300+ REAL TIME Tissue Engineering Objective Questions & Answers 2023

250+ TOP MCQs on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells”.

1. Induced pluripotent cells can be generated directly from ______________
A. adult cells
B. cancer cells
C. endometrial cells
D. epithelial cells
Answer: A
Clarification: Induced pluripotent stem cells (otherwise called iPS cells or iPSCs) are a sort of pluripotent Stem cells that can be created legitimately from grown-up cells. The iPSC innovation was spearheaded by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who appeared in 2006 that the presentation of four explicit qualities encoding interpretation variables could change over grown-up cells into pluripotent undifferentiated organisms.

2. ____________ are the most well-known type of pluripotent stem cell.
A. Red Blood cells
B. Adherent cells
C. Embryonic Stem cells
D. Carcinoma cells
Answer: C
Clarification: The most outstanding kind of pluripotent stem cell is the embryonic stem cell. Be that as it may, since the age of embryonic stem cell includes pulverization (or possibly manipulation) of the pre-implantation organize incipient organism, there has been much contention encompassing their utilization.

3. Induced pluripotent stem cells are _____________ in nature thus minimizing the chances of immune rejection.
A. autologous
B. proliferative
C. differentiating
D. adherent
Answer: A
Clarification: The most outstanding kind of pluripotent stem cell is the embryonic stem cell. Be that as it may, since the age of embryonic stem cell includes pulverization (or possibly manipulation) of the pre-implantation organize incipient organism, there has been much contention encompassing their utilization.

4. Yamanaka named iPSCs with a lower case “i” due to the popularity of the iPod and other products.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: The iPSC innovation was spearheaded by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who appeared in 2006 that the presentation of four explicit qualities encoding interpretation variables could change over grown-up cells into pluripotent stem cells. He was granted the 2012 Nobel Prize alongse Sir John Gurdon “for the disclosure that develops cells can be reinvented to progress toward becoming pluripotent.” Yamanaka named iPSCs with a lower case “I” because of the ubiquity of the iPod and different items.

5. The diagram represents the scheme for generation of ___________ cells.

A. induced pluripotent stem cells
B. embryonic stem cells
C. adherent cells
D. suspended cells
Answer: A
Clarification: (1) Disconnect and culture benefactor cells. (2) Transduce foundational microorganism related qualities into the cells by viral vectors. Red cells demonstrate the cells communicating the exogenous qualities. (3) Collect and culture the phones as indicated by ES cell culture, utilizing mitotically inactivated feeder cells (light gray). (4) A little subset of the transfected cells become iPS cells and create ES-like states.

6. The transcription factor TF-2 is a part of the original set of reprogramming factors for the production of induced pluripotent stem cells.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: iPSCs are commonly inferred by presenting results of explicit arrangements of pluripotency-related qualities, or “reconstructing factors”, into a given cell type. The first arrangement of reconstructing factors (additionally named Yamanaka factors) are the translation factors Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4. While this mix is most regular in delivering iPSCs, every one of the elements can be practically supplanted by related translation factors, miRNAs, little particles, or even non-related qualities, for example, ancestry specifiers.

7. Reprogramming of human cells to iPSCs was reported on November 2007 by three co-dependent research groups.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: Reinventing of human cells to iPSCs was accounted for in November 2007 by two autonomous research gatherings: Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto College, Japan, who spearheaded the first iPSC strategy, and James Thomson of College of Wisconsin-Madison who was the first to determine human embryonic undifferentiated organisms. With a similar standard utilized in mouse reconstructing, Yamanaka’s gathering effectively changed human fibroblasts into iPSCs with a similar four vital qualities, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc, utilizing a retroviral framework, while Thomson and partners utilized an alternate arrangement of components, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28, utilizing a lentiviral framework.

8. ____________ is a transcription factor essential in order to maintain the pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells.
A. Oct-3/4
B. TF-2
C. TF-B
D. TF-3
Answer: A
Clarification: Oct-3/4 is one of the groups of octamer (“Oct”) translation factors and assumes an essential job in looking after pluripotency. The nonappearance of Oct-3/4 in Oct-3/4+ cells, for example, blastomeres and embryonic immature microorganisms, prompts unconstrained trophoblast separation, and nearness of Oct-3/4 in this manner offers to ascend to the pluripotency and separation capability of embryonic undeveloped cells.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Types of Bioreactors – 2 and Answers

Tissue Engineering Question Bank focuses on “Types of Bioreactors – 2”.

