[Physics Class Notes] on Derivation of Centripetal Acceleration Pdf for Exam

Acceleration that acts on the object in a circular motion is called the centripetal acceleration. It is a property of the motion of the body traversing a circular path. It acts radially towards the centre of the circle.

Centripetal Acceleration

The property of a moving body traversing a circular path is called centripetal acceleration. This acceleration is directed radially in the circular path’s centre. The magnitude of centripetal acceleration is directly proportional to the square of the body’s speed along the curve divided by the distance between the moving body and the circle’s centre. Centripetal force is the force that creates centripetal acceleration and it is directed towards the centre of this circular route.

When an object follows a circular course, its trajectory alters at every point along the way. An object might feel centripetal acceleration even when tracing an arc or a circle at a constant velocity.

There are two perpendicular accelerations at each point of the circular path the object is moving: centripetal acceleration directed towards the body or inward acceleration and tangential acceleration directed directly along the tangent of the circular path.

According to Newton’s law, a body in motion has its acceleration in the same direction as the force exerted to move it.

Consider a particle of mass, ‘m’ moving with a constant speed, ‘v’’ having a uniform angular velocity, ‘ω,’  around a circular path of radius, ‘r’ with centre O. 

( )

Let on time t, the particle be at point P where OP = r1 and on time  t + ∆t, the particle is at Q i.e., OQ = r2

 

Where ∠POQ equals to  ∆Ө (∆Ө  = arc traced by the particle from P to Q or simply angular displacement)

 

Since, |r1| = |r2| = r

 

Angular velocity [omega = frac{Delta theta}{Delta t} ]…(1)

 

Let v1 and v2 be the velocity vectors at P and Q respectively.

 

So, velocity along the tangent to the circular path  at a location is represented by the tangents

 

Now the change in velocity with time from t to t + ∆t is represented by,

|O’a| = v1 and |O’b| = v2

 

Clearly, ∠aO’b = Ө

 

Applying  ∆ law of vectors:

 

O’a + ab  = O’b or ab = O’b – O’a  = v2 – v1 =  ∆v

 

At  ∆t -> 0,  a lies close to b. 

 

Now taking arc ab = radius r.

 

Then O’a = |v|……(2)

 

Therefore,  [Delta theta = frac{ab}{O’a} = frac{| Delta v |}{| v |}  ]  

 

From eq(1), 

 

[omega Delta t = frac{| Delta v |}{| v |} ]   

 

[frac{Delta v}{Delta t} = omega | v | ]……(3)

 

Since, v = rω putting in eq(3)

             

= (rω)r = ωr² …(4)

 

When  ∆t -> 0, 

 

[frac{Delta v}{Delta t} = text{magnitude of centripetal acceleration,} ] |a| at P given by,

                           

[|a| = frac{|Delta v|}{Delta t} = ωr² = frac{v}{frac{r^2}{r}} ]

 

Thus

 

[|a| = frac{v}{r^2} ]               

Centripetal Acceleration Formula Proof

Consider a particle traversing a circular path of radius r with centre C. 

 

The Initial particle is at P with linear velocity v and angular velocity ω. 

 

Since,   v = r x ω …(a)

 

Differentiating both the sides w.r.t:

 

[frac{dv}{dt} = omega frac{dr}{dt} + r frac{d omega}{dt} ]……(b)

 

Here,[frac{dv}{dt} = a] (resultant acceleration of particle at P)….(c) 

 

[frac{d omega}{dt}  =  alpha ] (angular acceleration at P)….(d)

 

Where, angular acceleration is the time rate of change in the angular velocity of an 

object traversing a circular path.

 

[frac{dr}{dt} = v] (linear velocity at P)….(e)

 

Putting values of (c), (d), (e) in (b)

 

[overline{a} = overline{omega} times overline{v} + overline{alpha} times overline{r} ]…..(f)

 

Here, we can see the resultant acceleration has two components:

(i) ω x v  and (ii) r x α

  

|a(c)| = |v x ω|

 

a(c) =  radial or centripetal acceleration.

