Category: Physics Notes PPT

A capacitor, which makes proper uses of another electrolyte to achieve more capacitance than the other form of capacitor, is known as an electrolytic capacitor. It is a liquid substance with a highly influential mixture of anion subatomic particles. Usually, three various types of capacitors are termed as an electrolytic capacitor. They are as follows 

• Aluminium electrolytic capacitor

• Tantalum electrolytic capacitor

• Niobium electrolytic capacitor

A particular type of electrolytic capacitor with the capacity to store hundreds and thousands of farads more electric charge is called supercapacitors. They are often familiar as a double-layer electrolytic capacitor.

Electrolytic Capacitor Uses

• All the capacitors under the electrolytic capacitor are neutralized. That is, the voltage of anode is always higher than that of the cathode. Due to the capability of massive electric charge storage, they are mostly employed to deliver low-pass signals. In electrical supply, they are profoundly implemented for noise filtering or decoupling. 

• Sometimes they are used in input and output smoothing. They are employed as a low-frequency filter if the signal is a DC one with a feeble AC constituent.

• Electrolytic capacitors are mostly found working as filters in loud-speakers. It aims to decrease the amplifier’s vibration. The vibration of the prime one is a 50Hz 60 Hz electrical sound persuaded from the mains supply. It could be heard if expanded.

Features of Electrolytic Capacitor

Let’s discuss some features of the electrolytic capacitor:

Accumulation of Capacitance

The electrical features of it depend mostly on the involved electrolyte and the anode. The ability to store an electric charge of the electrolytic capacitors, have huge forbearances 20% and accumulates at the minimum rate as the time goes on. An aluminium capacitor is implemented for this. Whose very little capacitance is 47µF can be anticipated to have a value of something between 37.6µF to 56.4µF.

Tantalum capacitors are also able to tolerate high, but their maximum working voltage is at the bottom. So they can’t work as a substitute for aluminium capacitors.

Electric Charge Storage Capacity, Worth, and Forbearances

The electrolyte and anode are mostly defined as the electrical features of a device. The results and the capacity to store electric charges are dependent on temperature and frequency. The capacitor with non-solid electrolytes contents shows a tremendous capacity over temperature and frequency than the solid electrolytes content capacitor. The basic measuring unit of the electric storage ability of an electrolyte capacitor is microfarad. The value of capacitance, which is mentioned by the producers in the datasheets, is known as nominal capacitance or rated capacitance. If the value of a device’s electrical storage capacity is measured at 1kHz frequency, it will be a 10 per cent deduction of 100/110Hz. The temperature there will be 200 c.

The capacity tolerance can be defined as the percentage of the permitted digression of the measured capacitance from the rated value. Some capacitors are very easy to use following the series of their endurance. Their values are stated hereunder:

• From the E3 series, the capacitance and tolerance capacity measured is ±20%, letter code “M.”

• In the series E6, measured capacitance and tolerance is ±20%, letter code “M.”

• For the E12 series, the valued capacitance and tolerance is±10%, letter code “K.” 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrolytic Capacitors

• Most of the storage capacity levels that the electronic capacitors have been obtained from a layer of gas on one plate. It is possible only with the involvement of absolute polarity. The formula will be like: capacitance (C) is the magnitude of charge (Q) on every plate divided by the voltage (V) involved with the plates: C=Q/V. The presence of this gaseous layer and generous dielectric effect provides an electrolytic capacitor, comparatively more capacitance in volume, than the other forms of capacitors.

• There are disadvantages, too, regarding the use of electrolytic capacitors. The possibility of leakage currents is very high in these capacitors. Value tolerances, equivalent series resistance capacity, and short life-span are some other drawbacks of these electrolytic capacitors.

Applications of Electrolytic Capacitors

• It is used to prevent voltage fluctuations in different filtering devices.

• When DC signal is weaker than AC, it is used as an input-output smoothing filter

• These types of capacitors are primarily employed for filtering noise or decoupling in electric supply.

• To control the coupling of signals between amplifier stages and to store power in flash lamps is another function of these capacitors.

The electron volt is not a frequently used unit, but it plays a vital role in electricity and magnetism, nuclear physics, etc. Now the question that arises is what is an electron volt? Basically, the electron volt is a unit of energy and is abbreviated as eV. 

