Category: Physics Notes PPT

Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its relative stationary position in space, stress, or electric charge. Potential energy is the inherent energy of the body relative to its static position to the other objects. Potential energy is one of the two main types of energy, while the other is kinetic energy. The two types of potential energy are elastic potential energy and gravitational potential energy.

Elastic Potential Energy: Elastic Potential Energy is the energy present in objects that can be stretched or extended, such as trampoline, rubber bands, and bungee cords. The further an object can expand, the more elastic potential energy it has. Many items are designed specially to store elastic potential energy such as a twisted rubber band that powers a toy plane or a Coil spring of a wind-up clock.

The elastic potential energy formula derivation is:

U = 1/2 kx²

Where,

U = elastic potential energy

k = spring force constant

x = string stretch length in m

Gravitational Potential Energy: Gravitational potential energy is the energy acquired by an object due to a shift in its position when it is present in a gravitational field. In simple terms, it can be stated that gravitational potential energy is an energy that is linked to gravity or gravitational force.

The gravitational potential energy equation is:

GPE = m × g × h,

m = mass in kilograms,

g = acceleration (9.8 ms^-2 on Earth)

h = height.

Derivation for Potential Energy

The derivation of potential energy is discussed here. Potential energy is determined as the energy that is held by an object because of its stationary position. Joule is the S.I. unit of potential energy; its symbol is J. Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine coined the term potential in the 19th century. The potential energy formula depends on the force enacting on two objects. The formula of gravitational potential energy is:

W = m × g × h = mgh  

m = mass in kilograms

g = acceleration due to gravity

h = height in meters.

Gravitational Potential Energy Derivation Equation

Let us consider an object, of mass M, which is placed along the x-axis, and there is a test mass m at infinity. Work done at bringing it without acceleration through a minimal distance (dx) is given by:

dw = Fdx

Here, F is an attractive force and towards the negative x-axis direction is the displacement. Therefore, F and dx are in a similar direction. 

[dw = (frac{GMm}{x^{2}}) dx]

Integrating both sides,

[w = int_{r}^{infty} frac{GMm}{x^{2}} dx]

[w = -[ frac{GMm}{x}]]

[w = -[frac{GMm}{r}] – (frac{-GMm}{infty})]

[w = frac{-GMm}{r}]

As the potential energy is stored as U, the gravitational potential energy at ‘r’ distance from the object having mass ‘M’ is:

U = – GMm/r

Now if another mass inside the gravitational field moves from one point inside the field to another point of the field of mass M, the other mass experiences a change in potential energy given by:

ΔU = GMm ([frac{1}{r_i} – frac{1}{r_f}])       ( r_i= initial position and r_f= final position )

If r_i > r_f  then ΔU is negative.

Derive an Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy at Height ‘h’

Let‘s consider an object taken to a height ‘h’ from the surface of the earth. 

r_i = R and r_f = R + h 

then,

ΔU = GMm [frac{1}{R} – frac{1}{(R+h)}]

ΔU = GMmh/R(R + h)

When, h<².

On substituting this in the above equation we get,

Gravitational Potential Energy ΔU = mgh.

Objective: We will design a system to measure the refractive index of a glass slab using a moving microscope.

Introduction: A glass slab is a piece of glass with thickness ranging from a few millimeters to several meters. The refractive index of a glass slab is the ratio of the index of refraction to the thickness of the glass. Measurement of the refractive index of glass is important for optical applications like optical fiber and photonic crystal.

Structure: There are various methods for measuring the refractive index. We will measure the refractive index using a moving microscope.

Step 1: What will we need?

(Note: the same items are also required to create a light microscope)

We will start the design by looking for an item that can be used as both a lens and a holder. The most ideal item would be a microscope lens since we can use it to focus light on the glass slab and to measure the distance. We can also use it as a holder if we have to insert another lens to take a refractive index measurement.

We can use a microscope lens holder to attach the microscope lens in place. The microscope lens we will use is called an objective lens. The objective lens has a central convex lens that magnifies an object to be magnified.

Since the lens holder is circular, we can make the convex lens circular. We can use a microscope objective lens as a holder because the thickness of the lens holder is quite small.

We can buy the lens holder at a local store. However, we may have to make it from scratch. We will need a microscope, a microscope objective lens, a stepper motor, a potentiometer, and an Arduino board. We will describe the building process in the next section.

