative charges, even in an infinitesimally small element of surface area or volume. From Gauss’s law we can say that in case of a charged conductor, the excess charges are present only on the surface. Consider, any arbitrary volume element of the conductor, denoted as ‘v’, and the electrostatic field is zero for the closed surface bounding the volume element. The total electric flux through S is therefore zero. From the Gauss law, it signifies that the net charge enclosed by the surface element is zero.  At a point, we can say that the element is vanishingly small,  it denotes any point in the conductor as we go on decreasing the size of the volume and the surface element. So the net charge inside the conductor is always zero at any point and the excess charges reside at the surface.

Throughout the volume of the conductor, the electrostatic potential at any point is always constant and at any point inside the volume, the value of the electrostatic potential at the surface is equal to that.

Fun Facts

• Free charges are allowed to move about within a conductor.

• Until static equilibrium is reached, free charges are caused to move around inside the conductor by the electrical forces around a conductor. 

• All excess charges are collected along the surface of a conductor.

• More charges can be collected at the points of the conductors which has a sharp corner or point.

• A lightning rod is a conductor with sharply pointed ends that allows the excess charge to dissipate back into the air collected on the building caused by an electrical storm.

• Due to changes in the insulating effect of the air, the electrical field of Earth’s surface in certain locations becomes more strongly charged and results in electrical storms.

• A Faraday cage acts as a shield around an object, preventing the electric charge from penetrating inside. Faraday cage is a metal shield which prevents electric charge from penetrating its surface.

The use of capacitors is very common in various devices like handheld electronic calculators, railway fans, etc. But how is energy stored in a capacitor? In this context, you will get to know how a capacitor holds energy, along with the calculation of the same.

What is a Capacitor?

The capacitor is an electrical energy storing device. Additionally, most capacitors contain two terminals located side by side while an insulator is present between them. In some cases, this whole unit is modified into a compact device in order to save space. Moreover, there are few capacitors which have multiple layers in them for additional functionalities.

How Does a Capacitor Hold Energy?

Two positive charges cannot do anything with one another. Instead, they move away from each other as quickly as they can. However, if the two charges are made to come closer forcibly, they resist. Also, it requires energy to make them come close.

Furthermore, the energy needed does not stray or get utilised. Rather, it gets stored in the form of an electric field which is a type of tension; provided the charges are clasped together, uncomfortably.

Moreover, when the charges again have the liberty to move, they utilise energy to speed them up. Thus, it can be said that capacitors are those components that store electric fields.

Evaluation of Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Let us consider a capacitor is charged to a certain amount of voltage V, and its energy is needed to be calculated. So, energy (or work) W required to move a positive charge close to another one is the product of the positive charge Q and voltage (potential difference).

    δW    =     Q        x     δV

(joules)=(coulombs)x(volts)

However, as per common logic, some individuals may feel that a capacitor with charge V needs energy of QV joules to reach the desired state, and hence the capacitor is holding QV joules of energy. However, that is not the case.

Instead, as the charges move nearer and nearer to each other, their resisting property keeps on increasing till it becomes fierce. It is a non-linear procedure. Hence, the only process for energy stored in a capacitor derivation is using the method of integration.

For example, assume that capacitor C is storing a charge Q. So, measuring the voltage V across it can be done quite easily. Further, after applying a small amount of energy, a bit of charge can be induced to the system. Therefore, in terms of Q, an expression can be written.

    δW = V δQ = [frac{Q}{C}] δQ

After understanding this equation, by integration of the complete δW, requiring energy to push charge Q to the capacitor can also be evaluated.

W=[frac{1}{C}][int_{0}^{Q}]QdQ = [frac{1}{C}] [frac{Q²}{2}]= [frac{1}{2}QV]

Take a look at the below expression for energy stored in capacitor.

W = [frac{1}{2}]CV² (joules)

Moreover, here is a solved numerical which will make you understand the calculation better.

Numerical

(i) A capacitor has a capacitance of 50F and it has a charge of 100V. Find the energy that this capacitor holds.

Solution. According to the capacitor energy formula:

U = 1/ 2 (CV2)

So, after putting the values:

U = ½ x 50 x (100)2 = 250 x 103 J

Do It Yourself

1. The Amount of Work Done in a Capacitor which is in a Charging State is:

(a) QV (b) ½ QV (c) 2QV (d) QV2

By going through this content, you must have understood how capacitor stores energy. Additionally, for more knowledge about capacitors, circuits, and other concepts of Physics, download our app. Along with easy access to study materials; it also offers online interactive sessions for better understanding of these topics.

Frederick Guthrie, a British physicist and chemist, invented the word eutectic in 1884. A system is a homogeneous mixture of substances that melts or solidifies at a single temperature lower than each constituent’s melting point. 

 

Eutectic meaning in simple words is a mixture of substances that melts and freezes at a particular temperature that is smaller than the melting points of the individual constituents or some other mixture of them. This temperature is defined as the eutectic temperature because it is the lowest potential melting temperature for involving component species at all mixing ratios. The eutectic temperature is seen as the eutectic point on a phase diagram.

 

Applied to a super-lattice, a eutectic system refers to a homogeneous, solid mixture of at least two substances that is capable of melting at temperatures below the melting points of the individual substances. Mixtures of alloys are most commonly referred to with this phrase. There is only one way eutectic systems can form: by putting the components in the proper ratio. This word comes from the Greek words “EU,” meaning “good” or “well,” and “tecsis,” which means “melting.”

