Category: Software Architecture & Design Objective Questions

Software Architecture Multiple Choice Questions on “Open Systems”.

1. What is Open System?
a) To describe a state of being
b) To describe a system that is open to inclusion of many products from many resources
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Open Systems describes a system that is open to inclusion of many products from many resources and its state of being.

2. Open system has interface specification consists which of the following ?
a) Fully defined
b) Available to public
c) Maintained according to group consensus
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are included in interface specifications.

3. Which of the following is incorrect?
a) The components interface specifications can be available to selected group of people
b) Anyone is free to obtain a copy of specification
c) It should not be exclusively under control of single vendor
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: The components interface specifications can not be available to selected group of people.

4. The benefits of open systems includes which of the following?
a) Reduced reliance on proprietary products
b) More competition leading to lower cost
c) Better tested products
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are benefits of open systems.

5. Which of the following are concerns involving open systems?
a) Reduced reliance on proprietary products
b) Failure to meet performance requirements
c) Support problems
d) Failure to meet performance requirements & Support problems

Answer: d
Clarification: The concerns involved are mentioned above.

6. Which of the following is necessary for building an open systems?
a) A system vision
b) A common architecture
c) The use of standards and standard based implementation
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are necessary for building an open systems.

7. What are the factors to create an open system architecture?
a) An organization must be keenly aware Of the marketplace
b) The trends in the marketplace
c) The mechanisms that the organization can use to influence trends
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned factors are used to create system architecture.

8. Which of the following concern is related to conformance and certification problems?
a) Plug and play implies sort of adherence to interface agreement
b) It is often necessary to keep up with component upgrades
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: For conformance and certification problems-Plug and play implies sort of adherence to interface agreement.

9. Which of the following concern is related to Continued investment?
a) Plug and play implies sort of adherence to interface agreement
b) It is often necessary to keep up with component upgrades
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b
Clarification: For continued investment- It is often necessary to keep up with component upgrades.

10. Which of the following signifies better tested products?
a) Open systems allows system buyers to obtain components from variety of sources
b) True plug and play mechanism results to reduced costs
c) More users working to find the problems
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Better tested products are resulted when there are more users working to find the problems.

Software Design Multiple Choice Questions on “Software Design Management”.

1. Why there is a need for Software management?
a) Software development is complex and expensive
b) It is done with few people with fixed skills and abilities
c) It is not time consuming
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: Software development is carried on with group of people with varying skills.

2. Which of these is wrong in terms of definition?
a) Planing is formulating scheme for doing project
b) Organizing is directing people doing project work
c) Project is one time effort to achieve a particular goal for organization
d) Staffing is filing the positions in an organizational structure

Answer: b
Clarification: Leading is directing people organizing is structuring entities and assigning responsibilities.

3. Which of these is not project development activity?
a) Planning
b) Organizing
c) Operating
d) Tracking

Answer: c
Clarification: Operating is a business activity in contrast to rest of them.

4. Which of these comes under business activities?
a) Project
b) Operations
c) Planning
d) Project & Operations

Answer: d
Clarification: planning is development activity and not business activity.

5. Which of these terms have its role in project planning?
a) Schedule
b) Milestone
c) Estimation
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of these have its role for planning.

6. What fails a project?
a) Lack of anticipation of resources to accomplish tasks
b) Problems faced by rules governing project
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Both the issues fails the project

7. What makes tracking activity more essential?
a) No need to follow rules
b) It schedules, estimates and follows resource allocation
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b
Clarification: It revisits and follows rules.

8. What are decompositions for design project?
a) Analysis : Design Problem
b) Resolution : Product specifications
c) Resolution : Detailed design
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: A Design project is decomposed to all of these.

9. Risk Analysis is an orderly process for __________
a) Identification of Risks
b) Understanding Risks
c) Assessing Risks
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Risk analysis follows all of these.

10. Why is Design a Driving Activity?
a) Design work extends from start of development to coding
b) The two major products of designs are SRS and design document
c) Design extends to project management
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Design is said to be the driving factor, because of all of these reasons.

Software Design Multiple Choice Questions on “Modularity Principles”.

1. Which of the following fall under constructive design principles?
a) Modularity principles
b) Implementary principles
c) Aesthetic principles
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned principles are known as constructive design principles.