In physics, an electronvolt is the amount of kinetic energy required by a single electron accelerating from rest through an electric potential difference of one volt. It is abbreviated as eV. 

An electron volt is a small unit of energy. When we want to move the charge having a value of 1 electron from lower potential to higher potential, then the charge will accelerate with some kinetic energy of 1eV. The electron volt (eV) is defined as: an electron volt is the amount of energy required to move a charge equal to 1e⁻ across a potential difference of 1eV.

Value of 1eV

We know that in order to move an electron with a potential difference of 1V, then the amount of work done is,

[Rightarrow W = qDelta V = 1e^{-} C (1V)frac{J}{C}]

[Rightarrow W 1eV = 1.6 * 10^{-19} J ]

Relation Between 1eV and Joules

Both electron volt and the joules can be related by unit conversions. One should always keep in mind that unit conversion can be done if and only if both measuring units are of the same scale. Here, both electron volt and joules are the units of energy and hence they are interchangeable.

So, the electron volt and joules have a relation given by:

[Rightarrow 1eV = 1.6 * 10^{-19} J ]

Therefore the value of one electron volt is equal to [1.6 * 10^{-19} J ].

The eV-Joule Conversion is very helpful in solving physics problems. The eV to Joule conversion table is given below:

eV to Joule Conversion

The Joule-eV Conversion is very helpful in solving problems related to electric charge in physics. The table for Joule to eV conversion is given below:

Joule to eV Conversion

Solved Examples:

1: A Particle Carrying Charge of 4e Falls through a Potential Difference of 4V. Calculate the Energy Acquired by the Particle.

Sol: We know that whenever an object falls from a higher level to a lower level the potential energy stored will release in the form of kinetic energy. Thus the energy acquired by the particle will be kinetic energy.

Given,

Charge of the particle = q = 4e 

The potential difference between two levels = ΔV = 4V 

We need to calculate the kinetic energy, then:

[Rightarrow K.E = qDelta V]

[Rightarrow  K.E = (4e)(4)]

[Rightarrow  K.E = 16 e]

[Rightarrow  K.E = 16 * 1.6  * 10^{-13} eV]

[Rightarrow  K.E = 25.6 eV]

Therefore, the energy acquired by a charge of 4e when it falls through a potential difference of 4V is 25.6eV.

2: Define Electron Volt and Prove that 1eV = [10^{-19} J].

Sol:  Electron Volt definition: An electron volt is the amount of energy required to move a charge equal to 1e⁻ across a potential difference of 1eV. This is how we define one e
lectron volt.

Now, to prove that the value of 1eV is [10^{-19} J] we will use the unit conversions for a better understanding.

Now, we know that in order to move an electron with a potential difference of 1V, then the amount of work done is,

[Rightarrow W = qDelta V = 1e^{-} C(1V) frac{J}{C}]

[Rightarrow W = 1eV = 1.6 * 10^{-19} Joules ]

Therefore, 1 electron volt is equal to 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ Joules.

3: What is the Value of One Mega Electron Volt?

Sol: 1 mega unit = [10^{6} eV]

Then, 1 mega electron volt is given by,

[Rightarrow 1MeV = 10^{6} * 1.6 * 10^{-19}]

[Rightarrow 1MeV = 1.6 * 10^{-13} eV]

Therefore, the value of one mega electron volt is  [10^{-13} eV].

The article covers all the important concepts of electron volt such as its conversion from one unit to another. Solved examples are also given in the above article that will help students to understand the unit of electron-volt.

Energy Bands Description 

In gases, the arrangement of molecules is not at all close, that is, they are far away from each other, and are loosely packed. The molecular arrangement in liquids is moderate, that is, the molecules are a little far away from each other. When it comes to solids, the molecules are so tightly packed or arranged that the electrons (a sub-atomic particle with an electric charge of negative 1) tend to move towards the orbitals of the neighbouring atoms. Consequently, the electron orbitals overlap as and when the atoms come together. Because of the intermixing of atoms in the substances of the solid-state, there will be a formation of energy bands, instead of the single energy levels. The set of energy levels, which are closely or tightly packed, are what we call the Energy Bands.

 

Classification of Energy Bands 

Valence Band 

Although the electrons move in the atoms in certain energy levels, the energy of the electrons present in the innermost shell is higher than the energy of the electrons present in the outermost shell. Valence electrons are the electrons, which are present in the outermost shell. The valence electrons contain a series of energy levels and form an energy band known as the valence band. The valence band is the band, which has the highest occupied energy.