Step 2: Building process

Step 2.1: Choosing a Microscope 

We should buy a microscope to work with. First, we should consider the following when we are buying a microscope.

Whether it is a microscope made in a lab or one in a store. Amount of microscope that we want to buy. What brand name is most popular in stores, but can be bought for a cheaper price Next, we should decide where to mount the microscope. We should decide the size of the slab.

Also, if we use the same microscope for different experiments, we should decide whether we should buy a holder that can hold different lenses. If so, which size is most convenient?

Also, a microscope has to be able to magnify the object we are measuring the refractive index. We can decide whether the microscope has a magnification of 1x, 4x, 10x, 20x, and 40x.

2.1.1 Choosing a microscope

You can buy a microscope in the market.

Or, if you don’t want to buy one, then you can ask your teacher for help. In any case, we can choose a microscope of the following three types.

Now we will start the buying process.

1. Microscope Made in a Lab

The easiest way to start the process of buying a microscope is to ask your teacher to help. In this case, your teacher is going to give you instructions on buying a microscope for your experiments. There are many types of microscopes. Your teacher will give you some instructions.

2. Microscopes Made in a Store

If you don’t have enough money to buy the microscope made in a laboratory, then you can buy one in a store. First, you have to buy the microscope itself. To do this, you have to visit a store of the type you want. Once you have seen the types of microscopes, the price of each one, and its functions, you will be able to choose the microscope that you need.

3. Electron Microscope

An electron microscope is an extremely high-tech microscope. We can’t get an electron microscope at home. We have to find the store of the type we want to buy.

The advantage of an electron microscope over a general microscope is the resolution. We can obtain the magnification of the electron microscope of a hundred thousand times the magnification of the microscope we normally use. There are many types of electron microscopes. You have to find the store of the type you want to buy.

How to Do a Test With a Microscope?

There are two methods to test how the microscope works:

1. Direct Observation

When you test a microscope, you have to place an object in the objective lens, which is the lens where we’ll see the object. The objective lens is very big, so it is not possible to directly observe its function from the camera. You have to buy a microscope with a camera. If you have bought a microscope, you can test its performance by looking at an object through the objective lens.

In this way, you can test if you can correctly see the object you are going to use. It is easier to take pictures with a small lens. For example, it is easier to take a test with the 30X objective, and it is difficult to do a test with the 400X objective. It is better to test an objective lens that has a strong lens.

2. Test With an Object that You Already Have

If you already have an object, it is easy to test the working principle of a microscope. However, it is not easy to test the microscope’s performance in this way. In this case, you have to find an object that has sharpness and contrast.

What is Sharpness?

If the object that you want to observe has sharpness, you can better observe its details. If there is no sharpness, you cannot observe the fine details of the object. There are many kinds of sharpness in the object, such as

• Line (edge sharpness)

• Curve (curve sharpness)

• Point (dots sharpness)

There are also different types of sharpness in the observer’s eyes, but this is not very important.

What is Contrast?

If the object that you want to observe has contrast, the edges of the object will be very clear and the objects can be distinguished. When you observe an object, it will be bright and dark, and we can judge whether the object is soft or hard. However, sometimes the object is not bright, and then it will be difficult to see the contrast.

How to test the Microscope?

You must try to find an object that has sharpness and contrast. If you do not find such an object, then you can buy one from a supermarket.

You can also refer to the specification of the microscope. First, make sure that you are familiar with how the microscope works. Second, make sure that you understand what a working principle means. If you are not familiar with a working principle, you must refer to the documentation. If you think it is appropriate, you can buy a kit or assemble the kit yourself. Third, we will learn how to use the microscope.

You must put a microscope slide (a white plate), a cover glass, a mirror, a camera lens, a light source, a tripod, a flashlight, a microscope, a micro-adjustment tool, a slide pen, and an adhesive tape in front of you.

Students often face trouble while conducting a travelling mic
roscope experiment. Here, we will discuss the correct procedure to conduct this experiment, ensuring the best possible outcome.

However, before proceeding with the travelling microscope experiment class 12, let us learn some of the important factors necessary for the same. 