 

Both are perpendicular to each other.

 

|a(c)| = |v x ω| = v ω Sin 90° =vω 

 

Putting v = rω, we get,

 

Centripetal acceleration, [a(c) = omega ^2 r = frac{v^2}{r} ]

 

Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration in uniform circular motion    

 

 As we know that resultant acceleration of the particle at P is given by,

 

 a  = ω x v + r x α

 

Where the component, a(t)  = r x α 

 

When r and α are perpendicular to each other , then,

 

a(t) =  r x α =  r α Sin 90° = r α

 

a(t) is called the tangential acceleration acting along the tangent to the circular path at point P.

 

Since, In case of uniform circular motion, the object moves with a constant speed (v),

Therefore,  [α  = frac{dω}{dt} = 0]

 

So a(t) = 0

 

While a(c) ≠ 0 

 

Thus in a circular motion, only centripetal acceleration acts on the body which is given by,

 

a(c) = ω x v

  

This expression can be zeroed when ω = 0.

 

This is possible only when a particle moves in a straight line.

Centrifugal Acceleration

In Newtonian mechanics, a kind of fictitious acceleration (appears to) acts in a body having a circular motion. It is always directed away from the centre around which the body moves.

              

Centripetal Force Derivation

The force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed towards the centre around which the body is moving is called the centripetal force.

 

The circle represents the orbit of any satellite of radius R moving from point A to B with speed v in time t.

 

Now, draw vector AP to represent the initial velocity of the satellite at A, which is along a tangent at A, and second vector, BQ, to represent new velocity at B.

 

Redraw the initial and new vectors, both starting from the same point D. 

 

They both have a magnitude equal to v.

 

FG represents the change in velocity, and must be added to the old velocity v to generate a new velocity, having the same magnitude i.e., v.

 

()

 

∆AOB and ∆FDG

 

AO = DF, OB = DG and  ∠AOB = ∠FDG = X

 

Hence,  ∆AOB ~  ∆FDG 

 

So, [frac{text{change in velocity}}{v} = frac{AB}{R}]

 

Acceleration, [a = frac{text{change in velocity}}{text{time taken A to B}}]

 

= AB x v = R x time to A to B = [frac{v²}{r}]

 

Using the relation, F = ma, we get,

 

Fc = [frac{mv^2}{r} = mromega ^2]

 

This expression is for the centripetal force.

 

Conclusion:

Haven’t we already established that it is important for the Earth to revolve around the Sun? Well, being able to understand what causes that movement is equally important. This article introduces you to Centripetal Acceleration and its derivation. Go through it thoroughly for a better understanding. 

[Physics Class Notes] on Determine Resistance Plotting Graph Potential Difference Versus Current Pdf for Exam

What is Resistance?

The obstruction caused by the conductor to the current when the current flows through it is known as electrical resistance. Electrical resistance is offered by every material due to which materials become hot when current passes through them. The electrical resistance is the ratio of the voltage applied to the current that is flowing through an electric circuit. Wires also experience resistance, and in this article, we will learn how to determine resistance per cm of a given wire. 

Aim

The aim of this experiment is to determine resistance per cm of a given wire.

Materials Required

The items or materials required in this experiment are listed below.

Theory 

According to Ohm’s law, the electric current that is meant to flow through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference that exists across the ends of the conductor, provided that the physical state of the conductor such as pressure, temperature, and dimension remains unchanged.

If I is considered as the electric current that is flowing through the conductor and Vis considered as the potential difference that exists across the ends of the conductor, then,

V  ∝ I

And hence,

V = RI

Where,

R is considered as the constant of proportionality and is termed as the conductor’s electrical resistance.

Resistance R  depends on the material used for the conductor and dimensions of the conductor. The relationship that exists between the resistance of a material and its length and area of the cross-section can be expressed by the below-given formula.

R = ρ(l/ A),

where ρ is considered as the specific resistance and resistivity, which is one of the characteristics of wire.

