300+ REAL TIME Tissue Engineering Objective Questions & Answers 2023

250+ TOP MCQs on Cell and Tissue Culture Methods and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Cell and Tissue Culture Methods”.

1. _____________ are anchorage-dependent and propagate as a monolayer attached to the cell culture vessel.
A. Autologous Cells
B. Eukaryotic Cells
C. Prokaryotic Cells
D. Adherent Cells
Answer: D
Clarification: Adherent cells are anchorage-dependent and propagate as a monolayer attached to the cell culture vessel. Usually, cells derived from tissues are consered to be adherent in nature.

2. Hematopoietic cells are an example of _________________
A. suspension cells
B. adherent cells
C. stem cells
D. living cells
Answer: A
Clarification: Unlike adherent cells, suspension cells or non-adherent cells do not require support in order to grow. Hematopoietic cells derived from blood, spleen and bone marrow are an example of suspension cells.

3. _____________ is the growth of tissues explants in an artificial medium.
A. Tissue culture
B. Primary cell culture
C. Horticulture
D. Cell culture
Answer: D
Clarification: Tissue culture is the growth of tissue explants in an artificial medium separate from the host organism. Cell culture is the maintenance of dissociated cells in an artificial medium.

4. The optimal pH to be maintained while culturing mammalian cells is 4-5.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: The optimal pH to be maintained while culturing mammalian cells is 7.2 to 7.4. Phenol red is used as an internal indicator, it turns pink/purple at a pH of 7.8.

5. __________ is the method of maintaining a whole embryo or organ excised from the host organism in an artificial medium.
A. Organ culture
B. Explant culture
C. Horticulture
D. Cell culture
Answer: A
Clarification: Organ culture is the method of maintaining a whole embryo or organ excised from the host organism in an artificial medium. In such a culture the normal physiological conditions are maintained thus helping the organ to remain in its functional state for long.

6. The cell isolation step is the last step in cell culture.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: Cell isolation is the first step in cell culture, the last step in cell culture is to store cells at appropriate conditions for future use.

7. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires more of auxin and less of cytokinin.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones auxin and cytokinin. More auxin is required for instigating more shoot growth and more cytokinin is required for more root growth.

8. Virus cultures require the cell cultures of different living cells, of mammalian, plant or microbial origin as hosts and support for the growth and ____________ of the virus.
A. shelter
B. replication
C. propagation
D. proliferation
Answer: B
Clarification: Virus culturing requires cultures of host cells for the virus to replicate, these host cultures include mammalian cell cultures, plant cell cultures, fungal and bacterial cultures. Different types of virus strains might be generated in cell types other than the natural host at the optimal conditions.

9. Vaccines for measles, rubella, etc., are currently made in cell cultures.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Vaccines for measles, rubella, etc., are currently being made in cell cultures. The H5N1 pandemic threat, motivated research into using cell culture for influenza vaccines, this is being funded by the US government.

10. __________ are a replacement for extracellular matrix in artificial cell culture mediums.
A. Hydrogels
B. Meshes
C. Bones
D. Muscles
Answer: A
Clarification: The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is very important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices have been observed to mimic the natural ECM structure and could be a potential approaches to in vivo –like cell culturing.

11. Cell culture technique in 2 dimensions was first discovered by ___________
A. Wilhelm Roux
B. Alexander Fleming
C. Francis Crick
D. Kari Mullis
Answer: A
Clarification: The 2D-Cell culture technique was first discovered by Wilhelm Roux in 1885. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin 1928. Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double helix of DNA in 1953. Kari Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering and Answers

Basic Tissue Engineering Questions on “Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering”.

1. ___________ are a unique kind of primitive, immature cells that have a remarkable capacity to develop into different kinds of cells.
A. Stem cells
B. Epithelial cells
C. Mesenchymal cells
D. Ectodermal cells
Answer: A
Clarification: Stem cells are a unique kind of primitive, immature cells that have a remarkable capacity to develop into different kinds of cells. They serve as a continuous and natural internal repair mechanism.

2. __________ is the inherent ability of an animal to navigate towards an original location through unfamiliar areas.
A. Homing
B. Navigation
C. Re-routing
D. Walking
Answer: A
Clarification: Homing is the wonder whereby cells move to the organ of their cause. By homing, transplanted hematopoietic cells can make a trip to and engraft or build up home in the bone marrow. Different chemokines and receptors are engaged with the homing of hematopoietic undeveloped cells.