Defining Refractive Index

Index of refraction, or refractive index is defined as the measure of the deviation of a light ray when it passes from one medium to another. In simpler terms, suppose you have a glass full of water. If you place it in sunlight, the light bends upon entering the water. If you measure the angle of such a bend, you will get its refractive index.

You can calculate a refractive index if the velocity of light c for a particular wavelength in empty space is known. Additionally, you must also know the value of ‘v’, which represents light’s velocity in a substance. In such a case, refractive index n = c/v

What is a Travelling Microscope?

Before you can use a travelling microscope experiment effectively, you must understand the functionality of such a device. Travelling microscopes act as simple microscopes, with one exception. 

Where a simple microscope remains fixed for the duration of a study or experiment, a travelling microscope’s head is fitted onto a slider. Therefore, it can move along a scale, studying an object from various distances. Readings are taken by combining the readings from the Vernier and main scale. 

Now, let us proceed to determine the refractive index of the glass slab using a travelling microscope.

Apparatus Necessary

• Three glass slabs, each varying in thickness. Material for each slab must be identical.

• Travelling microscope, and

• Lycopodium powder

Theory for Refractive Index Experiment Report

Refractive Index (n) = Slab’s real thickness/slab’s apparent thickness

Procedure to Follow

To ensure accuracy in this refractive index of a glass slab using travelling microscope readings, follow the process mentioned below.

• Step 1: Place a travelling microscope near a light source.

• Step 2: Adjust screws to ensure that the base of this microscope is horizontal.

• Step 3: Position the microscope horizontally, check the eyepiece to see whether the cross wires are visible clearly.

• Step 4: Check the Vernier Constant of this scale when it is kept vertically.

• Step 5: Use a marker to draw a mark at the microscope’s base. Consider this point as P.

• Step 6: Now, focus the vertical microscope on point P in such a way that there is no chance of parallax between this image of P and the cross wires.

• Step 7: Now, note the vernier scale, as well as the main scale reading. Consider this as R1.

• Step 8: Place the thinnest glass slab on point P.

• Step 9: Lift the microscope and focus the image of P1 of the cross-mark.

• Step 10: Make a note of the reading on the vertical scale (R2).

• Step 11: Sprinkle lycopodium powder on the slab.

• Step 12: Lift the microscope further, focusing it on this particle near S. 

• Step 13: Make a note of R3 on this vertical scale.

• Step 14: Follow the same procedure to take readings of the other glass slabs.

Note down the results in a tabular format for increased ease of calculations.

Table for Readings

  

Refractive Index Calculation = R3 – R1/R3 – R2

Mean Refractive Index = n1 + n2 + n3/3

Precaution- Ensure that you remove the parallax properly in step 6, failing which results of this travelling microscope experiment can be erroneous.

To know more about refractive index and experiments in general, consult our live online classes. Our experienced teachers guide you toward proper understanding with an expertly devised curriculum. Furthermore, now you can also download our app for added convenience.

The difference between the AC Generator and DC Generator is one of the crucial topics studied by students during their board studies. The essential difference between AC and DC Generators in a clear and precise way is provided in this article. The points of differences discussed can help students to understand the concept more effectively.

What Does an AC Generator Mean?

An electric generator that converts the mechanical form of energy into electrical energy refers to an AC Generator or Alternator. The electrical energy produced is in the form of an alternating current sinusoidal waveform. The working of an AC Generator is based upon Faraday’s principle of Electromagnetic Induction. One of the basic differences between the AC Generator and the DC Generator is the components present. An AC Generator includes components:

• Armature

• Field

• Slip Rings

• Prime Rover

• Rotor

• Stator 

Some of the advantages and disadvantages of AC Generator include:

Advantages: 

• It’s effortless to step up and step-down AC Generators with the use of transformers.

• Due to the step-up feature, the transmission link size may get thinner.

• As compared to the DC machine, there are a smaller number of losses in the AC Generator.

• Size is the main difference between AC and DC Generators. AC Generators are comparatively smaller than DC motors. 

Disadvantages:

• The production of AC power on a large-scale using AC Generators can be unsafe.

• Resistive heat is produced when electricity flows from AC Generator to transformer coils, which can damage the insulation.
  

What Does A DC Machine Mean?

An electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity refers to the DC Generator. According to the Faraday Law, an emf is induced when a conductor experiences changing magnetic flux then an emf is produced. The emf generated can cause a flow of current when the conductor circuit gets closed. As mentioned earlier, the difference between an alternator and DC Generator lies in the presence of components. The essential parts of a DC Generator include:

• Stator

• Yoke 

• Armature Windings

• Commutator 

• Rotor

• Pole

• Pole Shoe

• Brushes 

Some advantages and disadvantages of DC Generator include as follows:

Advantages:

• DC Generators are widely used for different purposes. For instance, it is used for lighting and power, arc lamps, to provide a power supply, and more. 

Disadvantages: 

• The input power in a DC motor is not transformed completely into the output power. Due to this reason, there is a loss in some parts of input power in different forms.

• Due to the resistance in the winding, the current starts flowing in the winding. It results in a copper loss.
  

Differentiate Between AC and DC Generator

AC Generators generally produce a high voltage that varies in time as well as amplitude. However, a DC machine generates a low voltage that is continuous in amplitude plus time. It is one of the main differences between DC motors and AC Generators.

Other Points of Differences Include: 

 

Apart from the difference between AC Generators and DC motors, there are some similarities between them. Both AC and DC Generators work on the relative motion of the coil and the magnetic field used to generate electricity.

Similarities Between AC and DC Generator

Both Alternating current (AC) and Direct current (DC) are produced by causing charge to flow via wires in order to convey electrical energy and power various devices.

A voltage source causes current flows in the circuits in both currents. Converting from one type of currency to another is also conceivable, however switching from AC to DC is typically seen to be easier.

Both have a permanent magnet, either a string horseshoe magnet or an electromagnet.

Both use an armature coil with a soft iron core.

Both depend on the relative motion of a coil between the coil of a wire and the magnetic field utilized in the generation of electricity.

Although the alternating current is generated, the commutator is employed to convert direct current to alternating current in DC Generators.

Induction Generator

An induction generator, also known as an asynchronous generator, has a working principle similar to that of an AC Generator and generates electric power using the principles of induction motors. It is referred to as asynchronous because the induction generator operates at a slower speed than the synchronous generator. The rotor of the generator is positioned within a spinning magnetic field, and the rotor is spun by an external source of mechanical energy such that it rotates faster than the magnetic field. The revolving shaft drags the magnetic field ahead, causing electricity to flow into the generator’s coils. The output of the induction generator depends upon the magnitude of the negative slip and the speed of the rotor or how fast the motor drives above the synchronous speed in the same direction. Because they can recover energy with quite simple controls, induction generators are helpful in applications such as mini-hydropower plants, wind turbines, and decreasing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure.

The expression of density in proportion to the density of a standard or reference is used to calculate specific gravity. Water is usually used as a benchmark. Density, on the other hand, is measured in weight units relative to size. It’s worth noting that specific gravity is a one-dimensional number with no dimensions. The ratio of mass to volume is used to calculate density, which is a specific attribute of matter. Specific gravity, often known as relative density, is the measurement of density in comparison to the density of pure water.

What is the Definition of Density?

Density is a feature of matter that may alternatively be defined as the ratio of mass to a unit volume of the substance. It is usually expressed in grams per cubic centimetre or kilogramme per cubic metre units. The mass per unit volume is used to calculate it. As a result, density is a measurement of how compact a material or object is. It is a scalar quantity since it lacks direction. Its measurement is a method of determining mass in a continuous system.

What is the Definition of Specific Gravity?

It is the measurement of density in comparison to the density of a set of standard reference materials. In most cases, the reference material is pure water. A substance with a specific gravity of less than one can also float on water. The specific gravity of a substance can be calculated using a simple ratio of the substance’s density to the density of a standard substance.

The density of a substance or liquid in comparison to the density of water at a certain temperature and pressure is known as specific gravity. As a result, any change in temperature or pressure will have an impact on the density.

In everyday life, specific gravity values of a substance are uncommon. It is, nevertheless, extremely useful in forecasting whether or not anything would float in water. It can also be used to determine whether one substance is denser than another. Pure water has a density of about 1 gramme per cubic centimetre. As a result, specific gravity and density are nearly equal. Density is, in fact, only slightly less than the specific gravity number.