This above information is the theory that one should keep in mind before starting to determine resistance per unit length of a given wire. The experiment to determine resistance per cm of a given wire seems easy after understanding this above theory. The theory strengthens the base knowledge of the reader.

Procedure

The procedure to determine the resistance per unit length of a given wire goes as follows.

  1. The first step is to clean the ends of the connecting wire properly with the help of sandpaper which will remove the insulation coating that is present on the ends of the wire.

  2. Take the resistors, rheostat, battery, key, voltmeter, and ammeter, and connect all of them properly.

  3. Ensure that the pointers present in the voltmeter and milliammeter are coinciding with the zero mark of the measuring scale. If not, then adjust the screw present under by using a screwdriver to adjust the pointer so that it can coincide with the zero mark.

  4. It is important to ensure that the range and least count of the voltmeter and milliammeter are noted.

  5. Insert the key K and then slide the rheostat to the end where the current flow is minimum.

  6. The readings of the voltmeter and milliammeter are to be noted now.

  7. Remove the key K and let the wire cool for some time. After it cools down, again insert the key K and slightly increase the voltage by moving the rheostat then again note down the milliammeter and voltmeter reading.

  8. Repeat step 7 for four different rheostat adjustments and take down the reading of the voltmeter and the milliammeter in a tabular form.   

The above is the procedure one should follow to find resistance per cm of a given wire.

Observations 

The observations that are made in the process to determine the resistance per cm are as follows.

Length

Length of the resistance wire I = ……..

Range

Range of the given ammeter = ……

Range of the given voltmeter = ……

Least Count

Least count of ammeter = ……

Least count of voltmeter = ……

Zero Error

Zero error in ammeter, e₁ = ……..

Zero error in voltmeter, e₂ = …….

Zero Correction 

Zero correction for ammeter, c₁ = -e₁ = …..

Zero correction for voltmeter, c₂ = -e₂ = ….

Calculations

Here we will discuss how to determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph, and the steps are as follows.

  1. Plot a graph between the potential difference across the ends of the conductor V and the current I.

  2. Then determine the slope of the graph, after which the resistance of the given wire will be the same as the reciprocal of the slope.

  3. The resistance of the wire as per unit length can be determined as = R / t = ____ Ωm-1.

Result

With the current, the potential difference across the wire ends also vary linearly. Thus, the resistance per unit length of the wire is ( R ± ΔR ) = ____  ±_____  Ωm-1.

[Physics Class Notes] on Difference Between AC And DC Motor Pdf for Exam

Points of Difference

AC Motor

DC Motor

Current Input

When an alternating current (AC) is passed as an input, then only the AC motor works.

Dc operates when Direct Current supply is provided. The motor might operate with AC power supply in the DC series motor. However, for shunt motors, DC supply is necessary.

Motor Starting

A single-phase AC motor needs a starting procedure. However, a three-phase AC motor requires no starting mechanism as it is self-starting.

It’s the main difference between AC and DC motors that later one is always self-starting. 

Input Terminals

Three input terminals are present in these motors.

Two input terminals that are; positive and negative exist in DC motors.

Types 

There are two types of AC motors, i.e., Synchronous AC motors plus Induction AC motors.

There are mainly two types of DC motors, namely; DC motors with brushes and without brushes.

Armature Characteristics

The armature is fixed in this type of motor, and the magnetic field rotates.

The magnetic field remains constant, and the armature rotates in DC motors.

Load Change

To the variable load, these motors don’t show a fast response. 

AC DC motor difference is that DC motors show a rapid response to the load change.

Commutators 

AC motors don’t contain commutators.

DC motors comprise commutators.

Brushes 

Like commutators, brushes are also absent in these motors. 

These motors involve carbon brushes. 

Life Expectancy 

Due to the absence of commutators and brushes, AC motors have a high life expectancy. 

The presence of commutators as well as brushes restricts the speed of these motors. Hence, it lessens the life expectancy of the DC motor. 