3. _____________ is the process by which stem cells dive to make more stem cells.
A. Self-renewal
B. Propagation
C. Thrombopoiesis
D. Migration
Answer: A
Clarification: Self-renewal is the procedure by which immature microorganisms partition to make more undeveloped cells, sustaining the undifferentiated organism pool all through life. Self-renewal is a division with the upkeep of the undifferentiated state.

4. Stem cell plasticity is the ability of adult tissue-specific stem cells to switch to new entities.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Stem cell plasticity is the capacity of grown-up tissue-explicit undeveloped cells to change to new personalities. The term versatility likewise means undifferentiated organism phenotypic potential, which is more extensive than phenotypes of separated cells in their unique tissues.

5. ________ refers to the varying ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cell types.
A. Cell potency
B. Cell viability
C. Cell-therapy
D. Cell-regeneration
Answer: A
Clarification: Cell strength alludes to the shifting capacity of stem cells to separate into specific cell types. Cells with the best intensity can create a larger number of cell types than those with lower strength.

6. Stem cells can be obtained from the blastocyst.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Stem cells are significant for living beings for some reason. In the 3-to 5-day-old fetus, called a blastocyst, the internal cells offer ascent to the whole body of the life form, including the majority of the many particular cell types and organs, for example, the heart, lungs, skin, sperm, eggs, and different tissues.

7. Stem cells are capable of diving and renewing themselves for long periods.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Stem cells are equipped for isolating and restoring themselves for significant lots. Dissimilar to muscle cells, platelets, or nerve cells—which don’t typically reproduce themselves—immature microorganisms may recreate commonly, or multiply.

8. Stem cells are unspecialized.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: One of the essential properties of an undifferentiated cell is that it doesn’t have any tissue-explicit structures that enable it to perform particular capacities. For instance, an undifferentiated cell can’t work with its neighbors to siphon blood through the body (like a heart muscle cell) and it can’t bring oxygen particles through the circulatory system (like a red platelet). Be that as it may, unspecialized immature microorganisms can offer ascent to specific cells, including heart muscle cells, platelets, or nerve cells.

9. Embryonic stem cells can be grown in the laboratory.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Developing cells in the research center is known as cell culture. Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) are created by moving cells from a preimplantation-organize developing life into a plastic research center culture dish that contains a supplement stock known as culture medium. The cells partition and spread over the outse of the dish.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Bioreactor Basics and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Bioreactor Basics”.

1. Which of the following is a device harboring a biologically active environment?
A. Biosensors
B. Bioreactors
C. Cells
D. Soil
Answer: B
Clarification: A bioreactor alludes to any fabricated gadget or framework that supports an organically dynamic environment. In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel where a concoction procedure is completed which includes living beings or biochemically dynamic substances derived from such creatures.

2. Bioreactors are usually made of _____________
A. polymers
B. stainless steel
C. clay
D. cement
Answer: A
Clarification: A bioreactor is a vessel where a synthetic procedure is done which includes living beings or biochemically dynamic substances got from such life forms. This procedure can either be oxygen-consuming or anaerobic. These bioreactors are normally round and hollow, going in size from liters to cubic meters, and are regularly made of treated steel.

3. _________ and coils are used to maintain the temperature of the fermentation medium inse the bioreactor.
A. Cooling Jackets
B. Capacitors
C. Transducers
D. Electrochemicals
Answer: A
Clarification: The natural conditions inse the bioreactor, for example, temperature, supplement fixations, pH, and broke up gases (particularly oxygen for aerobic fermentation) influence the development and profitability of the living beings. The temperature of the aging medium is kept up by a cooling coat, loops, or both.

