300+ REAL TIME Physics Notes PPT & Answers 2023

[Physics Class Notes] on Capacitor Types Pdf for Exam

The capacitor is a device that has the ability or “power” to store energy in the form of an electrical charge that creates a potential difference (Static Voltage) through its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery. There are many types of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads that use resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same, they store charge. In other words, the capacitor is an electronic component whose function is to store electrical charges. It is made of two conductors separated by a dielectric film. These plates accumulate electrical charges when connected to a power source.

They are often storage sites for analogue signals and digital data. In general, comparisons between the different types of capacitors are made concerning the dielectric used between the plates. Some capacitors look like tubes, small capacitors are often made from ceramic materials and then dipped into an epoxy resin to seal them. Below are some of the more common types of capacitors available.

Capacitor Types

The types of capacitors available range from very small, delicate trimming capacitors used in oscillators or radio circuits, to large-scale metal-type capacitors used in high-voltage power correction and smoothing circuits.

The comparison between the different types of capacitors is generally made concerning the dielectric used between the plates. Unlike resistors, there are also various types of capacitors that allow us to vary their capacitance value for use in radio or “frequency tuning” style circuits.

Some of the capacitors appear like tubes since the metal foil plates are rolled up into a circle to make a small bundle with the insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between them.

Small capacitors are often made from ceramic materials and then immersed in epoxy resins to seal them. Either way, capacitors play an important role in electronic circuits, so here are some of the more “common” types of capacitors available.

Applications of Capacitors

Capacitors have been used in both physical and electronic devices. They are used in filter applications, energy storage systems, engine starters, and signal processing equipment.

Four Types of Capacitors

Film Capacitors:

Film capacitors are the most widely prepared of a variety of types of capacitors, consisting of a relatively expansive category of capacitors defining their dielectric properties. They are available in almost any weight and voltages up to 1500 volts. They vary in any tolerance from 10% to 0.01%. In addition, film capacitors come in a variety of shapes and case types. There are two types of film capacitors, the type of radial lead and the type of axial lead. The film capacitor electrodes may be metallic aluminum or zinc, mounted on one or both sides of the plastic film, resulting in metallic film capacitors called film capacitors. The film capacitor is shown in the following figure:

Ceramic Capacitors:

Ceramic capacitors are used in high-frequency circuits such as RF audio. They are also the best alternative for high-frequency compensation for audio circuits. These capacitors are also called disk capacitors. Ceramic capacitors are made by coating two sides of small silver porcelain or ceramic disk and then stacked together to make a capacitor. Low capacitance and high capacitance in ceramic capacitors can be achieved by changing the thickness of the ceramic disk used.

Electrolytic Capacitors:

These are the most widely used capacitors with a wide tolerance capacity. Electrolytic capacitors are obtainable with working voltages of up to 500V, although high capacitance values are not accessible at high voltage and higher temperature units are not normal. Two types of electrolytic capacitors, Tantalum, and Aluminum are common. Electrolytic capacitors are categorized based on their dielectric.

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors – aluminum oxide ( dielectric).
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors – tantalum pentoxide (dielectric).
Niobium electrolytic capacitors – niobium pentoxide ( dielectric).

Variable Capacitors:

Among the different types of capacitors are a Variable Capacitor, which is one whose capacity can be changed mechanically intentionally, and repeatedly. This type of capacitor was used to set the resonance frequency in LC circuits, e.g. to adjust the radio for impedance matching in antenna tuner devices.

What are Common Capacitors?

Capacitors are mainly divided into two mechanical groups:

Fixed capacitors
Variable capacitors

Some common capacitors and their names are mentioned in the table below.

Capacitor Types and Use

Ceramic capacitors

Aluminium, tantalum, and niobium electrolytic capacitors

Film and paper capacitors

Polymer capacitors

Silver mica, glass, silicon, air-gap, and vacuum capacitors

Double-layer capacitors

Pseudocapacitors

Hybrid capacitors

The easiest design of the capacitor is the use of two parallel metal plates separated by an insulation layer called a dielectric.