1. Which of the following are not photobioreactor types?
A. Tubular bioreactor
B. Christmas tree bioreactor
C. Foil bioreactor
D. Rotating wall vessel bioreactor
Answer: D
Clarification: Rotating wall vessel bioreactor is not a photo-bioreactor. The types of photo-bioreactors are Tubular, Christmas tree, plate, horizontal, foil, and porous substrate bioreactors.

2. Which of the following is not a perfusion bioreactor?
A. Parallel-Plate Bioreactors
B. Hollow-Fiber Bioreactors
C. Fixed bed bioreactors
D. Spinner Flasks
Answer: D
Clarification: Spinner flasks are not a type of perfusion bioreactors. The types of perfusion bioreactors are Fixed bed, fluized bed, hollow-fiber, and parallel plate bioreactors.

3. What type of perfusion bioreactor has been depicted in the following diagram?

A. Tubular bioreactor
B. Christmas tree bioreactor
C. Foil bioreactor
D. Fluized bed bioreactor
Answer: D
Clarification: Fluized bed bioreactor is comparable to bubble column bioreactor except the top position is expanded to reduce the velocity of the flu. The design of the fluized bioreactors (expanded to and narrow reaction column) is such that the sols are retained in the reactor while the liqu flows out. These bioreactors are suitable for use to carry out reactions involving flu suspended biocatalysts such as immobilized enzymes, immobilized cells, and microbial flocs.

4. What type of perfusion bioreactor has been depicted in the following diagram?

A. Parallel-Plate Bioreactors
B. Hollow-Fiber Bioreactors
C. Tower bioreactor
D. Spinner Flasks
Answer: C
Clarification: A pressure-cycle fermenter with large dimensions constitutes a tower bioreactor. A high hydrostatic strain produced at the base of the reactor escalates the solubility of oxygen (O₂) as the medium. At the highest point of the riser, (with extended top) diminishes strain and as in the removal of carbon dioxe (CO₂). The medium flows back in the down corner and completes the cycle.

5. What type of perfusion bioreactor has been depicted in the following diagram?

A. Tubular bioreactor
B. Christmas tree bioreactor
C. Airlift bioreactor
D. Rotating wall vessel bioreactor
Answer: C
Clarification: In the airlift bioreactors, the medium of the vessel is dived into two interconnected zones by means of a baffle or draft tube. In one of the two zones referred to as a riser, the air/gas is pumped. The other zone that receives no gas in the down corner.

6. What type of perfusion bioreactor has been depicted in the following diagram?

A. Parallel-Plate Bioreactors
B. Hollow-Fiber Bioreactors
C. Bubble Column bioreactors
D. Spinner Flasks
Answer: C
Clarification: In bubble column bioreactor, the air or gas is introduced at the base of the column through perforated pipes or plates, or metal micro porous spargers. The flow rate of the air/gas influences the performance factors – O₂ transfer, mixing. The bubble column bioreactors may be fitted with perforated plates to improve performance. The vessel used for bubble column bioreactors is usually cylindrical with an aspect ratio of 4.6 (i.e., height to diameter ratio).

7. ________ facilitate rap dilution rates which make them resistant to both high pH and low pH volatile fatty ac wastes.
A. Continuous Stirred tank reactors
B. Christmas tree bioreactor
C. Foil bioreactor
D. Rotating wall vessel bioreactor
Answer: A
Clarification: The continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), otherwise called the tank or back mix reactor, or a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR), is a typical model for a concoction reactor in a synthetic building. A CSTR regularly alludes to a model used to evaluate the key unit activity factors when utilizing a ceaseless fomented tank reactor to achieve a predetermined yield. The numerical model works for all liqus: flus, gases, and slurries.

8. What type of perfusion bioreactor has been depicted in the following diagram?

A. Continuous Stirred tank reactors
B. Christmas tree bioreactor
C. Packed bed bioreactor
D. Rotating wall vessel bioreactor
Answer: C
Clarification: A bed of sol particles, with biocatalysts on or within the matrix of sols, packed in a column constitutes a packed bed. The sols used may be porous or non-porous gels, and they may be compressible or rig in nature. Nutrient-broth streams consistently over the immobilized biocatalyst. The produce gained in the packed-bed bioreactor is discharged into the liqu and evacuated. While the progression of the liqu can be upward or descending, down-flow under gravity is favored.

9. ____________ bioreactor systems have length scales that are well matched to the physical dimensions of most cells and microorganisms.
A. Continuous Stirred tank
B. Microfluic
C. Packed bed
D. Rotating wall vessel
Answer: B
Clarification: Microfluic bioreactor frameworks have length scales that are all around coordinated to the physical elements of most cells and microorganisms. In perspective on this, microfluic bioreactors have appealing highlights which make them perfect to think about the conduct of cells and their interior association in their local microenvironment.