4. A bioprocess is composed mainly of three stages.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: A bioprocess is made for the most part out of three phases — upstream preparing, bioreaction, and downstream handling — to change over crude material to the completed item. The crude material can be of a natural or non-organic starting point. It is first changed over to an increasingly reasonable structure for handling. This is done in an upstream handling venture which includes concoction hydrolysis, an arrangement of a flu medium, the partition of particulate, air refinement and numerous other preliminary activities. After upstream preparing venture, the subsequent feed is moved to at least one Bioreaction stage. The Biochemical reactors or bioreactors structure the base of the Bioreaction step. This progression mostly comprises of three activities to be specific, generation of biomass, utilize biosynthesis and biotransformation. At long last, the material created in the bioreactor must be additionally prepared in the downstream segment to change over it into an increasingly valuable structure. The downstream procedure chiefly comprises of physical partition tasks which incorporate, strong flu division, adsorption, flu extraction, refining, drying, and so forth.

5. ________ is the part of a bioreactor helping in maintaining the homogeneity of the contents of the bioreactor.
A. Agitator
B. Fan
C. Cooler
D. Coolant
Answer: A
Clarification: Instigator is utilized for the blending of the substance of the reactor which keeps the “cells” in the eal homogenous condition for a better vehicle of supplements and oxygen to the eal product(s).

6. Baffles are used to break the vortex formation in the vessel.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Baffles are utilized to break the vortex development in the vessel, which is typically very bothersome as it changes the focal point of gravity of the framework and expends extra power.

7. In the aerobic cultivation process, the purpose of the sparger is to supply adequate oxygen to the growing cells.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Spargers bring gases into flus through a great many little pores, making rises far littler and more various than with penetrated pipe and other sparging strategies. The outcome is a more noteworthy gas/flu contact region, which decreases the time and volume required to break down gas into a flu.

8. The ___________ proves the annular area for circulation of constant temperature of water
A. jacket
B. cover
C. wind-cheater
D. rain-coat
Answer: A
Clarification: The jacket gives the annular territory to flow of steady temperature of the water which keeps the temperature of the bioreactor a consistent worth.

9. The production capacity of the biggest Biologics plant is _____________
A. 180,000 Liters
B. 20, 000 Liters
C. 1000 Liters
D. 1,000,000 Liters
Answer: B
Clarification: At 180,000L, this new office in Songdo, South Korea is set to turn into the biggest single biologics plant on the planet once operational. The generation limit comprises of twelve, 15,000L mammalian cell culture bioreactors, which is two more than are housed at the subsequent site.

10. For what purpose was the first bioreactor developed?
A. Acetone
B. Yeast
C. Glucose
D. E.coli culture
Answer: A
Clarification: It was during the principal world war, an English researcher named Chain Weizmann (1914-1918) built up a fermentor for the generation of acetone.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Ectodermal Cells and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Ectodermal Cells”.

1. The _____________ tooth enamel and epermis are formed by differentiation of ectoderm.
A. reproductive system
B. digestive system
C. endocrine system
D. nervous system
Answer: D
Clarification: The nervous system, including the spine, brain and peripheral nerves; tooth enamel and epermis are formed by the ectoderm’s differentiation.

2. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has five parts.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
Clarification: There are three parts of the ectoderm in vertebrates. The three parts of the ectoderm are: External ectoderm, neural crest and neural tube. The neuro-ectoderm comprises of the neural crest and neural tube.

3. _____________ discovered the three germ layers.
A. Heinz Christian Pander
B. Alexander Fleming
C. Rosalind Franklin
D. Paul Muller
Answer: A
Clarification: Heinz Christian Pander, a German-Russian biologist, and he was credited for the discovery of the three germ layers that are formed embryogenesis.

4. During the later stages of pregnancy, the ectoderm can be observed first in amphibians and fish.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: During the later stages of pregnancy, the ectoderm can be observed first in amphibians and fish. At the beginning of this process, the embryo dives into many cells, forming a blastula (hollow sphere like structure).

5. The process of ___________ within the ectoderm results in the formation of the neural tube, neural crest, and epermis.
A. neurulation
B. gastrulation
C. differentiation
D. organogenesis
Answer: A
Clarification: Once the embryo has three germ layers formed, differentiation among the three layers happens, this is followed by the process of neurulation within the ectoderm results in the formation of the neural tube, neural crest, and epermis. These three components of the ectoderm give rise to a specific type of cell.

6. Epermal cells give rise to the central nervous system.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS), melanocytes, cartilage in the facial region, the dentin of the teeth are created by the CNS and neural crest cells, which are formed by the differentiation of the neural tube cells.