How Capacitor Works

To begin, we can see that a metal contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged particles, indicating that it is electrically neutral. When we connect a power source or a battery to the capacitor’s metal plates, a current or electrons will attempt to travel from the plate connected to the positive lead of the battery to the plate connected to the negative lead of the battery. However, because of the dielectric between the plates, electrons will not be able to travel through the capacitor and will begin to accumulate on the plate. Because of the repulsion of those electronics that are already on the plate, the battery will have insufficient energy to push any more electronics into the plate once a certain number of electronics have collected on the plate. The capacitor is fully charged at this stage. The first plate has generated a net negative charge, and the second plate has produced an equal net positive charge, resulting in an electric field with an attractive office between them that maintains the capacitor’s charge.

Main Functions of Capacitor

A capacitor is an electrical component that stores and releases electricity in a circuit. It frequently sends alternating current instead of direct current. As a fundamental component of electrical equipment, a capacitor is usually always present in electronic circuits. The capaci
tor’s fundamental function is to store electrostatic energy in an electric field and, if feasible, to supply this energy to the circuit. To avoid a fatal circuit failure, they allow the AC to flow but restrict the DC from flowing. A capacitor can store electric energy when connected to its charging circuit. When unplugged from its charging circuit, it will discharge the collected energy, allowing it to be used like a temporary battery. The most typical application for capacitors is energy storage. Other uses include power condition, signal coupling or decoupling, electrical noise filtering, and remote sensing. Because of their numerous applications, capacitors are employed in a wide range of sec optics and have become an essential part of daily life.

[Physics Class Notes] on Chandrasekhar Limit Pdf for Exam

There is always a line of separation when it comes to a bang and a whimper. In the case of stars, these lines are known as Chandrasekhar Limit. In other words, this is the difference between dying supernaturally and going out in a slow fading on the verge of extinction. Here, in the universe, this line gives rise to a different cosmos formation where stars sow the seeds of life.

Chandrasekhar Limit Definition

A white dwarf star with the utmost mass limit that remains stable is known as the Chandrasekhar limit. EC Stone and Willhelm mentioned the discoveries on how to improve the preciseness of computation in papers. They named it after an Indian astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

History of Chandrasekhar Limit

A decade before Chandrasekhar started his journey to England, i.e., by 1920, the astronomers had realised that Sirius B, a white dwarf companion to the bright star Sirius, had a million times more density than the Sun. This density could only be acquired by an object if the atoms forming the star were so firmly compressed that they were no longer separate entities. The gravitational pressures would compress the atoms so much that the star would consist of positively charged ions surrounded by a sea of electrons.

Before discovering quantum mechanics, physics didn’t understand the force capable of supporting any star against such gravitational force. But a new way was suggested by quantum mechanics, for a star to hold against gravity. As per the quantum mechanics rule, no two electrons can be in the same state.

Explanation

With the help of thermonuclear fusion, a star is characterised, hydrogen merges to helium, helium merges to carbon, and so on, forming more massive and heavier elements. Still, thermonuclear fusion cannot create an element heavier than iron. Copper, gold, silver, and trace elements are created only by a supernova explosion, which is important for the process of life.

Oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, which are lighter elements are also essential to life, but these elements will remain locked forever up in stars until a supernova explosion occurs. Similar to the iron-on earth that is locked up in the core, being heavier hydrogen and helium, which comprise most of the initial mass of the stars, they deposit to form the central core of the star.

If stars are destined to become white dwarfs, as Eddington believed, the elements will remain confined to the glamorous interior at best to be provided in minute quantities to the universe as a whole via solar winds. Rocky planet is required to form life as we know, and there is no simple method in which a large quantity of rock can be made available in the universe unless the stars can deliver the material in wholesale quantities, but supernovae can provide that.

Therefore, the Chandrasekhar limit is not just the upper limit for the maximum mass for an ideal white dwarf, but also the threshold. A star can no longer hoard its precious cargo of heavy elements once it crosses the threshold. As an alternative, it delivers them to the universe at large in a supernova. This allows the possibility of the existence of life but marks its death.