Speed Control

By changing the frequency, it’s easy to change the speed of an AC motor.

By varying the armature winding current, it’s easy to control the speed of DC motors.

Maintenance

Due to the nonappearance of commutators and brushes, AC motors require low maintenance. 

Due to the presence of commutators and brushes, DC motors require high maintenance.

Input Supply Phases

These motors can work on both single and three-phase supplies. 

DC motors work only when there is a one-phase supply. 

Applications 

Whenever there is a requirement for rapid speed or inconstant torque, these motors are preferable. 

When there is a requirement for changing speed or high torque, these motors are preferable.

Uses 

AC motors are commonly used in bulky industry productions.

DC motors are commonly used in minor domestic purposes. 

Efficiency 

The efficiency of AC motors is often less. It’s because of the motor slip and induction current loss. 

There is not any loss in the induction current or magnetic slip. Hence, DC motors have high efficiency. 

[Physics Class Notes] on Difference Between Diode and Rectifier Pdf for Exam

Switching diodes are also known as pulse diodes. They are used in discrete systems and act as critical devices in transmitting pulses in the forwarding direction. Rectifier diodes are redesigned to serve the purpose of rectifying alternating current. The rectifier diode is designed for rectifying alternating current. The Schottky barrier is a variant of the rectifier diode and is particularly popular in the field of digital electronics. Basically, in Switching diodes vs Rectifier diodes, the connections remain the same. It is just the applications that differ. A stable voltage drop is generated that gives a stable voltage when the current is flowing. Diodes have specialized switching operations.

 

What is a Diode?

A diode is a semiconductor device that allows an on way switch for current. It will enable the flow of current in one direction and restrict the movement in other opposite directions. Diodes are also known as rectifiers as they change the alternating form of current into direct current. Every diode has an anode and a cathode that allows current to flow only when a positive voltage is applied to the positive lead that is the anode. Every diode is forward biased when it allows current to flow. A reverse-biased diode acts as an insulator. Diodes are used as signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signals, and even oscillators. 

 

                                                      ()

What is a Rectifier?

Rectifiers are used for converting AC into DC. There are two types of rectifiers used nowadays. One of the most common rectifiers is the bridge rectifier. It supplies electric power and involves DC-DC conversion. The other different types of rectifiers are: 

  • Single-phase rectifiers

  • Three-phase rectifiers 

  • Half-wave rectifiers 

  • Full-wave rectifiers 

  • Controlled rectifiers

  • Uncontrolled rectifiers

  • Centre tapped rectifiers

Controlled and Uncontrolled Rectifiers

Rectifiers are classified into many designs based on criteria such as power supply type, bridge layout, components used, control nature, and so on. These are primarily divided into two types: single-phase and three-phase rectifiers. Rectifiers are further categorised into three types: uncontrolled, half-controlled, and fully regulated rectifiers. Let us look at some of these rectifiers in more detail. Uncontrolled rectifiers and controlled rectifiers are the two types of rectifiers.

An uncontrolled rectifier is a rectifier whose output voltage cannot be controlled. A rectifier operates with switches, which come in both controllable and uncontrollable varieties. A two-terminal component, such as a diode, is a unidirectional device whose primary function is to enable current to flow in only one way. This device cannot be operated since it will only function if it is connected in a forward-biased configuration.

When a diode is coupled to a rectifier in any configuration, the rectifier cannot be totally controlled by an operator and is referred to as an uncontrolled rectifier. It does not allow the power to adjust depending on the load requirements. As a result, this type of rectifier is typically used in fixed or stable power supplies. This type of rectifier is made up entirely of diodes and offers a consistent output voltage depending solely on an alternating current input. 

A controlled rectifier is one in which the output voltage of a rectifier changes or varies. When we look at the defects of an uncontrolled bridge rectifier, we can see why we need a regulated rectifier. Current-controlled devices such as SCRs, IGBTs, and MOSFETs are used to convert an uncontrolled rectifier to a controlled rectifier. 