7. Epithelium and Mesenchyme are the origins for all the organs rising from the ectoderm.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Epithelium and Mesenchyme, two adjacent tissues, are the origin for all the organs rising from the ectoderm such as the nervous system, hair teeth, exocrine glands, etc.

8. ______________ develop from ectoderm derived from the mesenchyme.
A. Cartilage
B. Mammalian teeth
C. Nails
D. Hair
Answer: B
Clarification: Mammalian teeth create from ectoderm got from the mesenchyme (the neural crest and the oral ectoderm). The epithelial segments of the stem cells for ceaselessly developing teeth structure from tissue layers called the stellate reticulum and the suprabasal layer of the surface ectoderm.

9. A condition in which tissue groups derived from the ectoderm undergo abnormal development is termed as Ectodermal Dysplasia.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: A condition in which tissue groups derived from the ectoderm (sweat glands, hair, nails, and teeth) undergo abnormal development is termed as Ectodermal Dysplasia, but it is a vague term as there are over 170 subtypes of ectodermal dysplasia. It’s been accepted that the cause of the disease is a mutation or a combination of mutations in multiple genes.

10. _____________ is a type of surface ectoderm.
A. Keratinocyte
B. Schwann cells
C. Astrocyte
D. Pinealocyte
Answer: A
Clarification: Keratinocyte is an example of surface ectoderm cells. Schwann cells are an example of Neural crest cells. Astrocytes and Pinealocyte are examples of Neural tube cells.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Embryonic Stem Cells and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Embryonic Stem Cells”.

1. What does the following diagram depict?

A. Derivation of human embryonic cells
B. Derivation of human hepatocytes
C. Derivation of human cardiac cells
D. Derivation of carcinogenic cells
Answer: A
Clarification: The sperm and egg are melded in-vitro, on the third day from fertilization the developing embryo begins to separate into cells called totipotent cells. On the fifth day from treatment, the blastocyst is shaped, from which the inward cell mass goes about as the wellspring of embryonic foundational microorganisms. These are then refined on a cell culture plate with proper media and eal conditions.

2. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the ________ of the blastocyst.
A. inner cell mass
B. ectoderm
C. blastocoel
D. mesoderm
Answer: A
Clarification: Developing cells in the research center is known as cell culture. Human embryonic Stem cells (hESCs) are produced by moving cells from a preimplantation-organize developing life into a plastic research center culture dish that contains a supplement soup known as culture medium. The cells gap and spread over the outse of the dish.

3. Embryonic stem cells are _________
A. pluripotent
B. small
C. large
D. medium-sized
Answer: A
Clarification: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. They can give rise to cells from all three germ layers even after being grown in culture for a long time.

4. The derivation of mouse ES cells was first reported in 1988.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: In the year 1981, Mouse Embryonic Stem cells were derived for the first time. In the year 1998, Human Embryonic Stem cells were derived for the first time.

5. What property of stem-cells has been depicted in this diagram?

A. Self-renewal
B. Division
C. Pluripotency
D. Metastasis
Answer: C
Clarification: During the gastrulation period the single-layered blastula develops into a trilaminar (three-layereD. structure called gastrula. These layers are called germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. These layers give rise to different kinds of cells with different functionalities.

6. Human ES cell lines are derived from embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF).
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Human ES cell lines are gotten from developing embryos created by in vitro fertilization (IVF), a procedure wherein oocytes and sperm are set together to enable treatment to occur in a culture dish.

7. Human ES cells also have the potential to prove an unlimited amount of tissue for transplantation therapies to treat a we range of degenerative diseases.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Human ES cells likewise can possibly give a boundless measure of tissue for transplantation treatments to treat a we scope of degenerative sicknesses. Some significant human ailments are brought about by the passing or brokenness of one or a couple of cell types, e.g., insulin-creating cells in diabetes or dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s ailment. The substitution of these cells could offer a long-lasting treatment for these disarranges.

8. When was the first derivation of a human ES cell line (SCNT-hES-1)?
A. March 2004
B. March 2019
C. March 1950
D. March 1980
Answer: A
Clarification: A group from South Korea was the first to report about the derivation of the human embryonic cell line (SCNT-hEs-1), in the year 2004. This was done using the somatic-cell nuclear-transfer (SCNT) technique.