10. A ___________ landfill is a municipal sol waste landfill (MSWLF) in which liqus are added to help bacteria break down the waste.
A. bioreactor
B. open
C. packed bed
D. rotating wall vessel
Answer: A
Clarification: A bioreactor landfill is a municipal sol waste landfill (MSWLF) in which flus are added to enable microscopic organisms to separate the waste. The expansion in waste degradation and stabilization is practiced through the expansion of flu and air to upgrade microbial procedures. This bioreactor ea varies from the customary “dry tomb” municipal landfill approach.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Endothelial Cells and Answers

Tissue Engineering online quiz focuses on “Endothelial Cells”.

1. When the blastula has three primary germ layers, it is called as ____________
A. triploblasty
B. diploblasty
C. organogenesis
D. spermatogenesis
Answer: A
Clarification: When the blastula has three primary germ layers, namely ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, then it is called Triploblasty. These germ layers are formed during the gastrulation of the blastula.

2. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called as _________________
A. pericardium
B. endocardium
C. mesoderm
D. ectoderm
Answer: B
Clarification: Pericardium is a membrane enclosing the heart. The endocardium is the endothelial layer lining the interior surface of the heart chambers. Mesoderm is the mdle germ layer which formed during embryo development. The Ectoderm is the outermost germ layer.

3. Which of the following is not a triploblastic organism?
A. Human
B. Mouse
C. Cnaria
D. Flatworms
Answer: C
Clarification: All intermediate and higher animals, from flatworms to humans, are triploblastic in nature, and they belong to the Bilateria subregnum. Simpler animals are termed as diploblastic, for example, cnarian (includes corals, hydra and jellyfish), and they possess two germ layers.

4. What is the innermost germ layer in simpler organisms like sponges?
A. Choanoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Ectoderm
Answer: A
Clarification: No true tissues are present in simpler organisms like sponges. The body wall of sponges consists of two main layers, pinacoderm and choanoderm (outermost and innermost respectively), and the mdle layer caller mesophyll is non-cellular in nature.

5. Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called as ___________ endothelial cells.
A. vascular
B. pulmonary
C. hepatic
D. squamous
Answer: A
Clarification: Vascular endothelial cells are the ones that are directly in contact with the blood. They run throughout the circulatory system, including the heart and the thinnest of capillaries.

6. When the endothelial layer of small arteries is not able to function normally, then the condition is termed as endothelial dysfunction.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: When the endothelial layer of small arteries is not able to function normally, then the condition is termed as endothelial dysfunction. This condition is related to the reduction of the availability of nitric oxe (NO) in blood vessel walls.

7. The mesodermal layer maintains the proper dilation and constriction of the blood vessels.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: The endothelial layer maintains proper dilation and constriction of the blood vessels. The mesodermal layer is the germ layer present in animal embryos that gives rise to a specialized type of tissues.

8. How thick is the endothelial layer of the cornea?
A. 80 mm
B. 50 µm
C. 1 nm
D. 1 cm
Answer: B
Clarification: The thickness of the corneal endothelial layer is about 50 microns. It is embryologically derived from the neural crest.

9. There are about 500 g endothelium cells in an adult human.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: In a fully grown adult human there is about 1 kilogram of endothelium cells, this covers an area of about 7m².

10. __________ is caused due to endothelial damage.
A. Atherosclerosis
B. Cancer
C. Alzheimer’s Disease
D. Ringworm
Answer: A
Clarification: Atherosclerosis is caused due to endothelial damage. Cancer is caused due to the accumulation of damaged genes products. Like all types of Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease is caused due to brain-cell death. Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection caused by mold-like parasites living on cells of the outermost layer of the skin.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Adult Stem Cells and Answers

Tissue Engineering Questions and Answers for Aptitude test focuses on “Adult Stem Cells”.

1. ______________ are also known as somatic stem cells.
A. Adult stem cells
B. Cancer cells
C. Endometrial cells
D. Epithelial cells
Answer: A
Clarification: Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found all through the body after advancement, that increase by cell division to renew dying cells and recover harmed tissues. Otherwise called physical undifferentiated cells, they can be found in adolescent just as grown-up creatures and people, in contrast to embryonic undeveloped cells.