We shall have perfect control after SCRs are turned ON/OFF based on the applied gate signals. In general, these are preferable over their uncontrolled equivalents. A thyristor is another name for a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). It is a three-terminal diode with Anode, Cathode, and gate terminals.

Similar to a normal diode, this will perform in forwarding bias whereas, in reverse bias, it blocks current however it starts only in forward conduction once there is a signal at the input of the gate terminal. This plays an important role in output voltage control.

Types of Filters used in Rectifiers

Rectifier circuits produce a DC-like output, however, when we use a bridge rectifier, the output contains some AC components as well as DC components. To reduce the AC component, various types of filters are utilised at the rectifier’s output face. Capacitors and inductors are the most common filters used in rectifiers. 

A capacitor can be connected in parallel in a filter circuit since it allows AC and inhibits DC. At the output, any alternating current component will pass through the capacitor in the direction of the ground, resulting in a low quantity of alternating current in the output.

In a filter circuit, an inductor can be connected in series because it has inductive reactance. This reactance is an opposition to any changes, and it gives high impedance to AC and low impedance to DC because DC is a stable signal whereas AC fluctuates over time. 

An L-section filter can be used based on the configuration of a capacitor and inductor. This type of filter consists of a series-connected inductor and a parallel-connected capacitor. The Pi section filter consists mostly of two capacitors connected in parallel via an inductor connected in series.

What are the Differences Between Diode and Rectifier?

A diode is a switching device, while a rectifier is generally used for the conversion of AC voltage to DC voltage. There are some more differences between the two, such as: 

  1. A diode allows the flow of current only when it is forward-biased. The diode blocks the reverse flow of current. A rectifier, on the other hand, consists of a transformer, a diode, and a filter circuit. All of these collectively convert AC to DC. 

  2. In diodes, the current-carrying capacity is low, while the position in rectifiers is high. 

  3. The different types of diodes are Zener diodes, photodiodes, and more. Rectifiers are of two kinds: single-phase rectifiers and three-phase rectifiers. A further division of single-phase rectifiers is full-wave rectifiers and half-wave rectifiers. 

  4. Rectifiers are used in a computer system, while diodes are used in switches and clippers. 

  5. Diodes were initially known as valves. They are made up of germanium or silicon most of the time.

 

Solved Examples

  1. Explain forward biasing and reverse biasing? 

Forward Biasing: When the outer end of the reverse type section is connected to the ne
gative terminal, and that of the p-type section is connected to the positive terminal, the biasing of the junction is called forward bias.

The free majority charge carriers from each part move forward towards the junction. If forward bias potential is more than a potential barrier, the charges from both sections cross the intersection, and a current flows through the intersection and the circuit. It is called forward current. The size of the depletion layer decreases in forward biasing, and hence resistance decreases.

Reverse Biasing: When the outer end of the re-type section is connected to the positive terminal and that of the p-type section is connected to the negative terminal, the biasing of the junction is called reverse biasing.

The minority carrier charge is made to move toward the junction due to reverse bias. The minority carrier charge crosses the intersection, and there is minimal current order to micron across the intersection – the size of the depletion layer increases in reverse bias, and hence resistance increases.

Fun Fact About Diodes and Rectifiers

  • Current flows only in one direction in a diode. 

  • In 1938 the concept of the Schottky diode was first discovered. 

  • Diodes are used in solar cells and also radar detectors. 

  • Photodiodes and Zener diodes are beneficial electronic components. Zener diodes are used as voltage regulators. 

  • All diodes are rectifiers, but all rectifiers are not diodes. 

  • Every diode has a black band signifying the cathode. 

  • Silicon diodes are popularly used in the market and require 0.5 volts for current to pass.

Diodes and rectifiers are important topics to learn in physics. These two topics are quite important in the chapter on electricity that students need to focus on. Understanding these two topics will enhance your conceptual foundation in this chapter and will help you score well in the exams.