Chandrasekhar Limit Derivation

The value for the calculation of the limit depends on the nuclear composition of the mass. For an ideal Fermi gas, Chandrasekhar limit has provided the following expression which is based on the equation of the state: Chandrasekhar limit equation given as:

[M_{limit} = frac{omega_{3}^{0} sqrt{3 pi}}{2} (frac{hbar c}{G})^{frac{3}{2}} frac{1}{( mu_{0} m_{H})^{2}}]

Where:

ħ is reduced Planck constant
c is the speed of light
G is gravitational constant
μe is the average molecular weight per electron. This solely depends on the chemical composition of the star.
mH is the hydrogen atom mass.
ω0
3 ≈ 2.018236 is a constant link with a solution to the Lane–Emden equation.

As √ħc/G is Planck mass, the threshold is of the order of :

[frac{M_{Pl}^{3}}{m_{H}^{2}}]

This simple model requires adjustment for a variety of factors, including electrostatic interactions between electrons and nuclei and effects caused at nonzero temperature, for a more accurate value than a given range. Lieb and Yau give the thorough derivative of the limit from the relative multi-particle Schrödinger equation.

Fun Facts

In the beginning, the scientist community ignored this limit as it would mean legitimising the existence of a black hole. This was considered unrealistic at that time because the white dwarf stars oppose the gravitational collapse from the pressure of electron degeneration.

The Chandrasekhar limit is when the mass of the pressure from the degeneration of electrons is unable to balance the gravitational field’s self-attraction of 1.39 M☉limit.

The Chandrasekhar limit was found in 1930 by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, an Indian astrophysicist and he used Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity along with the principles of quantum physics to further prove his theory.

[Physics Class Notes] on Coal and Petroleum Pdf for Exam

Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources(which are present in a limited quantity). They are exhaustible, and will not last for a long period of time if not used judiciously. Although fossil fuels are continually formed by natural processes, they are classified as non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form. Fossil fuels were formed by the remains of terrestrial and marine flora and fauna that decayed millions of years ago and got buried in layers under huge amounts of pressure and heat. These sources are responsible for pollution to the environment because carbon is the main element present in fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum.

Coal – Description

Coal is a black coloured rock-like fuel in which the content of carbon can vary between 70-90%. It is formed by the decomposition of vegetation under heat and pressure. The process of formation of coal is called carbonisation and the time period during which this process takes place is called the carboniferous age. Coal is one of the most important fossil fuels used to generate electricity. Coal is taken out from the earth by the process of underground mining or surface mining. We burn coal to get energy. Coal is mostly used as a domestic fuel to make food in rural areas. When coal is burnt, it releases harmful smoke. Coal is formed when the buried vegetation is subjected to extremities of heat and pressure. The formation of coal takes place in four stages which are peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Coal mainly contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Types of Coal

1. Lignite

Lignite is the lowest rank of coal in terms of carbon content(60-70%). It is the youngest type of coal deposit. It is soft and ranges in color from black to shades of brown. As a result, lignite coal is sometimes called brown coal. Lignite is not used on a large scale because other types of coal are superior to it in terms of handling and storage stability. Lignite is used to generate electricity, synthetic natural gas, and to create fertilizer products like anhydrous ammonia and ammonium sulphate.

2. Sub-bituminous

When lignite is subjected to continued high temperature and pressure for millions of years, the oxygen and hydrogen content gets decreased and the carbon content increases up to 75%. This type of coal burns cleaner than the lignite variety, producing less greenhouse gas emissions. Sub-bituminous coal is also used in electricity generation and in industrial processes.

3. Bituminous

Bituminous coal is blacker and harder than sub-bituminous coal. It contains a tar-like substance called bitumen. Hence, its name is bituminous. It has a carbon content of up to 85%. It accounts for a majority of the coal industry. Bituminous coal is used in energy generation and for heating purposes also. It is also used in the manufacturing of cement and other industrial uses.

4. Anthracite

Anthracite is the most superior form of coal or most mature form of coal deposit i.e it contains the highest carbon content (more than 85%). It is harder than bituminous. It is used to provide energy. It burns as a smokeless fuel in furnaces.