 

Conduction Band 

The valence electrons are not held tightly or firmly to the nucleus, due to which, even at room temperature, a few of the valence electrons leave the valence band to become free. They are referred to as the free electrons because of the fact that they tend to move towards the neighbouring atoms. The free electrons conduct the current in the conductors and are therefore known as the conduction electrons. The conduction band is the one that contains the conduction electrons and has the lowest occupied energy levels.

 

Forbidden Energy Gap

The forbidden energy gap refers to the gap between the valence band and the conduction band. As the name suggests, the forbidden energy gap has no energy as a result of which no electron stays in this energy band. While going to the conduction band, the valence electrons pass through the forbidden energy gap. If the forbidden energy gap is greater, then the valence band electrons are tightly bound or firmly attached to the nucleus. For pushing the electrons out of the valence band, we require some amount of external energy equal to the forbidden energy gap.

The figure given below shows the conduction band, valence band, and the forbidden energy gap. Based on the size of the forbidden energy gap, the conductors, semiconductors, and insulators are formed.

 

Conductors 

Conductors are the substances or materials that conduct electricity as they allow electricity to flow through them. The forbidden energy gap disappears in the conductors, as the conduction band and the valence band come close to each other and overlap. Copper, gold, and silver are a few examples of conductors. The figure given below shows the structure of energy bands in conductors.  

 

The Characteristics of Conductors are as Follows:

• There is no forbidden energy gap in a conductor.

• The valence band and the conduction band overlap in conductors.

• There are a high number of free electrons available for the conduction of electricity.

• With a slight increase in voltage, there is an increase in the conduction as well.

• No concept of hole formation is there because the continuous flow of electrons contributes to the current produced.

 

Insulators

Insulators are the substances or materials that don’t conduct electricity as they don’t allow electricity to flow through them. The forbidden energy gap in the insulators is large enough due to which the conduction of electricity can’t take place. Rubber and wood are a few examples of insulators. The figure given below shows the structure of energy bands in insulators.

 

The Characteristics of Insulators are as Follows:

• The forbidden energy gap is large enough in insulators with a value of 10eV.

• The electrons in the valence band are tightly bound or firmly attached to atoms.

• Some insulators might show conduction with an increase in the temperature.

 

Semiconductors 

Semiconductors are substances or materials having conductivity between the conductors and the insulators. In semiconductors, the forbidden energy gap is small, and the conduction of electricity will take place only if we apply some external energy. Germanium and silicon are a few examples of semiconductors. The figure given below shows the structure of energy bands in semiconductors.

 

The Characteristics of Semiconductors are as Follows:

• The forbidden energy gap is small in a semiconductor.

• For Germanium (Ge), the value of the forbidden energy gap is 0.7eV, and for Silicon (Si), it is 1.1eV.

• The conductivity of semiconductors increases with the rise in temperature.

• Semiconductors are neither a good conductor or an insulator.

What Are Significant Figures?

In Mathematics, we encounter questions where the solution comes out as 7.73. 

We have a practice of rounding off the figures; here, we may get confused that can 7.73 be written as such or 7.7 or 7.730 or 7.70?

Let’s take another example:

Suppose your friend’s salary got incremented to ₹55,000. Now, he tells his salary as ₹55,000, however close to the exact amount. 

Which means he told the rounded-off amount to you.

The above examples were to explain the significance of the figures or digits.

So, what is the definition of significant figures?

Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity which tells the number of digits in which we have a surety.

What Do You Understand by Significant Figures?

Let’s say you have a rod, and its length is measured 25.3 cm.

Here, the digit after the decimal point is called the ‘Doubtful digit’.

It’s because the measurement can be 25.2, or 25.28 or 25.345 cm as we are not confident about the value to be preferred, while the digits in the number ‘25’ are accurate because we have confidence upon these digits.

Significant Digits = Adding all the accurate digits + First doubtful digit.

There are common rules for counting significant figures that are discussed further.

What Are the Rules for Determining Significant Figures?

                                (Image to be added soon)

Following are the common rules for counting significant figures in a given expression:

1. Rule 1: All non-zero digits are significant

For example, we have a number 7.744

It has four significant digits.