[Physics Class Notes] on Difference Between Kinetics and Kinematics Pdf for Exam

Kinetics and kinematics are two interrelated topics that are integral parts of deriving the motion of a body or object working in separate spaces. Even so, these factors work hand-in-hand; they have some stark differences that students need to learn to get a firm grip on mechanics.

Often students confuse these two terms and use them as synonyms, which is incorrect. Thus, it is imperative for them to find the difference between kinetics and kinematics at various points. They can start with knowing the definition of these two terms to get the basics right.

The study of physics begins with Kinetics and Kinematics. Kinetics deals with the absolute motion of an object i.e with respect to that object. It is further divided into Dynamics and Statics. And Kinematics deals with the relative motion of an object. For instance, the Sun moves around the earth. It is Kinematically correct but kinetically wrong. Because, relative to the Earth, the Sun moves around it.

The word “Kinematics” comes from the Greek word “kinesis”, which means motion. It is also related to other English words such as “cinema” and “kinesiology”.The study of kinematics can be used to calculate various aspects of motion such as acceleration, velocity, displacement, time, trajectory, etc. 

Kinetic = the action of forces in producing or changing motion.

Kinematic = the mechanics of motion without reference to the forces causing that motion – so only from a geometrical point of view.  This is the displacement and velocity of your body’s segments and joints.

For better clarification, keep on reading!

What is Kinetics?

Kinetics, also called dynamics, is a vital part of mechanics that deals with the function of different forces and torques on an object in motion. As a matter of fact, an object moves only when these forces create movement.

For instance, when you spin a top, it rotates in a circular motion. In this case, you apply energy on the top, and that converts the top’s stored potential energy into kinetic energy. Besides, they also have some parameters that are seen in real life as well. 

Along with that, you also need to learn about kinematics as well to find a difference between kinetics and kinematics. 

What is Kinematics?

Kinematics refers to the study of how motion is working, instead of explaining the reasons for this motion. More specifically, kinematics describes the motion of an object, considering the factors like position, acceleration and velocity. It gives an answer to the different positions of a body in a particular space. It also has some significant parameters that are associated with the position, speed and other factors. 

Thus, before knowing about kinetics and kinematics differences, students need to learn the definitions of them. 

What is The Difference Between Kinematics and Kinetics?

The table mentioned below elucidates the kinetics and kinematics difference clearly. 

Specifications

Kinetics

Kinematics

Motion Nature 

It explores the causes of the motion. 

It focuses on the acceleration, speed and position of an object. 

Mass Consideration 

It involves mass consideration.

It does not involve mass consideration. 

Nomenclature 

Also called dynamics 

Known by the same name

Mathematical Expression 

Do not have complicated mathematical expressions. 

Includes various mathematical expressions. 

Force 

It considers forces majorly 

It does not consider majorly

Application Areas 

Mainly in automobile designing. 

Mainly studies the movement of an object.

Other Areas

Relevant in several streams of science including chemistry and biology. 

Limited to physics and more specifically in mechanics. 

This difference between kinetics and kinematics in tabular form allows students to learn this concept quickly and remember easily. However, besides these fundamental differences, some others are there that students need to know. 

Difference Between Kinetics and Kinematics with Example

Following are some of the factors that differentiate between kinematics and kinetics further. 

1. Causes of Motion 

A major kinetic and kinematic difference is that kinetics explains concepts like

Where kinematics explains 

For instance, when you throw a ball in the air, kinetics explains the friction that causes the throw. Kinematics explains the acceleration, speed and final position of the ball when it falls in the ground. 

2. Particle Mass Inclusion 

Kinematics includes influences of different forces like gravitational forces that work between two systems. Kinetics consists of the masses of particulars while explaining a phenomenon. 

3. Mathematics or Physics 

While kinematics is applicable to physics and other streams of study, kinematics is restricted to mechanics only. However, some scientists also connect kinematics to mathematics as it only deals with physics. Thus, it is also called “geometry of motion” which is not applicable for kinetics. 