Petrol – Description

Petroleum is a black coloured liquid fossil fuel composed of a variety of hydrocarbons. It is highly viscous. It is a very useful energy source. However, the petroleum extracted from oil wells is not in a directly usable form. It is impure and, therefore, called crude oil.

Through a process called fractional distillation, this crude oil is refined where different hydrocarbons separate to form different fractions. Petrol, kerosene, paraffin, diesel are some of its fractions. Petrol is used as fuel in vehicles. The fractions obtained by the refining of crude oil are used not just for transportation but also for the manufacture of a variety of products such as plastics, tires, and synthetic materials such as polyester. It is a dependable and portable source of energy.

However, petroleum has some advantages as compared to coal. These are as follows:

It is a high-density fuel.
Petroleum is easy to extract.
Petroleum can be stored, shipped, and piped over long distances.
Petroleum can be used in a wide variety of ways.
Petroleum provides a stable energy resource.

However, the combustion of both coal and petroleum is detrimental to the environment.

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Difference between Coal and Petroleum – Tabular Form

Coal	Petroleum
Found in solid state.	Found in liquid state.
()	()
Cost of its transportation is high as it’s hard and bulky.	Being in liquid state, its transportation cost is low.
It emits smoke, ash, and other harmful gases.	Its emission is lesser than that of coal.
Its extraction cost is high.	Its extraction cost is low.
Cheap in price.	Expensive product.

Conservation of Coal and Petroleum

As we already know, coal and petroleum are exhaustible sources of energy. If they are not used judiciously, they will not last for more than a few decades. Since they are widely used as sources of energy throughout the world, it is of utmost importance to think about their conservation. Conservation is the process of using a resource in a more careful way so that it can be made to last for a longer period of time. We can conserve coal and petroleum by switching to alternative or renewable sources of energy, such as hydel power, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc.

In the coming times, the alternatives to fossil fuels like coal and petroleum will provide us more environmentally friendly options for sustainable development, but they will also help in delaying the energy crisis that the world is about to face very shortly.

[Physics Class Notes] on Compressive Stress Pdf for Exam

When force is applied to an elastic band it stretches and when it does stretch it tends to undergo stress during the stretching. When the stress on the elastic band has reached its limit it tends to break and hence releasing the stress that was held by the elastic band. This stress is one of the factors that give it a shape. However, not every object is elastic in nature. Some are rigid and hence cannot be easily malleated even after providing an ample amount of stress to the material. One of the typical examples is a ping-pong ball which is quite brittle as it is made of plastic. Under stress, it tends to break and now holds a shape.

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Compressive stress is the restoring strain developed because of pressure or force applied on a material to deform it, thereby causing a reduction of its volume. This capability of materials to withstand such compression is known as compressive strength. Here, we will discuss these two essential terminologies in detail.

What Is Compressive Stress?

It is the measure of restoring stress developed in a body as a result of force applied on a material for the intention of deforming it. The maximum force at which materials deform and their volume is reduced, is known as compressive stress. The value of stress may differ from one element to another. Let us understand this by taking two scenarios –

In case this force is applied to brittle materials, the material breakdowns into smaller particles because of the sudden release of energy.
In case the material is ductile, it can be compressed easily.

What is Compressive Strength?

It is the measure of the capacity of a material to withstand the external force applied to it with an intention to deform it. Once the compressive strength limit of a substance is attained, it may fracture or deform.

Therefore, as per compressive strength meaning, brittle materials are more likely to have higher compressive strength than ductile ones.

Kinds of Stress

One can deform a solid by applying external force. However, it is possible by only three ways as mentioned below.

Tensile Stress – It is the equal force applied on a body perpendicular to its cross-sectional area to deform it.
Compressive Stress Definition – The solid is compressed by applying an external force. In response, the restoring force is produced in the body, which is known for compressive stress.
Shearing Stress – A tangential force developed in the solid body because of the application of two equal & opposite external forces parallel to its cross-sectional area is known as the shearing stress.

Formula

The compressive stress formula can be written as

σ = F/A

Where,

σ is compressive stress.
A is the unit area of a solid body.
F is a compressive force.