9. ________ is the technique used to detect genetic disorders.
A. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD.
B. Gene therapy
C. Cell therapy
D. Proliferation
Answer: A
Clarification: New human ES cell lines were set up from developing embryos with a hereditary issue, which were entified during the act of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD.. These new cell lines may give a superb in vitro model for concentrates on the impacts that the hereditary transformations have on cell expansion and separation.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Types of Bioreactors – 1 and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Types of Bioreactors – 1”.

1. In _________ culture, flu flow driven by a magnetic stir bar creates a well-mixed cell suspension.
A. spinner flask
B. agitator
C. magnetic stirrer
D. baffles
Answer: A
Clarification: In spinner flask culture, a liqu stream driven by a magnetic stir bar makes a well-blended cell suspension for dynamic seeding and culture of the platforms that are fixed inse the cup on needles or wires.

2. Who invented the Rotating wall vessel bioreactor?
A. NASA
B. ISRO
C. IISC
D. DRDO
Answer: A
Clarification: The Rotating wall vessel (RWV) was initially developed by NASA and right now has a few subordinates of the first structure that are executed today. There are three regular subordinates called the slow lateral turning vessel (STLV), the high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) and rotating wall perfused vessel (RWPV). The STLV is as of now accessible for business creation.

3. Commercial single-use bioreactors have been available since the end of the ______
A. 1990s
B. 1880s
C. 1900s
D. 1950s
Answer: A
Clarification: A single-use bioreactor or disposable bioreactor is a bioreactor with a dispensable pack rather than a culture vessel. Ordinarily, this alludes to a bioreactor in which the fixing in contact with the phone culture will be plastic, and this coating is encased inse a progressively changeless structure (commonly, either a rocker or a cubo or tube-shaped steel support). Business single-use bioreactors have been accessible since the finish of the 1990s.

4. The rotating wall structures prove reduced shear stress in Rotating wall vessel reactor.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: The rotating wall structures prove reduced shear stress while maximizing mass transfer due to the microgravity environment generated by the rotation of the inner and outer cylinders.

5. A ________________ (PBR) is a bioreactor that utilizes a light source to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms.
A. Photo-bioreactor
B. Capacitor-reactor
C. Transducer-reactor
D. Electrochemical-reactor
Answer: A
Clarification: A photo-bioreactor is a bioreactor that utilizes a light source for developing phototrophic microorganisms. These microorganisms use photosynthesis in order to create biomass from light and CO₂ and incorporate green plants, macro & micro algae, cyanobacteria and purple colored microorganisms. Inse the fake condition of a photobioreactor, explicit conditions are deliberately controlled for particular species. Consequently, a photobioreactor permits a lot of higher development rates and virtue levels than anyplace in nature or environments like nature. Theoretically, phototropic biomass could be gotten from supplement rich wastewater and vent gas CO₂ in a photobioreactor.

6. The perfusion system offers an alternative to the spinner flask technology as it combats the problems related to the static culture conditions.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: The perfusion system offers an option in contrast to the spinner carafe innovation as it battles the issues entified with the static culture conditions. Commonly, static media does not give eal cell development and along these lines discourages the cell’s capacity to move into the platform. These outcomes in a shell arrangement of cells on the outse of the framework rather than the eal uniform dissemination. Perfusion frameworks always recharge the cells with crisp media with the utilization of chambers, segments, or cartrges that house the platform builds. The steady renewal of media upgrade supplement conveyance to the cells and help the cells to more readily separate.

7. What type of bioreactor is shown in the diagram?

A. Perfusion bioreactor
B. Photo-bioreactor
C. Spinning flask
D. Rotating wall vessel reactor
Answer: A
Clarification: The perfusion system offers an option in contrast to the spinner carafe innovation as it battles the issues entified with the static culture conditions. Commonly, static media does not give eal cell development and along these lines discourages the cell’s capacity to move into the platform. These outcomes in a shell arrangement of cells on the outse of the framework rather than the eal uniform dissemination. Perfusion frameworks always recharge the cells with crisp media with the utilization of chambers, segments, or cartrges that house the platform builds. The steady renewal of media upgrade supplement conveyance to the cells and help the cells to more readily separate.

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