Because density has units and specific gravity is dimensionless, the two are never the same, but they are numerically equal when three conditions are met:

1. Density is measured in grammes per cubic centimetre, grammes per millilitre, or kilogrammes per litre;

2. Density and Specific Gravity are measured at the same temperature; and

3. The Specific Gravity is referenced to water at 4 degrees Celsius, where its Density is very close to 1 gramme per cubic centimetre. Multiplying the Specific Gravity by the Density of water at the reference temperature yields the density of a material.

Specific Gravity is also expressed on a variety of arbitrary scales. The Baumé scale, created in 1800 by a French chemist named Antoine Baumé, is one of them. It involves two formulas, one for Specific Gravities less than one and the other for Specific Gravities more than one, and is used to express the Specific Gravity of liquids. These are the two formulas:

[text{degrees Baume} (^{o}Be) = frac{140}{text{Sp.Gr.at} 60^{o}F/60^{o}F} -130(text{Sp. Gr}.<1)] 

[text{degrees Baume} (^{o}Be) = 145- frac{145}{text{Sp.Gr.at} 60^{o}F/60^{o}F} (text{Sp. Gr}.>1)]  

How to Calculate Density and Specific Gravity

Except for predicting whether or not something will float on water and comparing whether one substance is more or less dense than another, specific gravity numbers aren’t very useful. However, because the density of pure water is so close to 1 (0.9976 grammes per cubic centimetre), specific gravity and density are almost identical when expressed in g/cc. Specific gravity is somewhat less dense than density.

Things to keep in Mind

1. Density is only slightly less than specific gravity in terms of number.

2. The density of pure water is approximately 1 gram per cubic centimetre.

3. A single material’s specific gravity cannot be estimated.

4. Specific gravity varies with reference, but density remains constant.

5. When we give a substance external temperature, we can vary its density.

Viscosity is defined as the elemental property while studying the flow of liquid for any application. The two basic types of viscosity are kinematic and dynamic. The association between these two properties is quite simple. It seems like a simple concept at first glance. But in reality, there are numerous terms that come under the definition of it. These terms determine the measurement of it.

 

Dynamic viscosity, which is also known as absolute viscosity, evaluates the internal resistance of a fluid to flow; in contrast, kinematic one describes the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Two fluids with the same value of dynamic thicknesses can have a different value of kinematic densities based on density and vice versa. However, to have a broader knowledge regarding the difference between kinematic and dynamic viscosity, students can follow the tabular representation of differences:

What is the Difference Between Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity

 

Apart from the difference between dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity, a few relations of this concept should be cleared. The internal resistance of a liquid flow suggests an external force applied in the movement of a liquid. That external force (F) is proportional to Shear rate (SR), Dynamic Viscosity (η), and Surface area (A).

 

Viscosity is normally independent of pressure, but liquids under extreme pressure experience an increase in viscosity. Since liquids are normally incompressible, an increase in pressure doesn’t bring the molecules significantly closer together. Simple models of molecular interactions won’t work to explain this behaviour. Viscosity is first and foremost a function of the material. The viscosity of water at 20°C is 1.0020 millipascal seconds (which is conveniently close to one by coincidence alone). 

 

Most ordinary liquids have viscosities on the order of 1 to 1,000 mPa s, while gasses have viscosities on the order of 1 to 10 μPa s. Pastes, gels, emulsions, and other complex liquids are harder to summarize. Some fats like butter or margarine are so viscous that they seem more like soft solids than like flowing liquids. Molten glass is extremely viscous and approaches infinite viscosity as it solidifies. Since the process is not as well defined as true freezing, some believe that glass may still flow even after it has completely cooled, which is not the case. At ordinary temperatures, glasses are as solid as true solids. The liquid phase is probably the least well understood of all the states of matter.

 

Now that students have collected some knowledge about viscosity and the difference between kinematic and dynamic viscosity, students must know about the different viscosity units.

CGS Unit of Different Viscosities

Sometimes students is asked about units of viscosities. Since there are several types of density and each has its unit, to differentiate between dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity in units, students can use Poise (P) as the CGS unit of dynamic density and Stokes (St) as the CGSs unit of kinematic viscosity. Poise (P) is used explicitly in ASTM standards as centipoises (cP). The unit centistokes (cST) has its applications in various fields.