2. Rule 2: All zeroes occurring between two non-zero digits are significant

For example, 2007 has four significant digits, and 1.08079 has six significant digits.

3. Rule 3: Ending zeroes: The ending zero will be significant, if and only if, it is after the decimal.

For example, in a number, 3.400, the ending zero is after the decimal is significant. Now, according to rule 2, if the zeroes occur between the two significant digits, then they are also significant.

So, the number, 3.400, has four significant figures, i.e., 3, 4, 0, 0.

4. Rule 4 or Rule of Initial Zeroes: In a number less than one, all zeros to the right of the decimal point and the left of non-zero digits are NOT significant.

In simple words, the zeroes at the initial zeroes are not significant.

Let’s take a number, 0.00078

Here, we can see 0 at the initial (before the decimal point), which is not significant and the three non-ending zeroes. 

So, 0.00078 has two significant digits.

Let’s say, a number, 0.9080

Here initial zero is insignificant, and 9080 has four significant digits.

5. Rule 5: All zeroes on the right of the last non-zero digits in the decimal part are significant.

For example, a number, 0.00700, has three significant figures 7, 0, 0.

6. Rule 6: All zeroes on the right of non-zero digits are NOT significant.

Here, we have numbers like 420, 4300; the ending zero is not after the decimal.

So,  zero is not significant, and they have two significant digits only.

7. Rule 7: Power of 10 is insignificant

For example, 3.4 x 108 is the number, having 108 ending zeroes, but the power of 10 is always insignificant and having only two significant digits, i.e., 3 and 4.

Rules for Arithmetic Operation of Significant Figures

1. Addition 

Let’s say the sum of three measurements of length; 3.2 m, 1.88 m, and 1.056 m  is 6.136 m, rounded off to 6.1 m.

2. Subtraction

If we take x = 15.87 m, and y = 15.8 m, then,

x  – y = 15.87 – 15.8 = 0.07 m, which is rounded off to 0.1 m.

In the subtraction of quantities, the magnitude and accuracy are almost destroyed.

Here, 15.87 has four significant figures and 15.8 has three. So, on subtracting these two numbers, we get 0.01 m which has one significant digit.

3.  Multiplication

For example, x = 3.5 and y = 2.125, then xy = 7.4375

Here, out of 3.5 and 2.125, 3.5 has the least significant digits, i.e., 2. 

So, rounding off 7.4375 to two significant digits, which is 7.4.

4. Division

If x = 9600, y = 11.25, then

x/y = 9600/11.25 = 853.33..

Here, 9600 has the least significant digits, i.e., 2. So, the answer will also have two significant digits.

Therefore, 853.33 is rounded off to 830.

Error Arithmetic Operations of Significant Figures

Relative error or fractional error and percentage error

Relative error or fractional error is calculated by the formula:

 =  mean absolute error/ mean value = Δμ’/μ

Percentage error is calculated by the formula:

= Δμ’/μ x 100 %

The measurements of different rods have got these values 4.2, 3.5, 4.7, 4.4, and 5.4, respectively. Find the mean value, relative, and the percentage error.

Here, mean (μ) = (4.2 + 3.5 + 4.7+ 4.4 + 5.4)/5 = 4.44 ≈ 4.4

 Absolute errors in measurement are:

Δμ1 = 3.5 – 4.2 = – 0.7

           Δμ2 = 4.7 – 3.5 = 1.2

           Δμ3 = 4.4 – 4.7 = – 0.3

           Δμ4 = 5.4 – 4.4 = 1.0

So, mean absolute error, Δμ’ = (- 0.7 + 1.2 – 0.3 + 1.0)/4 = 0.3

Relative error: Δμ’/μ = 0.3 / 4.4 = +/- ≈ 0.068 ≈ 0.1

Percentage error: 0.1 x 100% = +/- 10 %

Fahrenheit Into Celsius

There are three basic scales of temperature known as the Thermometric scale and they are interrelated to each other. The three scales of temperature are Celsius, kelvin, and Fahrenheit. Celsius and Kelvin’s scales are the most widely used measurement scales. Yet Fahrenheit scale is used in the United States of America. 

In Physics, unit conversion is quite an important aspect as everything can not be measured or considered in the same way. That’s why all three scales of temperature can be expressed with respect to one another with the help of unit conversions.

