[Biology Class Notes] on Anatomy and Physiology Pdf

Anatomy and Physiology are the scientific study of the structure and their functions. A single organism consists of billions and trillions of cells, tissues, and organs. These structures include both microscopic and macroscopic. Cells can be defined as being the microscopic structures which are tested only under the electronic microscopic, whereas organs and organ systems are macroscopic structures which can be easily seen through our eye.

 

To study in detail about the structures and functions of organisms, Anatomy and Physiology are applied.

 

Anatomy and Physiology both are derived from the normal Greek language wherein anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms and physiology means the study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions that function within a living system.

 

Anatomy

[Image will be Uploaded Soon]

Anatomy is a branch of science and biology which includes: Human anatomy, animal anatomy, and plant anatomy. Among these three, human anatomy was the primary studied and applied for examining the interior structures, injuries and therefore the other wounds of a person. 

 

There are several branches of human anatomy.

 

Macroscopic or Gross Anatomy

This anatomy mainly deals with the study of huge body parts which may be seen easily through our naked eyes. For example Anatomy of the kidney, anatomy of the guts, anatomy of lungs, etc. Gross anatomy is further classified into topographic anatomy, systemic anatomy, and surface anatomy.

[Image will be Uploaded Soon]

1. Regional Anatomy: 

A study of various structures during a particular region.

 

2. Systemic Anatomy: 

It is a study of human structures that are studied system by system.

 

3. Surface Anatomy: 

When only the internal internal structures of a person’s body is studied and examined, it is called Surface Anatomy

 

Microscopic Anatomy

[Image will be Uploaded Soon]

This anatomy mainly deals with the study of very small and minute structures those which may only be examined through the microscope. For example Different types of cells. Microscopic anatomy can be divided and studied further into cytology and histology. Cytology deals with the study of human blood cells and Histology affect the study of various tissues within the physical body .

 

Developmental Anatomy

This anatomy is a speciality that deals with the various structural changes within the body which occurs throughout the lifespan. Embryology anatomy works to understand completely about the event process before childbirth.

 

Physiology

[Image will be Uploaded Soon]

Physiology can be defined as a branch of science and biology which incorporates the study of the entire functioning system of a body. It is further classified into:

 

1. System Physiology: 

 It is basically a study of the entire functioning of body systems

 

2. Comparative Physiology: 

It is basically the study of various characteristics of living organisms

 

3. Medical Physiology:  

It’s the study of physiological dysfunctions and other diseases associated with the functioning of the physical body systems.

 

Importance of Anatomy

Knowledge of structure of the body is basic to understanding musculoskeletal function and the way both structure and performance are modified by exercise or disease. On the other hand, at a time when knowledge of anatomy is increasingly important, exercise physiologists face a serious crisis in anatomical education. There is a serious shortage of educational exercise physiologists willing to show macroscopic anatomy . Many faculty members are simply not academically prepared to show anatomy.