This can also be used as the compressive strength formula as it is the limit at which the solid material deforms.

Units and Dimensions

SI units for compressive stress or compressive strength units can be expressed as Nm-2 or Pascal (Pa).

The dimensional formula for the same will be [M L-1 T-2].

Tensile Stress vs Compressive Stress

SI. No.	Tensile Stress	Compressive Stress
1	As a result of tensile stress, the solid material is elongated.	Here, the solid material is compressed, or its volume is reduced.
2	It is developed because of the application of the external stretching force.	It is developed because of the application of the external compressive force.
3	Examples – Ropes, nails, thread, cables of crane, etc.	Examples – Concrete pillars.

Questions to Answer

1.A material pulled with tension force experiences a reduction in the compressive strength.

True
False

Ans: a

2.Choose the material which has higher compressive strength than tensile strength.

Fibreglass
Silica
Cast iron
Alumina

Ans: a

3.Calculate compressive of a cylindrical body with a 2cm diameter and applied force of 10 N.

450 kN/m2
678kN/m2
875 kN/m2
796 kN/m2

Ans: d

While these concepts help you score high grades in academics, these can also have practical applications. Therefore, strengthen your knowledge of the basic concepts of Physics and ensure fulfilling your academic pursuits.

Download the app now and delve deep into the topic as you study our notes prepared by expert tutors. We ensure these are prepared lucidly so that you can grasp the topic quickly.

Types of Test that is Used to Test Compressive Stress

The compressive stress test will allow the determination of the behaviour of a material when it is exposed to a huge amount of compressive stress. The three types of tests can be provided as follows:

Flexure test
Crushing test
Spring test

Conclusion

Compressive strength can be ca
lculated using the ratio of the maximum force applied on a solid body to its cross-sectional area. It is the maximum compressive stress experienced by a body before deformation. Compressive Stress is extremely critical in the domain of designing structures and provides the retaining strength or capability of materials like concrete, etc.

[Physics Class Notes] on Constants in Physics Pdf for Exam

The significance of constants in Physics is that throughout all of the formulations of the basic theories of Physics and the application to the real world, physical constants appear as fundamental invariant quantities, and they have specific and universally used symbols, that are of such importance that they must be known to as high an accuracy as is possible.

The physical constant also called the fundamental constant or the universal constant is a physical quantity that is believed to be universal in nature and has a constant value at all times.

Fundamental Constants in Physics

Speed of light in vacuum = c

Planck’s constant = h

The electric constant = ε0

The elementary charge = e

Constant Value in Physics

In physics, we deal with various dimensions, and to set the dimensions of an entity, the time length of an event, or the density of the fluid we need to compare them with other entities, we use as a reference. These entities are the constants of physics, such as the speed of light (c), the charge of the electron(e) or mass (mp) of a proton, Rydberg constant, and so on.

For example, the value of Avogadro’s number is 6.02214 x 10²³ mol⁻¹ remains the same everywhere.

Important Physical Constants

There are various fundamental constants to describe the universe as completely as possible; a few are listed below:

Table: List of All Constants in Physics

S.No	Name	Formula	Value
1.	Von Klitzing constant	Rk = 2πh/e²	25812.80745…Ω
2.	Curie constant	C = X (T – θ)	1.3047 K * A/(T * m)
3.	Fine-structure constant	α = e²/2hcε0	0.007297351
4.	Compton wavelength	λ = h/mc	In meter: 2.42 x 10⁻¹²m In Angstrom = 0.242 Å
5.	Impedance of free space	Z0 = 1/ε0c0	376.730…Ω
6.	Bohr radius	a0 = 4πε0 h²/e²mₑ	0.0529 m
7.	Faraday constant	F = eNA	96,485 C/mol
8.	Vacuum electric permittivity	ε0 = 1/μ0c²	8.854 x 10⁻¹² F.m
9.	Stefan–Boltzmann constant	σ = π²k⁴/60h³c²	5.67 x 10⁻⁸Js⁻¹m⁻²K⁻⁴
10.	Thomson cross section	σe = (8π/3)re²	6.6524587321 x 10⁻²⁹ m²
11.	Vacuum magnetic permeability	μ0	1.25663706212(19)x10⁻⁶N. A⁻²