2. What is the Aesthetic principle among the following?
a) High quality programs can be constructed from self contained, understandable parts or modules
b) A design will be more or less easy to be build
c) Beauty is one of the important factor to be acknowledged as design principle
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Aesthetic principle states Beauty as one of the most important factor to be acknowledged.

3. Which of these distinctions of modular programs over non modular are true?
a) They are not that easier to understand and explain
b) They are not easier to document
c) They are easier to change
d) Testing and Debugging is complex comparatively

Answer: c
Clarification: Modular programs are easier to explain and understand, easier to document, easier to change and also easier to test and debug.

4. Which of these comes under the Modularity principle?
a) Small modules
b) Coupling
c) Cohesion
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All the mentioned follows the modularity principle.

5. What does Coupling mean?
a) Coupling is the degree of connection between pair of module
b) Coupling is the degree to which a module’s part are related to one another
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: Coupling is the degree of connection between pair of module.

6. Which of the following is true?
a) Module coupling should be maximized
b) Module cohesion should be minimized
c) Modules should not have access to unneeded resources
d) Design with small modules are not better

Answer: c
Clarification: Module coupling should be minimized, module cohesion should be maximized, design with small modules are always better, modules should not access unneeded resources( principle of least privilege).

7. Which of the following information should be kept hidden?
a) Internal data representation such as data types and structures
b) Volatile design decisions such as size, capacities, waiting time etc
c) Names, parameters, return types of operations provided by module
d) Internal data representation and volatile design decisions should be kept hidden

Answer: d
Clarification: Names, parameters, return type are public information need not be hidden whereas internal data representation and volatile design decisions should be kept hidden.

8. Which of the following violates principle of least privilege?
a) Modules that import packages
b) Modules with unneeded access to files
c) Classes with reference to Objects
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned statements violated principle of least privilege.

9. Which of these is correct with context to coupling?
a) Failure to hide information leads to loose coupling and cannot be avoided
b) Modules that communicate using special data types and structures are less tightly coupled than modules with simple values
c) When modules communicate only through public module interface, their coupling strength is proportional to the number of messages and number of data passed in between
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Failure to hide information leads to tight coupling, Modules with special data types are more tightly coupled.

10. Which of these is correct with the context of cohesion?
a) Cohesion is least in modules that have a single clear, logically independent responsibility or role
b) Cohesion can not be achieved by forming modules that implement data types
c) One way to increase cohesion is to build a module hierarchy reflecting the level of abstraction in a program
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Cohesion is highest in modules that have a single clear, logically independent responsibility or role, Cohesion can be easily achieved by forming modules that implement data types are the correct statements.

Software Design test on “Visibility, Accessibility and Information Hiding”.

1. Which of the following represents DeSCRIPTOR specification?
a) Program component decomposition and component relationships are shown in static models, such as class diagrams
b) Packaging and implementation specifications, particularly as they relate to information hiding
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: Program component decomposition (De) and component relationships(R) are shown in static models, such as class diagrams.

2. Which of the following represents PAID specification?
a) Component properties are documented in text
b) Operation specifications, which elaborate operation responsibilities and state operation interfaces
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b
Clarification: Operation specifications, which elaborate operation responsibilities (R)and state operation interfaces (I).

3. What is a program entity?
a) A program entity is anything in a program that is treated as a unit
b) Variables, constants, sub-programs, packages, classes, attributes and operations are all examples of program entities
c) Most programming languages allow various kinds of program entities
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: A program entity is anything in a program that is treated as a unit. Variables, constants, sub-programs, packages, classes, attributes, and operations are all examples of program entities and Most programming languages allow various kinds of program entities.

4. What is a name and which of the following is true?
a) A name is an identifier bound to a program entity
b) Virtually every programming language will not supports variable and sub-programming
c) It is not be possible to refer to a particular entity by name at various points of a program’s text
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: It may or may not be possible to refer to a particular entity by name at various points of a program’s text.

5. What is visibility?
a) A program entity at a point in a program text if it can be referred to by name at that point
b) The portion of a text over which a program entity is visible
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b
Clarification: A program entity is visible at a point in a program text if it can be referred to by name at that point and The portion of a text over which a program entity is visible is its visibility.

6. What are the types of visibility?
a) Local
b) Global
c) Non-Local
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Types of visibility- Local, Global, Non-Local.

7. What are the Object oriented visibility?
a) Private and Package
b) Protected
c) Public
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Types of object oriented visibility- Private, Packaged, Protected and Public.