2. eally, ____________ should also be clonogenic.
A. red Blood cells
B. adherent cells
C. adult Stem cells
D. carcinoma cells
Answer: C
Clarification: In a perfect world, adult stem cells ought to likewise be clonogenic. At the end of the day, a solitary adult stem cell ought to have the option to produce a line of hereditarily indistinguishable cells, which at that point offers ascend to all the fitting, separated cell kinds of the tissue in which it lives.

3. An adult stem cell should also be able to give rise to fully differentiated cells that have mature phenotypes.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: An adult stem cell should also be able to give rise to fully differentiated cells that have mature phenotypes, are fully integrated into the tissue, and are capable of specialized functions that are appropriate for the tissue.

4. No one knows the origin of adult stem cells in any mature tissue.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: In contrast to embryonic stem cells, which is characterized by their beginning (the inward cell mass of the blastocyst), grown-up undifferentiated organisms share no such conclusive methods for portrayal. Truth be told, nobody knows the starting point of grown-up undifferentiated organisms in any adult tissue. Some have suggested that undifferentiated organisms are by one way or another put ase during fetal improvement and controlled from separating.

5. Adult stem cells are rare.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Grown-up undeveloped cells are uncommon. Their essential capacities are to keep up the enduring state working of a phone—called homeostasis—and, with impediments, to supplant cells that kick the bucket in light of damage or malady. For instance, just an expected 1 of every 10,000 to 15,000 cells in the bone marrow is a hematopoietic (blood-shaping) stem cells (HSC..

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250+ TOP MCQs on Bioreactors for Liver Tissue Engineering and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Bioreactors for Liver Tissue Engineering”.

1. Yin et al. developed a cultivation system to differentiate mouse embryo bodies (EBs) into the hepatocytes using a _________ bioreactor.
A. spinner
B. photo
C. electronic
D. piezoelectric
Answer: A
Clarification: Yin et al., 2007, built up a development framework to separate mouse embryo bodies (EBs) into the hepatocytes utilizing a spinner bioreactor. They found that this framework could be utilized as an enormous scale hepatic separation framework.

2. Primary hepatocytes and stem cells cultured on Rotating Wall Vessel reactors.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Essential hepatocytes and stem cells refined on RWV reactors were additionally used to design Bio-artificial Liver (BAL), since these frameworks may limit disturbance and shear pressure and expand mass exchange. For instance, Ishikawa et al. discovered that the hepatocytes exhibited a bile-channel like or vessel-like structure following 10 days of culture utilizing an RWV bioreactor framework.

3. Why are Perfusion bioreactors preferred over Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactors for Bio-artificial Liver production?
A. Controlled environment
B. The capacity is more
C. Efficiency is more
D. The material of perfusion bioreactors is inert
Answer: A
Clarification: Cell development isn’t constantly uniform in RWV frameworks, and cells might be harmed because of crashes between the platforms and the reactor divers. Perfusion frameworks permit a progressively controlled condition, consistent presentation of gas and supplements, and end of waste items. This design permits the perfusion of the medium or the patient’s blood/plasma through a lattice loaded up with liver cells.

4. Which of the following are suitable for prolonged in vitro studies?
A. Dielectric-fiber bioreactors
B. Hollow Fiber bioreactors
C. Optical Fiber bioreactors
D. Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactors
Answer: B
Clarification: Albeit various sorts of perfusion bioreactors have improved the liver cell work, the Hollow fiber bioreactors (HFB. framework is the most normally utilized setup in TE applications. There are a few reports on the replication of liver tissue capacities utilizing HFB frameworks both in vitro and in vivo models. On account of medication and toxicology testing, these frameworks have generally been utilized in light of the fact that they are appropriate for drawn out in vitro investigations.

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250+ TOP MCQs on Cell Adhesion and Answers

Tissue Engineering Multiple Choice Questions on “Cell Adhesion”.

1. ____________ is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighboring cells through specialized molecules of the cell surface.
A. Cell Migration
B. Cell Division
C. Cell Development
D. Cell adhesion
Answer: D
Clarification: The process by which cells interact and attach to each other is termed as cell adhesion. This is done through specialized cells on their surface. Cell adhesion could either be due to direct contact between the surfaces of the cells or by indirect interaction, in which cells attach to the extracellular matrix (ECM).

2. __________ a in the process of cell adhesion.
A. Cell receptors
B. Transmembrane proteins
C. Protease
D. Cytokinins
Answer: A
Clarification: The interactions among the cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) result in a phenomenon called Cell adhesion. In general, the cell-adhesion molecules are the trans-membrane proteins located on the cell’s surface.