Fahrenheit into Celsius or Centigrade to Fahrenheit Conversion:

The Celsius scale is determined by the melting and boiling points of the water. The Centigrade system is measured in units of Celsius and is abbreviated as °C. The celsius scale is divided into 100 equal parts, such that the lower fixed point is 0℃ and the upper fixed point is 100⁰C. 

Similarly, the Fahrenheit scale is also determined by the melting and boiling point of the water, and it is abbreviated as ⁰F. The Fahrenheit scale is divided into 180 equal parts in such a way that, 32 ⁰F being the lowest point and 212 ⁰F is the highest point.

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula:

The Celsius and Fahrenheit can be converted into one another by using the conversion formula that can be derived as follows:

We know that in the Celsius scale the ice point or the lowest fixed point = 0⁰C 

And the Boiling Point or the highest fixed point on the Celsius scale = 100⁰C 

Similarly,

On the Fahrenheit scale the ice point or the lowest fixed point = 32⁰F 

And the Boiling Point or the highest fixed point on the Fahrenheit scale = 212⁰F

The number of equal parts on the Celsius scale = 100 parts

The number of equal parts on the Fahrenheit scale = 180 parts

Therefore, we get:

100 divisions the Celsius scale =180 divisions on the Fahrenheit Scale

Then,

⇒ 1 division on Celsius scale = 180/100 division on Fahrenheit scale

Therefore,

⇒ 1 division on C – scale = 9/5 divisions on F – Scale

There is 32 division difference between the Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale. Therefore, the degree celsius to Fahrenheit conversion  or converting Fahrenheit to Celsius is given by:

⇒ 1⁰F = [frac{9}{5}]⁰C + 32 ………..(1)

Or

⇒ 1⁰C = [frac{5}{9}](⁰F – 32) ………(2)

Equation (2) is known as the celsius to Fahrenheit formula and equation (1) is known as Fahrenheit to celsius formula.

Conversion of Fahrenheit to Kelvin:

Just like we converted degree celsius into Fahrenheit or degrees into Fahrenheit we can convert Fahrenheit to kelvin as well with the same method and by using the formula given below:

We know that,

⇒ K = X⁰C + 273

Substituting the relation between degree celsius into Fahrenheit,

⇒ K = X{[frac{5}{9}](⁰F – 32) + 273}

The above expression is known as the conversion of Kelvin to Fahrenheit.

Examples:

1: Convert 37-degree Celsius to Fahrenheit.

Sol: 

We know that,

⇒ 1⁰F = [frac{9}{5}]⁰C + 32

Therefore 37-degree Celsius is given by,

⇒ ⁰F = [frac{9}{5}] x 37⁰C + 32

⇒ ⁰F = 66.6⁰C + 32

⇒ ⁰F = 98.6

Therefore, 37 ⁰C is equal to 98.6 ⁰F 

2: Convert 38 Celsius into Fahrenheit.

Sol: 

We know that,

⇒ 1⁰F = [frac{9}{5}]⁰C + 32

Therefore 38-degree Celsius is given by,

⇒ ⁰F = [frac{9}{5}] x 38⁰C + 32

⇒ ⁰F = 68.4⁰C + 32

⇒ ⁰F = 100.4

Therefore, 38⁰C is equal to 100.4⁰F

3: Convert 40 Celsius to Fahrenheit.

Sol: 

We know that,

⇒ 1⁰F = [frac{9}{5}]⁰C + 32

Therefore 40-degree Celsius is given by,

⇒ ⁰F = [frac{9}{5}] x 40⁰C + 32

⇒ ⁰F = 72⁰C + 32

⇒ ⁰F = 104

Therefore, 40 ⁰C is equal to 104⁰F

4: Convert 80 Fahrenheit to Celsius.

Sol: 

We know that,

⇒ 1⁰C =  [frac{5}{9}](⁰F – 32) 

Therefore 80 degrees Fahrenheit is given by,

⇒ 1⁰C =  [frac{5}{9}](80⁰F – 32)

⇒ 1⁰C =  [frac{5}{9}](48)

⇒ ⁰F = 26.66

Therefore, 80 ⁰F is equal to 26.66⁰C.