 

Alloys of inorganic (mostly hydrated salts) and/or organic elements are termed eutectics. Each of them typically has a single melting point, which is usually lower than the melting point of any of its constituents. When eutectics are crystallised, they form a single unitary crystal (Hasnain, 1998). Eutectics have the property of melting and freezing simultaneously without phase separation, which is one of their most important has been reported that a large number of eutectics occur in various forms of chemicals. These include organic, inorganic, and inorganic-organic eutectics. organic eutectics. Eutectics made of organic materials have a lower melting point and a greater heat of fusion than eutectics made of inorganic materials, which may make them suitable for solar heat storage at low temperatures.

 

Eutectic Systems in Action

The metallurgical and a number of other fields contain eutectic systems or eutectoids. The mixtures commonly possess properties that aren’t contained in any of the constituent substances individually:

• If the mixture is 23.3% salt by mass with a eutectic point of -21.2 degrees Celsius, sodium chloride and water form a eutectoid. A system is used for melting ice and snow, as well as making ice cream.

• When ethanol and water are combined, the eutectic point is almost pure ethanol. A value indicates that certain alcohols can be distilled to a certain degree of purity or proof.

• Soldering with eutectic alloys can often be found. As a rule of thumb, the composition of an alloy is 63% tin and 37% lead.

• Corrosion resistance and strength of eutectoid glassy metals are exceptional.

• It is a eutectic mixture that permits printing at relatively low temperatures, enabling inkjet printers to operate.

• Galinstan is a low-toxin metal alloy (consisting of gallium, indium, and tin) that is used in place of mercury.

 

When a randomly selected liquid mixture of certain substances is cooled, a temperature is reached at which one part begins to detach in its solid state and continues to do so as the temperature is reduced further.

 

If this portion divides, the resulting liquid becomes increasingly rich in the other, until the liquid’s structure approaches a point where all substances tend to disperse at the same time as an intimate mixture of solids.

 

This is the eutectic structure, and the eutectic temperature is the temperature at which it solidifies. Since one component’s lattice melts at a lower temperature than the other’s, non-eutectic mixture ratios would have different melting temperatures for their constituents. A non-eutectic aggregate, on the other hand, would solidify at various temperatures as it cooled until the whole mass was solid.

 

Eutectic Phase Transition

In the thermal equilibrium, this reaction is an invariant reaction. The transition in Gibbs free energy equals zero is another way of putting it. In concrete terms, this implies that the liquid and two solid solutions are in chemical equilibrium at the same time. There is also a thermal arrest during which the temperature of the device does not change for the remainder of the phase change. A eutectic reaction’s solid macro-structure is determined by several factors, the most important of which is how the two solid solutions nucleate and expand. A lamellar structure is the most common, but other structures such as rod-like, globular, and acicular are also likely.

 

The eutectic solidification is defined as follows,

 

Liquid->cooling 

 

eutectic temperature

 

→cooling eutectic temperature

 

α solid solution + β solid solution

 

1. Two-phase solid

2. Single-phase liquid

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What is Eutectic Mixture?

A eutectic mixture definition is defined as, a mixture of two or more components that, while not normally interacting to create a new chemical substance, inhibit the crystallization phase of one another at certain ratios, resulting in a system with a lower melting point than any of the components.

 

The eutectic mixture may be produced between Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), APIs and excipients, or excipients, allowing for a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. 

 

The following factors normally control the creation of eutectic mixtures: 

(a) The components must be miscible in the liquid state and often immiscible in the solid-state.

(b) Close contact between eutectic forming materials is needed for contact-induced melting point depression.

(c) Chemical groups that can interact to form physical bonds, such as intermolecular hydrogen bonding, etc.

(d) Molecules that follow modified VantHoff’s law.

 

Eutectic Mixture Example

In metallurgy and other areas, there are many examples of eutectic mixture or eutectoids.

 

These mixtures usually have beneficial properties that no other constituent material has.

1. The eutectic point of an ethanol-water mixture is almost pure ethanol. The value indicates that distillation will achieve a full proof or purity of alcohol

2. Minerals may create eutectic mixtures in igneous rocks, resulting in distinctive intergrowth textures such as those seen in granophyre.

3. Soldering is mostly done with eutectic alloys. By mass, a standard formulation contains 63% tin and 37% lead.

4. Corrosion tolerance and hardness are exceptional in eutectoid glassy metals.

5. Printer with inkjet technology. Since the ink is a eutectic blend, it can be printed at a low temperature.

6. Galinstan is a liquid metal alloy made up of gallium, indium, and tin that is used as a mercury substitute with low toxicity.

 

Eutectic Temperature

The eutectic temperature is the lowest possible melting temperature, for all mixture ratios of the constituent compounds in a eutectoid. The super-lattice will expel all of its components at this temperature, and the entire eutectic structure will dissolve into a jelly. In contrast, in a non-eutectic mixture, each part can solidify into a lattice at its particular temperature before the whole substance solidifies. Where a eutectoid is a stable mixture that occurs when two or more molten metals are cooled to a certain temperature. 

 

An example of eutectic temperature is,

 

Sodium chloride and water combine to form an eutectic mixture with an eutectic point of 21.2 °C and a salt content of 23.3 percent by mass.

 

When salt is applied on roads to aid snow removal or combined with ice to achieve low temperatures, the eutectic quality of salt and water is abused (for example, in traditional ice cream making).

 

Eutectic Composition

A eutectic is a melting composition of at least two elements, each of which melts and freezes in the same way. During the crystallization process, a mixture of the components is created, resulting in the product behaving as a single unit. The materials freeze into a close-knit crystal mixture and melt at the same time, with no distinction (Lane, 1989). Eutectics are organic and/or inorganic chemical mixtures. As a result, eutectics may be rendered as organic–organic, inorganic–inorganic, or organic-inorganic blends.