Students can also note down other kinematics and kinetics differences as well from their understanding of these concepts. However, they need to get it checked by the subject teacher for accuracy. 

Thus, kinetics deals with the causes of motion that is force, gravitation, torque, etc. On the other hand, kinematics deals with the position of a moving object in terms of its acceleration, velocity and other asp
ects. Moreover, after learning the difference between kinetics and kinematics, you can also solve moderate to difficult mathematical problems with much ease.

Furthermore, with assistance from e-learning platforms like , you can improve your preparations. The availability of notes, model question papers, and online doubt clearing sessions help you to iron out your doubts and better your understanding of the topic.

Why Kinetics and Kinematics Matters

Both kinetics and kinematics are important branches of classical mechanics. They allow us to understand the nature of motion in different ways and to calculate different values depending on what they are studying.

 

Kinematics might answer more of the “what” questions that specifically describe the motion of an object: its velocity, acceleration, position, time and the like. But without kinetics, physicists wouldn’t also be able to answer the “why” questions, such as what caused the object to begin moving in the first place, and why doesn’t that motion continue forever? Where does the acceleration pulling a thrown ball back to the Earth come from?

 

There are four kinematic equations when the initial starting position is the origin, and the acceleration is constant:

§  v = [v_{0}] + at.  v = [v_{0}] + at.

§  d = [frac{1}{2}] ([v_{0}] + v)t.  d = [frac{1}{2}] ([v_{0}] + v)t or alternatively average=dt. v average = d t.

§  d= [v_{0}t + (frac{at^{2}}{2})]

§  [v^{2} = v_{0}^{2} + 2ad].

Key Differences Between Kinetics and Kinematics

  • Kinetics considers the mass of the body as it deals with force and we know F = ma, thus mass is a major considerable factor in the case of kinetics. However, the study of kinematics never considers the mass of the body.

  • Kinetics is mainly defined as the branch of physics as it is concerned with how the motion is occurring. While kinematics is somewhat regarded as the branch of mathematics as it deals with the geometry of motion that calculates a variation in different variables with different functions.

  • Kinetics is the branch of physics that studies the cause that results in motion thus majorly considers force or torque. While kinematics is concerned with the parameters like position, acceleration, speed, etc. of the body while in motion.

  • The branch of science including physics, chemistry, and biology majorly uses the principle of kinetics like in chemistry it is associated with the rate of chemical reaction while in the field of biology it deals with the effect of enzymes on biochemical reactions. On the contrary, kinematics is the branch of physics and mechanics concerning the amount of change that occurred rather than how the change occurred.

  • When we deal with kinetics then force plays a crucial role as the different forces acting on the body are studied in kinetics. As against, though the motion of the body is the result of some applied force still kinematics is not concerned with the applied force.

 

Summary

  • Kinetics and kinematics are used in the field of biomechanics

  • Kinetics studies motion as well as forces that are involved, whereas kinematics studies motion without taking into account forces that cause it.

  • The study of kinetics has practical applications in designing automobiles whereas kinematics finds applications in the study of the movement of celestial bodies

[Physics Class Notes] on Difference Between Solar Eclipse and Lunar Eclipse Pdf for Exam

An eclipse that is called so because the solar eclipse happens when the moon gets in the way of the sun’s light and casts its shadow on Earth. That means that during the day time the moon moves over the sun and then it gets dark. Isn’t it strange for us or anyone that it gets dark in the middle of the day?

This eclipse that is the total happens about every year and then after that a half somewhere on Earth. AN eclipse which is said to be partial when the moon doesn’t completely cover the sun then as we know that this happens at least twice a year somewhere on Earth.

During a lunar eclipse we know that planet Earth gets in the way of the light of the sun hitting the moon. That means that during the night time we can say that a full moon fades away as shadow of the Earth that covers it up.