8. Which of the following are of non-local form ?
a) Private
b) Protected and Packaged
c) Public
d) Public, Protected and Packaged

Answer: d
Clarification: Private is of local form rest others are non-local forms.

9. When is a program accessible?
a) A program entity at a point in a program text if it can be used at that point
b) A variable is a programming language device for storing values
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: A program entity is accessible at a point in a program text if it can be used at that point.

10. What is reference?
a) It is an expression that evaluates to an address where a value is stored
b) It is a variable with the same address as another variable
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: A reference is an expression that evaluates to an address where a value is stored and An alias is a variable with the same address as another variable.

11. When is a variable called extending access beyond visibility?
a) Passing a reference as an argument
b) Passing an argument by reference (which uses aliasing)
c) Returning a reference from a sub-program
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Making a variable accessible in a portion of a program where it is not visible is called extending access beyond visibility while Passing a reference as an argument, Passing an argument by reference (which uses aliasing), Returning a reference from a sub-program.

12. What does Information Hiding mean?
a) The key technique for is to restrict access to program entities as much as possible
b) It is an expression that evaluates to an address where a value is stored
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: The key technique for hiding information is to restrict access to program entities as much as possible.

13. Which of the following are the strategies for restricting access to program entities?
a) Limiting Visibility
b) Not Extending Access
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Restricting access to program entities relies on two strategies-Limiting Visibility and Not Extending Access.

14. What are the heuristics for information hiding?
a) Restrict the scope of declarations to the smallest possible program segment
b) Make class attributes at least protected and preferably private
c) Avoid global visibility
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All the mentioned are the heuristics followed for information hiding.

15. What are the heuristics for information hiding under don’t extend access?
a) Don’t pass or return references to class attributes—pass or return defensive copies instead.
b) Don’t pass parameters by reference
c) Don’t make aliases
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All the mentioned are the heuristics followed for information hiding under don’t extend access.

Software Architecture Questions and Answers for Campus interviews on “System Quality Attributes Discernable At Runtime”.

1. Which of the following factors are discernable by run-time?
a) Performance
b) Modifiability
c) Portability
d) Integrability

Answer: a
Clarification: Rest other factors are discernable at time.

2. Which of the following is incorrect for performance?
a) Performance refers to the responsiveness of the system
b) Performance qualities are often expressed as number of transaction per unit time
c) Performance can be measured by looking at the arrival rates and distributions of service requests
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are true for performance.

3. How can performance attribute calculated?
a) Performance are number of transactions per unit time
b) Performance are number of events processed in some interval of time
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: All of the mentioned are the methods in which performance attribute can be calculated.

4. What is security?
a) Security is a measure of the system’s ability to resist authorized attempts at usage
b) Security is Denial of service while still providing its services to legitimate users
c) Security is systems functionality to interact
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: b
Clarification: Security is a measure of the system’s ability to resist unauthorized attempts at usage and Security is Denial of service while still providing its services to legitimate users.

5. Which among the following are the types of threats that are generally observed?
a) Denial Service
b) IP source address spoofing
c) Denial source
d) Denial Service & IP source address spoofing

Answer: d
Clarification: The types of threats that are generally observed – Denial Service, Ip source address spoofing.

6. Which of the following strategies include prevention,detection of threats?
a) An authentication server may be placed outside users and the portion of the system that provides services
b) Network monitors may be installed for the inspection and logging of network events
c) The system may be placed behind a communications”firewall”
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are correct strategies to prevent and detect threats.

7. What is Availability?
a) It measures the proportion of time the system is up
b) It measures the proportion of time the system is running
c) It measures the proportion of time the system is up and running
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: Availability – measures the proportion of time the system is up and running.

8. Which of the following is true?
a) Reliability is usually measured with mean time to failure
b) Both Availability and reliability are tied to the architecture
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: All of the mentioned are true.

9. What is true for availability?
a) Availability comes with both mean time to failure and mean time to repair
b) Mean time to failure is lowered by designing components that are easy to modify
c) Mean time to repair can be lengthened by fielding a less prone system
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Availability comes with both mean time to failure and mean time to repair. Mean time to failure can be lengthened by fielding a less prone system. Mean time to repair is lowered by designing components that are easy to modify.