All physics constants

Table: All Constant Values in Physics

S.No.	Name	Symbol	Formula	Value
1.	Reduced Planck constant	ħ	h/2π	1.05457 x 10⁻³⁴ J.s
2.	Deuteron mass	mD	—	2.013553212745(40) u 1875.612928(12)MeV 1.67377 x 10⁻²⁷ kg or 1.67377 x 10⁻²⁴g
3.	Josephson constant	KJ	2e/h	483597.84… x 10⁸ Hz./V
4.	Rydberg constant	R∞	α². mec/2h	10.973731.56(12)m⁻¹
5.	Proton mass	mp	—	1.672621898(21) x 10⁻²⁷ kg 1.672621898(21) x 10⁻²⁴ kg 1.007276466879(91)u 938.2720813(58) MeV/c²
6.	Neutron mass	mn	—	1.674927471(21) x 10⁻²⁷ kg 1.674927471(21) x 10⁻²⁴ g 1.00866491588(49) u 939.5654133(58) MeV/c²
7.	Electron mass	me	—	9.10938356(11) x 10⁻³¹ kg 9.10938356(11) x 10⁻²⁸ g 5.48579909070(16) amu 0.5109989461(31)MeV/c²
8.	Boltzmann’s constant	Kb		1.380649 x 10⁻²³ J/K 1.380649 x 10⁻¹⁶erg/K
9.	Rest mass o f the electron	me	2R∞h/cα²	0.51099895000(15) Mev
11.	Gas constant	R	—	8.3144598(48) J/K mol 8.3144598(48) x 10³ amu.m²/s²K 8.3144598(48) x 10⁻² L.bar/K mol 8.3144598(48) m³ .Pa/K.mol 62.363577(36) L.T or/K.mol 1.9872036(11) x 10⁻³ Kcal/K.mol 8.2057338(47)x10⁻⁵m³.atm/K.mol 0.082057338(47) L.atm/K.mol
12.	Alpha particle mass	mα	—	6.644657230(82) x ⁻²⁷ kg 4.001506179127(63) u 3.727379378(23) GeV/c²

Famous Constants in Physics

There are so many constants besides those I mentioned above, but some constants in physics are recognized widely.

Constant values in physics that are most popular among all the physical constants are as follows:

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S.No.	Name	Symbol	Value
1.	Speed of the light in vacuum	c	3 x 10⁸ m/s
2.	Planck’s constant	h	6.62607015 x 10⁻³⁴ J.s
3.	Gravitational constant	G	6.673 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²
4.	Elementary charge	e, qe (charge of a proton)	1.602176634 x 10⁻¹⁹ C
5.	Electric constant	ε0	8.9875517923(14) x 10⁹ kg.m³.s⁻⁴.A⁻²

The physical constant is a complex concept that is taught in class 11 physics. This is based on the curriculum set by the Central Board of secondary education and physical constants or Constance of Physics holds a significant weightage in the examination and therefore are extremely important to understand. The concept of physical constants can be studied in depth in the study notes that I provided by Vedanta, these notes are repaired by Vedanta’s export research team who are well-versed in research and curating study notes for students, ’s exports have extensive experience and have done thorough research in the duration of these study notes. The notes provided by Vedanta are based on the latest CBSE curriculum and are therefore up to date.

Physical constants are known by different titles such as fundamental constant, universal constant, Constance of physics. It is extremely important to have an accurate evaluation of the physical constants as their accuracy will help to check how up to the mark the theories are, as they form the basis of Physics their accuracy allows useful applications that can be made based on certain theories.

Physical constants are a set of fundamental quantities that appear in the basic theoretical equations of physics.