The moon that we know since so long can also look reddish because Earth’s atmosphere absorbs the other colors while it bends some light that is sunlight that is toward the moon. The light or the Sunlight that is bending through the atmosphere and then it is said to be absorbing other colors is also why sunsets are red or orange. During a total eclipse including the lunar eclipse we can see that the moon is shining from all the sunset and sunrises that is occurring on Earth.

Solar Eclipse vs Lunar Eclipse

We might at times be wondering why we don’t have the ellipse that is the lunar eclipse every month as the moon orbits planet Earth. It’s true sometimes that the moon goes around Earth that too every month but it doesn’t always get in shadow of Earth’s. The satellite which is the moon’s has a path and it goes around Earth that is tilted as compared to Earth’s orbit around the sun. The moon that also can be behind Earth but still gets hit by the light of the sun.

All these facts are just Because they don’t happen every month but a lunar eclipse is a special event. Unlike the solar eclipses there are a lot of people who get to see each lunar eclipse. If we live on the nighttime that is the half of Earth when the eclipse happens we will be able to see it.

It’s very easy for us to get these two types of eclipses that are  mixed up. An easy way to remember all these differences that happen is in the name. The name that generally tells us what gets darker when the eclipse happens. In an eclipse or we can say that in the solar eclipse the one and only star sun gets darker. In an eclipse which is known as the lunar eclipse we can say that  the moon gets darker.

The moon and the Sun are heavenly bodies and they are also said as principal sources that are of natural light for the planet earth. While the star sun is said to be a huge burning star that sheds its powerful light to illuminate the blue planet and then comes our satellite  moon that is rotating around the earth reflecting the sun’s light on to the earth’s surface in a milder form during nights.

An eclipse that we can say is the solar or lunar involves three celestial bodies namely the moon, sun and the earth. The lunar and the Solar eclipses are said to be the natural events when the sun and moon’s lights are partially or fully hidden from the view for a brief period of time.

AN eclipse that is said to be the solar eclipse that results when the moon passes in between the earth and the sun hiding the sun partially or fully for some time. A lunar eclipse that generally occurs when the planet earth passes in between the sun and the moon which is casting its shadow on the moon and thus hiding it partially or fully for some time.The science which is behind eclipses is said to be quite intriguing and astonishing. Here we can easily compare the solar and eclipse that is the lunar and learn how they differ from each other.

Solar vs Lunar Eclipse

AN eclipse that is the solar eclipse, happens when the moon passes in between the sun and the earth. During a solar eclipse the satellite moon fully or partially hides the sun’s rays that are for a few minutes. This Happens once in around 18 months. The three types of eclipse that are said to be the solar are total solar eclipse partial solar eclipse and then we can say that the annular solar eclipse. The Solar eclipse that is seen from a few places that are only. These all things happen during the day. AN eclipse that is the solar eclipse happens on a moon or more clearly a new moon day. It is said to be not safe to see a solar eclipse that is through naked eyes. We need glasses that are protective to avoid any harm to the eyes.

A lunar eclipse that we can see generally happens when the earth passes in between the sun and the moon. That is during an eclipse that is the lunar eclipse the earth’s shade partially or we can say fully hides the moon for a brief period of time. This whole process occurs two times in a year. We can conclude here that the three types of lunar eclipses are total lunar eclipse and then the  partial lunar eclipse and a penumbral lunar eclipse. The Lunar eclipses that are spotted from many places not only from earth.this process occurs during nights that is a lunar eclipse that happens on a full moon day. It is said that it is perfectly safe to see a lunar eclipse too with naked eyes. we do not need any protective covering to view it all alone.

The key difference which is between lunar and the solar eclipse in tabular form is given below. When a body which is the celestial body is masked by another along an observer’s line of sight then an eclipse occurs. The Lunar eclipse along with the solar eclipse are events when the moon, sun and earth are in tandem.

  • The Solar Eclipse: For an eclipse that is solar eclipse to occur the moon should be between the sun and earth.

  • The Lunar Eclipse: For a lunar eclipse to occur the earth should be in between the moon and the sun.