 

After knowing units of densities, it is essential to learn how to calculate densities. Below explained the symbols and terms used to calculate viscosity.

Calculation of Viscosity

The density of a liquid is estimated based on a ratio of shearing stress to its velocity gradient. If we rest a sphere, into a liquid, we can evaluate the density by using the formula mentioned below:

 

Note: Shearing stress:– If a direction of external force on an object is parallel to an object’s plane, deformation will be along the plane and pressure felt on the object is considered shear stress.

 

Velocity gradient– is the difference between the adjoining layers of liquid 

η= viscosity

 

Δρ= difference of density of the fluid and tested sphere

 

a = radius of a sphere

 

v = velocity of sphere 

 

Viscosity is measured in Pascal seconds, i.e. Pa s. Moreover, the velocity of the spheres increases with the density of a fluid. However, temperature increases with the decreasing density of a liquid.

 

Apart from the difference between kinematic and dynamic viscosity, students can get a precise idea about the definition of viscosity and how the concept of density differs from the kinematic density of a liquid students can follow the table below:

Difference Between Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity

 

Some Other Types of Viscosity are as Follows:

Steady shear viscosity – This refers to the relationship between viscosity and shear rate. This implies the shear stress which is applied to a fluid divided by the shear rate. This viscosity remains constant when measuring Newtonian fluids, but it gets affected while measuring the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids.

 

Relative viscosity – This refers to the ratio of the viscosity of a solution made to the viscosity of the liquid used.

 

Extensional viscosity – This goes to the fact of the resistance of a fluid to the extensional flow (flowing through a fixed area with a sudden change in cross-sectional area) Extensional fluid is essential while measuring any flow within a cross-sectional area. 

 

Viscometer can be used to determine viscosity and numerous methods are made available in the market to do that. But only few tools have the capacity to truly determine viscosity with precision. Some can measure the viscosity of only Newtonian fluids with accuracy, while most fluids are non-Newtonian. Some can measure the properties thoroughly without measuring the true viscosity properly.   

Electricity is the lifeline of the entire human race. Almost everything we use everyday runs on electricity. Our development and betterment depend on the availability of energy distributed in the residential and industrial regions. For this, students must learn the importance of electricity and its applications. Students will learn how circuits are formed using conductors, resistance, keys, switches, batteries, etc. They will also learn what series and parallel circuits are and what are the differences between these two types of circuits.

In this section, we will discuss the difference between series and parallel circuits. These circuits are used in everyday life in different appliances. Find out where and why these circuits are used after figuring out the difference between series and parallel circuits tables.

Electrical Circuits: What are They?

An electrical circuit is a closed setup where a conductor is connected with the positive and negative terminals of a power source. There is a switch that helps to disconnect the flow of electric current through the circuits. An electrical circuit can also contain a resistor to control the flow of electric current. It can also be connected with a bulb, motor, or any other electronic appliance. The connection made in an electric circuit determines its type. Now that we have discussed electric circuits, let us study the difference between parallel and series connections.

 

 

A progression of circuits alludes to a circuit that has just a single way through which current flows. In the series circuit, every one of the parts are associated so that assuming any issue occurs in the circuit, the current won’t move through the circuit. The current in the series circuit is something similar all through the circuit. Then again, parallel circuits allude to a circuit with more than one way through which current streams. In the parallel circuit, every one of the parts have different branches for the current stream; accordingly, the current isn’t something very similar all through the circuit. Peruse the given instructional exercise to know the distinction among series and parallel circuits.

What is a series circuit?

A circuit is supposed to be a series circuit when the progression of current is something very similar all through every one of the parts in the circuit. In series circuits, the current has just a solitary way.

In a series circuit, the connections among current and voltage are the specific backwards of those in the parallel circuit. The current through every series component is something similar and equivalent to the source current (Is). Interestingly, the voltage across every series component (V1, V2. V3) fluctuates as per the impedance (in this model, the opposition) of every component. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) applies, and the voltage provided by the source (Vs) is equivalent to the amount of the singular voltage drops across every series component.

Advantage of series circuits

• It has a basic plan that is straightforward.

• It doesn’t overheat rapidly.

• It has a higher result voltage with the goal that we can add more power machines.

• It conveys a similar current all through the circuit.

Disadvantage of a series circuit

• Assuming the complete number of parts expands in the circuit, circuit obstruction will increase.