For example, a universal constant of nature is the speed of light in a vacuum (c). The speed of light can be studied in both electromagnetic theory and in relativity theory; in relativity theory, it relies on energy to Mass whose equation can be written as E =mc². The value of the speed of light never changes and it does not depend on any experimental conditions like the speed of a sound wave changes in some cases therefore, the speed of light is a universal constant

Table Representing Some Important Physical Constants

Quantity	Symbol	Value
constant of gravitation	G	6.67384 × 10−11 cubic meter per second squared per kilogram
speed of light (in a vacuum)	c	2.99792458 × 108 meters per second
Planck’s constant	h	6.626070040 × 10−34 joule second
Boltzmann constant	k	1.38064852 × 10−23 joule per kelvin
Faraday constant	F	9.648533289 × 104 coulombs per mole
electron rest mass	me	9.10938356 × 10−31 kilogram
proton rest mass	mp	1.672621898 × 10−27 kilogram
neutron rest mass	mn	1.674927471 × 10−27 kilogram
charge on electron	e	1.6021766208 × 10−19 coulomb
Rydberg constant	R∞	1.0973731568508 × 107 per metre
Stefan-Boltzmann constant	σ	5.670367 × 10−8 watt per square meter per kelvin
fine-structure constant	α	7.2973525664 × 10−3

[Physics Class Notes] on Coriolis Force Derivation Pdf for Exam

The effect of Coriolis is used to describe the force of Coriolis which is experienced by the object which is moving such that the force is acting in a direction which is perpendicular to motion and to the rotation axis. The rotation of the earth is the main cause for the effect of Coriolis as the rotation of earth which is faster at the equator and near the poles is the rotation.

The current which is in the air in the Northern hemisphere that bends to the right and starts making the object deflect to the right whereas in the hemisphere which is Southern current of air which bends to the left making the objects deflect. The effect of Coriolis is noticed only for the occuring motions which are large-scale such as movement of water and air in the ocean.

Example of the effect of Coriolis is the change in pattern of weather.

Stay tuned with the learning app of to learn more on other Physics related concepts.

What is Coriolis Force?

Supposing a situation where there is a ball which is tossed from 12:00 o’clock toward the center of a counter which is a clockwise rotating carousel. On the left hand side of the ball it is seen by a stationary observer above the carousel. And we can see that the ball travels in a line which is straight to the center while that of the other ball which is the thrower rotates counter in the clockwise direction with the carousel.

On the right hand side of the ball it is seen by an rotating observer with the carousel. So the person who is the ball thrower appears to stay at 12:00 o’clock. We can notice how the trajectory of the ball is seen by the observers rotating that can be constructed.

On the left hand side two arrows are located and the ball which is relative to the ball-thrower. One of these arrows is from the person who acts as the thrower to the center of the carousel which is providing the ball-thrower’s line of sight. And the other points which are at a distance from the center of the carousel to the ball. This arrow gets shorter and shorter as the ball approaches the center. A version which shifts the two arrows is shown in many books as the dotted ones.

Coriolis for Example Formula

The figure which is given above describes a more complex situation where the tossed ball which is on a turntable bounces off the edge of the carousel and then returns to the tosser again. Who catches the ball next moment. And an observer inertial. A very common example of a figure shows a bird’s-eye view based upon the same speed ball on return and forward paths. Within each circle where the dots are plotted as show the same time points. In the panel which is the left side panel from the viewpoint of camera’s at the rotation center; the tosser that is the smiley face and the rail both are fixed at the same locations and the ball makes a very considerable arc which is on its travel toward the rail. And takes a more direct route on the back of the returning way.

Instead on the carousel of tossing the ball which is straight at a bounce of the rail back the tosser must be throwing the ball toward the right side of the target and the ball then seems to the camera which is to bear continuously to the left side or the left of its direction of travel to hit the rail that is we can say left because the carousel is turning clockwise.

The ball appears to bear to the left side of the direction of both travel on a trajectory which is inward and return trajectories. The path which is curved demands this observer to recognize a leftward direction net force on the ball. This force is said to be a fictitious force because it disappears for a stationary observer. As we have discussed shortly. When a path which is curved is away from radial then however the force which is of centrifugal nature contributes significantly to deflection.

In the right panel that is we can say the stationary observer the ball tosser which is usually present with a smiley face is at 12 o’clock and the rail the ball is bounced from is at position. From the viewer who is inertial standpoint the positions are always noticed as 1, 2, 3 are occupied in sequence.