10. What is functionality?
a) Functionality is ability of the system to do work for which it is intended
b) It is orthogonal to structure i.e. it is largely non architectural in nature
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: All of the mentioned statements describes functionality.

11. What is Usability?
a) Usability is learnability
b) Usability is Efficiency
c) Usability is Memorability
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Usability is learnability,efficiency,memorability and error avoidance.

12.What among the following belongs to learnability?
a) Does the system respond with appropriate speed to a user request
b) Can the user remember how to do system operations between users of the system
c) How quick is it for the user to learn to use the system’s interface
d) Does the system anticipate and prevent common user error?

Answer: c
Clarification: Learnability-How quick is it for the user to learn to use the system’s interface.

13. What among the following belongs to Efficiency?
a) Does the system respond with appropriate speed to a user request
b) Can the user remember how to do system operations between users of the system
c) How quick is it for the user to learn to use the system’s interface
d) Does the system anticipate and prevent common user error?

Answer: a
Clarification: Efficiency-Does the system respond with appropriate speed to a user request.

14. What among the following belongs to Memorability?
a) Does the system respond with appropriate speed to a user request
b) Can the user remember how to do system operations between users of the system
c) How quick is it for the user to learn to use the system’s interface
d) Does the system anticipate and prevent common user error?

Answer: b
Clarification: Memorability-Can the user remember how to do system operations between users of the system.

15. What among the following belongs to Error avoidance?
a) Does the system respond with appropriate speed to a user request
b) Can the user remember how to do system operations between users of the system
c) How quick is it for the user to learn to use the system’s interface
d) Does the system anticipate and prevent common user error?

Answer: d
Clarification: Error Avoidance-Does the system anticipate and prevent common user error.

Software Architecture Multiple Choice Questions on “Review Practice”.

1. What does a review practice includes?
a) Review team
b) Organizational Expectation
c) Review Preparation
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: Review practice includes all of the mentioned.

2. What are the preconditions ?
a) They are the set of necessary assets and conditions that must be in place before a successful review can proceed
b) They are set of non necessary assets and conditions that must not be in place before a successful review can proceed
c) They are set that may or may not be necessary assets and conditions that may or may not be in place before a successful review can proceed
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: They are set of non necessary assets and conditions that must be in place before a successful review can proceed.

3. Which of the following are preconditions?
a) Understanding of the review content
b) Involvement of right people
c) Creation of a review team
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are the preconditions.

4. Which of the following is true?
a) Reviews can be planned and unplanned
b) In a planned review, the result of the project in serious trouble taking extreme measures to try to salvage previous effort
c) In an unplanned review, the review is considered a normal part of project’s development cycle
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Clarification: In a planned review, the review is considered a normal part of project’s development cycle and
In an unplanned review, the result of the project in serious trouble taking extreme measures to try to salvage previous efforts.

5. By whom the project can be represented?
a) System architect
b) Designers
c) System stakeholders
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are representations of project.

6. Which of the following is true about the review team?
a) Team is perceived as impartial,objective and respected
b) Team members must dedicate their work time to the review
c) Late-night planning sessions and off the board record breakfast meeting s with project personnel are the norm
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are true about the review team.

7. Which of the following mechanism for determines the organizational contract?
a) Who will be told what upon completion of review?
b) What will be the review criteria?
c) What and who will be made available to the review team?
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: All of the mentioned are the questions which turns out to be the mechanism determines the organizational contract.

8. Which of the following materials flow from project to the review team?
a) Materials that describe the architecture and discuss the rationale
b) A ranking of three to five top quality and behavioral requirements
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: All of the mentioned are the materials flow from project to the review team.

9. Which of the following can be considered as the theme for review team?
a) Project threatening
b) Major
c) Minor
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: All of the mentioned can be considered as the theme for review team.

10. Which of the following are functionality related issues that are important to examine?
a) Making sure that there are written requirements in all key areas
b) Checking that system acceptance criteria exist
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: All of the mentioned are functionality related issues that are important to examine.

11. Which of the following nine-early warning signs of architecture problems?
a) The architecture is not forced to match the current organization
b) Top Level architecture components number less than 25
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: d
Clarification: The architecture is forced to match the current organization and Top Level architecture components number more than 25.

12. Which of the following is true?
a) The development unit is able to identify an architect for the system
b) There is redundancy needed for reliability
c) The architecture is forced to match the current organization
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c
Clarification: The architecture is forced to match the current organization.