• Assuming an issue happens at a certain point, the absolute circuit will break

What is a Series Connection?

A series connection is an electric circuit where the elements of a circuit are connected one after the other. It means that the end of one element will connect with the beginning of another element in the circuit. Let us make this concept a little simpler. In this circuit design, the same current will flow through all the components or elements connected in the circuit. The current will not be divided into a circuit. This is how you will start understanding the differences between series and parallel circuits.

 

 

What is a Parallel Connection?

A parallel connection is an electric circuit where the beginning of all the electrical components is connected at the same point. Similarly, the endpoints of the components will also be connected at a particular point. If you think of it more simply, the electricity supplied is divided into the total number of branches emerging from a point in a parallel connection. This is how you will figure out the difference between series and parallel connection.

 

 

What is the Difference Between a Series Circuit and a Parallel Circuit?

Study the types of connections properly at first. Check all the diagrams given in the textbook prescribed by your education board. Compare all the components marked in the diagrams while studying the definitions and descriptions of the concepts. Check how a current is flowing in a series and a parallel connection. This is what the expert students do to understand this concept perfectly.

The easiest way to understand what series and parallel circuits are is to refer to the concept page here. You will discover how meticulously the teachers have described the concepts of series connection, parallel connection, and their differences.

Why Should You Study the Difference Between Series Connection and Parallel Connection?

The prime reasons for studying the differences between a series and a parallel connection are mentioned below.

As per the expert educationists, the best way to understand new concepts related to two opposite terms in science is to study their differences. You will be astonished to find how easily you can remember the features, characteristics, traits, and important points related to two related terms by studying their differences. In this case, studying the difference between series and parallel connection will help you remember what these connections are. You will also not confuse these two topics.

As mentioned earlier, studying the characteristics and important points related to a scientific topic becomes a lot easier when you study the differences between the two topics. If you see it in this way, any question related to series and parallel connections can be answered using the points mentioned in the difference.

It is quite easy to confuse between series and parallel connections. How can you avoid this confusion? By studying the difference between parallel and series connection, you can easily eradicate all the confusion. Any question related to these connections can be perfectly answered as you remember their features properly.

When you study the difference between series and parallel circuits, this part of the chapter is aptly studied. You can proceed to the next segment after gaining enough confidence on this topic.

What is a parallel circuit?

A parallel circuit alludes to a circuit with at least two ways for the current to stream. In a parallel circuit, every one of the parts have a similar voltage.

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across every component is something very similar and equivalent to the source voltage (Vs), and the current through every component (I1, I2, I3) shifts as per the impedance (in this model, the opposition) of every component. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) _ applies, and the absolute current moving from the source (Is) is equivalent to the amount of the singular flows coursing through each equal component.

Benefit of parallel circuits

• In a parallel circuit, in the event that any one part gets harmed, the current doesn’t stop and keeps on coursing through different parts; thus different parts work proficiently.

• In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each part is something similar; subsequently, all parts work productively.

• In a parallel circuit, you can undoubtedly associate or detach another part without influencing the working of another part.

Disadvantage of parallel circuit

• In a parallel circuit, we can’t make a difference with an extra voltage source.

• A parallel circuit requires loads of wires for association.

Question: Explain the fundamental contrast among Series and parallel circuits?

Reply: A series circuit involves the straight on association between two parts. Current consistently stays in such circuits while the voltage splits between series parts.

A parallel circuit design includes at least two parts in which one finish of all parts shares a typical hub and the opposite end shares another normal hub.

Associations

Series parts share one single hub and there could be no other association. In basic terms, the head of one part interfaces with the tail of the other one and there could be no other association in the middle of them.

Then again tops of all equal parts share one normal hub, and the tail shares other normal hubs.

Voltage

The info voltage is isolated into series parts.

The voltage across equal parts consistently rises to the applied info voltage.

Current

Current consistently stays the same in series parts.

Current is divided among the equal associated gadgets.

Impediments

A harmed part in series circuit opens the general circuit along these lines canceling the current course through the circuit.

In a parallel circuit, a harmed part opens the branch, different pieces of circuit stay flawless.

Obstruction

Series resistors are basically added to acquire the same opposition.

Equal resistors require a particular equation for fitting arrangement.