Fibre optic cables are mainly used to transmit information over long distances with minimum loss. The information through optical fibres is transmitted in the form of light pulses. The core of the optical fibres is made of glass or plastic. The fibre optic networks mainly work on the principle of total internal reflection. Here, the incident angle should be more than the critical angle. The diameter of the optical fibre is equal to the human hair.  The fibre optic cables can transmit information faster than traditional electric cables. This article describes the meaning and definition of fibre optics,  parts of optical fibre, types, classification and applications of fibre-optic internet, phone and TV services in detail. 

 

Parts of Fibre Optic Cables 

The fibre optic cables are mainly made of four parts, they are listed below. 

1. Core

2. Cladding

3. Buffer

4. Jacket

Core: The core is the inner part of the optical fibre. It is the medium, which allows the light to pass through it. The core region has the highest refractive index in the optical fibre. The core is made up of Glass or Plastic.

Cladding: Cladding is the substance that is covered over the core of the optical fibre.  It has a lower refractive index while compared to the core of the fibre. The cladding of the Optical fibre is made up of Glass / Plastic.

Buffer: The Buffer is the moisture substance that is coated over the surface of the cladding. They are mainly used to provide flexibility to the optical fibre’s core and cladding.  

Jacket: The jacket is the outer surface of the optical fibre. They act as a shield for protecting the inner part of the fibre. 

 

Types of Fibre Optic 

The optical fibre cables are classified based on various factors like the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light.

Types of Optic Fibre Based on Refractive Index

Step Index Fiber: The index of refraction will sharply decrease from the core to cladding. 

Graded Index Fiber: The Index of refraction will be maximum at the centre of the core and radically decreases from core to cladding.

  

Types of Optic Fibre Based Based on Core Material 

Glass Fiber: The core and cladding of the optical fibre are made of glasses.

Plastic Fiber: The Core and cladding of the optical fibre is made of plastic.

  

Classification Based on Mode of Propagation

Single Mode Fiber:  The core diameter of the single-mode fibre is small. The light wave can travel a longer distance with smaller refraction.

Multimode Fiber:  The core diameter for multimode fibre is large. The loss during the light travel through its core is high. Also, It is preferable to transfer for a short distance.

 

Based on Mode of Propagation and Refractive Index   

• The optical fibres are classified into four types based on their mode of propagation and refractive index. They are listed below. 

• Step index-single mode fibres

• Graded index-Single mode fibres

• Step index-Multimode fibres

• Graded index-Multimode fibres

Fibre Optic Cable Short Note

Various types of fibre optic cables are mainly utilized to provide internet connectivity to the home or offices. Here, the optic cable running from the network hub reaches near the home or straight to home for internet connectivity.  In the optical fibre network,  Fiber to the Home (FTTH) or Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) is the fastest type of network. It can provide a direct connection to houses, apartments, and businesses.  

Fibre to the Curb (FTTC) is another type of fibre optic network, which provide a partial connection. Here, the optical cables reach the crub near the home or businesses place and the copper cables will carry the signals from the crub to the rest of the way.  

Fibre to the Building (FTTB) is also a type of fibre optic network, which distributes the signal for the offices and homes located in a particular location.

 

Facts and Advantage Of Fibre Optic Cable 

1. The optical fibre will allow larger bandwidth. While the copper wire does not allow such a great bandwidth, 

2. The data can be transmitted through a long distance with the help of Optical fibre. This can be used for undersea transmission. 

3. The Optical fibre can transfer data at high speed while compared to copper cable. The optical fibre will transfer data just 31% less than the speed of light.  

4. Usually, optical fibres are immune to external weather, temperature..etc Unlike copper wire, optical fibre will not be affected by electromagnetic induction. 

5. Since the optical fibre is flexible, the maintenance charge is less while compared to copper wires. Also, Optical fibre is less prone to damage and breakage. 

6. The maintenance cost for the optical fibre is less while compared to the copper wire, even the initial installation cost for optical fibre is high. 

7. The optical fibres are thin and non-flammable. So, it is not sensitive to the external surface. 

8. The power required to transfer information through the optical fibre is less, while compared to other traditional methods. 

9. The data from optical fibre are secure, and it cannot be decoded for hacking. 

10.  It is possible to avoid losses like heat loss, eddy current loss…etc while using optical fibre for transmission. 

This article described the meaning and definition of fibre optics with the types of fibre optics, parts of optical fibre and their advantages in detail.