3. _____________ is a hemophilic cell-adhesion molecule.
A. Cadherins
B. Integrins
C. Selectins
D. Antibody
Answer: A
Clarification: Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) are classified into four categories: selectins, integrins, cadherins, and immunoglobulins (Ig). Each of the CAMs has a particular function and they recognize a different ligand. Cadherins and immunoglobulins are homophilic CAMs, since they bind to the same type of CAMs on another cell, while integrins and selectins are heterophilic CAMs that bind to different types of CAMs.

4. Cell adhesion is also essential for infectious organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, to cause diseases.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Variations in cell adhesion can cause disruptions in major cellular processes and cause a number of diseases like cancer and arthritis. Cell adhesion is also essential for infectious organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, to cause diseases.

5. Plants cells adhere closely to each other and are connected through __________
A. plasmodesmata
B. stomata
C. parenchyma
D. stroma
Answer: A
Clarification: Plants cells adhere closely to each other and are attached through the plasmodesmata. These are channels crossing the plant cell walls and connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells.

6. HIV has an adhesion molecule termed hemagglutinin that binds to its ligand CD4.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: Viruses have molecules aing in adhesion of viral cells to the host cells. The influenza virus has adhesion molecules termed hemagglutinin on its surface; it helps in the recognition of sugar sialic ac molecules on the molecules on the host cell surface. HIV has an adhesion molecule called gp120 that binds to the CD4 ligand.

7. Selectins mediate the movement of keratinocytes.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
Clarification: Selectins are a category of specialized CAMs that are involved in transient cell-cell adhesion occurring in the circulatory system. They mainly mediate the movement of the WBCs in the bloodstream by allowing the white blood cells to sle on endothelial cells through reversible bindings of selections.

8. __________ have adhesion molecules on their cell surface termed bacterial adhesins.
A. Prokaryotes
B. Reptiles
C. Birds
D. Humans
Answer: B
Clarification: Prokaryotes have adhesion molecules on their cellular surface termed bacterial adhesins. These adhesins have the ability to recognize a number of ligands present on the host’s cellular surface and also the components in the Extracellular matrix (ECM).

9. Cells have specific CAMs that will bind to molecules in the extracellular matrix.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Cells create ECM by filling the surrounding extracellular space with molecules. Cells have specific CAMs that will bind to molecules in the ECM and link the matrix to the intracellular cytoskeleton. These links are termed as cell-matrix junctions.

10. _________ link extracellular matrix to keratin intermediate filaments.
A. Integrins
B. Cadherins
C. Immunoglobulins
D. Selectins
Answer: A
Clarification: In hemesmosomes, integrins attach to ECM proteins called laminins in the basal lamina, which is the ECM secreted by the epithelial cells. Integrins link ECM to keratin intermediate filaments. Hemesmosomes are important in maintaining the structural stability of epithelial cells by anchoring them together indirectly through the extracellular matrix.

11. What type of CAM has been represented in the diagram?

A. Integrins
B. Cadherins
C. Immunoglobulins
D. Selectins
Answer: A
Clarification: Integrins are composed of hetero-dimers of α and β subunits associated non-covalently. In the case of vertebrates there are eighteen α and eight β subunits. These can conform into 24 different receptors along with various properties of subunit binding and tissue distribution.

12. What type of CAM has been represented in the diagram?

A. Integrins
B. Cadherins
C. Immunoglobulins
D. Selectins
Answer: C
Clarification: The members of the immunoglobulin family are characterized by their immunoglobulin fold which is a characteristic trait shared by all of them.

13. In focal adhesions, integrins attach ___________
A. integrins
B. cadherins
C. immunoglobulins
D. selectins
Answer: A
Clarification: In central bonds, integrins join fibronectins, a part in the extracellular network, to actin fibers inse cells. Connector proteins, for example, talins, vinculins, α-actinins and filamins, structure a complex at the intracellular space of integrins and tie to actin fibers. This multi-protein complex connecting integrins to actin fibers is significant for a get together of flagging edifices that go about as a sign for cell development and cell motility.

14. Dysfunction of cell adhesion occurs during cancer metastasis.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: A
Clarification: Brokenness of cell bond happens during disease metastasis. Loss of cell-cell attachment in metastatic tumor cells enables them to get away from their site of root and spread through the circulatory framework.

15. What is the marked entity in the given diagram?

A. Adhesion protein
B. Enzyme
C. Amino ac
D. Membrane-Lip
Answer: A
Clarification: Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of adhesion proteins that are available at the cell membrane surface. It has a binding site that helps in binding with the ligands on the outer surface of the cell.

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